 In this topic, we are particularly going to talk about the transferability of knowledge in the developing countries and how foreign knowledge and practices they are transferred to the developing countries. It is something which is very much relevant to our context because in Pakistan we are a developing country and a lot of knowledge is transferred from the developed world, from the first world to the third world and Pakistan is also part of it. Importance of this transfer is that a lot of knowledge is created in the first world. So transfer of management practices is very important and particularly for the developing countries because many of these countries, they import practices from the first world without regard to their own socio-cultural context. So we see that there is a lot of deluge of knowledge on management and management practices and we see that there are so many books which are available on various different subjects of management and managerial knowledge. But we see that all of those books they are written and developed in the first world, particularly in the United States because the business schools they were established and then they were they flourished in the United States in first of all. So one of some of the most prominent and successful business schools of the world they exist in the Americas and then in UK and a few are there in other parts of the world. So a lot of knowledge because universities they are the engine of knowledge development and knowledge creation. So the top most universities of the world they exist in the first world and knowledge is also created over there. And what happens is that imported techniques they have to be modified to the local context. And what type of modification is required one is that the imported techniques they have to modify it in the cultural terms. And then another important aspect is that they have to be modified according to the availability of human skills which is training of the staff to actually training of the people to actually be able to use that knowledge which has been given to them. So on both these aspects the organization that needs that needs to emphasize that the transfer of knowledge it takes place and it is properly modified and imported techniques they are not applied without regard to the social context. So challenges for the developing countries particularly countries like Pakistan is that in parallel with learning from abroad it is important to build on their own resources. So this is something that we try to do in business schools many business schools they try to develop knowledge from their own context. K studies from the domestic context are written publications on domestic problems domestic business issues that is also something which is encouraged in universities. The organizations and corporations they also need to join in to enhance this development of knowledge at the local level and at the grassroots level. So develop development of compatible indigenous management practices is very much important. You just cannot replicate management practices from one part of the world to another without regard to the social context as we just discussed in the previous chapter in the previous topic. That Japanese culture values they are very much different from the Indian cultural values because of which the management practices which are best practices of quality circles and teamwork and participative decision making. They cannot be applied to the Indian context in the Indian culture because the cultural environment is different. So transfer of management practices it should not replace but in fact it should complement the local practices. So according to Mazdan Mazdan points out that the current development efforts they should focus on building institutional capacity through the encouragement of local self reliance self reliance is the key word. And you should not rely on the resources which are transferred and imported from abroad. It is very important for the organizations and corporations existing in the developing countries to develop their own knowledge and to be self reliant and develop such management practices which are in congruence with the culture of that particular context. And this is something which is also encouraged in the international scenario because in the international scenario and in the academic circles the importance of the context, the importance of the local knowledge, the traditional or folk knowledge. This is not something which is considered to be the knowledge of illiterate people. That is something which needs to be complemented on which the management practices they need to be developed. So it is no longer the irrelevant vestige of backward people who have not yet made the transfer transition to modernity. So it is considered that whatever culture you exist in, no culture is backward, no society is backward. All societies are modern in their own modern ways and those values they can be turned into more effective and more efficient ways of doing work. So they are a vital wellspring and resource bank from which alternative futures might be developed. So it is not really required that organizations must take shape of organizations existing in the Americas or the US or the European countries. The local knowledge can lead to development of organizations, work practices, technologies which are local, which match with the local context and they can lead to different alternative futures for the organizations working in different localities. So that is something which is important for us to discuss in the context of a developing country that we do not need to transfer imported techniques without regards to the local context. We must develop the resources from our own local context and then apply them to make our organizations more successful and more effective.