 Dear learners welcome to tea paste and disease management. Well it will be introduced to various paste and diseases of the tea plantation. Now first have a look on tea paste. As we all know that tea plants are evergreen and perineal that is cultivated mostly as a monoculture. Tea plantation thus provides a sweetable conditions for the paste to feed and to build. The plantation supplies plenty of food for the paste throughout the year and thus many species of insect, mites and nematodes infest tea plants and cause damage to the plants. About 300 species of insect, mites and nematodes are active in tea areas however all of them are not economically important. So first let's discuss about different types of tea paste. The number of paste found in the old tea growing countries of Asia including China, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia is much higher than those in Africa and other countries who is started growing tea in more recent times. Now let's see the number of tea paste occurring in different regions of the world. So if we divide the countries into different global section the highest number of paste are recorded from the North Asian section and the countries are China, Japan and Korea. The total number of paste recorded from this global section is 219. The next paste that is 136 number of paste are recorded from South Asian section. These sections includes countries like Bangladesh, Myanmar, India, Indonesia, Malay Asia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Then from the East African sections the countries are like Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Total number of paste recorded is 39. The lowest number is recorded from South American countries like Argentina, Brazil and Peru and the paste recorded is only 4. So this is about the occurrence of different insect and paste in various three growing regions of the world. Now come to the classification of tea paste. Generally the tea insect paste infest various part of the tea plants including leaves, stem, roots, flowers but the maximum number of paste occurs on the folias. Thus on that basis tea paste can be classified into three categories. These are leaf and soot paste, stem and branch paste and tea seed paste. Now what is the neser of tea paste? Basically the tea paste may be sucking paste, chewing or leaf eating in neser. Now let's have a look on leaf and soot paste of tea plantations. There are various types of leaf and soot paste. The first of all is the mites. Among the mites different kinds are like red spider mites, scarlet mites, pink and yellow mites and purple mites. How they damage the plant? Basically they are sucking type of paste. The second is hello peltis or tea mosquito bug. The tea mosquito bug is a sucking insect that causes extensive damage in tea. During winter its populations comes down and reappears from February, March in the northeastern part of India. Third is the caterpillars. Caterpillars are of different types. These are lupor, bunks caterpillar and red slug. So basically these caterpillars feed on mature leaves of tea. Then next one is thrips. The thrips cause heavy damage by feeding on the buds, tender leaves and older tea under plucking. Then aphids, the adults and neem of aphids succinct from the tender stems but petioles and lower surface of the leaves along the midriff. The last one is joseph. These are small insect and the neem and the adults of this insect basically the shape of the young leaves and occasionally the tender stem of the growing soots. The flashrome. Flashrome the larva of flasworm attacks a few top leaves, tying them together. Then a scale insect and mealybugs. This type of paste basically are sucking paste which attack the folias, stem and roots of the tea bushes. These are some leaf and soot paste of tea. So these are some leaf and soot paste of teas. Now let's have a look on different stem and branch paste of tea plantations. Among the stem and branch paste of tea, the first one is stem borer. So the larva of borer bores into the tea stem mostly one or two years old tea plant. Then coxa for grub. This is a common paste basically in India and Bangladesh. The grub attacks the roots of young plants below three years of age. Then carpenter. The caterpillars of carpenter feed on the tea bark coxa for grub. This is the common paste available in India and Bangladesh. The grub attacks the roots of the young plants which are below three years of age. Then the next one is carpenter mott. The caterpillars of carpenter mott feed on the tea bark. Then the brown cricket. It is one of the most destructive paste in nursery. It lives in burrows in the soil and at the night it comes out of the burrows and cuts of the leaves and tender shoots and often drags them into the burrows in the soil. So these are the tea stem and branch paste. Now come to the tea seed paste. Among the tea seed paste, tea seed bark is one of the common paste and this bark sucks the shape of the seed cotilla and as a result of which a white tea specks develops and thus it infestates seed do not attain maturity and ultimately fall down from the tree. Now come to the tea diseases. So disease causes various harm to the tea plants ranging from significant reduction in crop yield, date of young and mature plant, poor frame formations, a great setback in recovery from pruning especially medium prune and to the total failure of the nursery plants. So now what are the causal organisms or causal factors for these diseases? In tea plantations there are various causal factors and they are like fungi, algae and bacteria, then animal parasites, adverse conditions of soil and climate, then mechanical damage and the virus. However the bacterial and viral diseases and those caused by animal parasites are not so serious in tea crops and have no commercial importance. The tea plants are mostly infected by the fungal diseases. So now let's discuss the tea diseases and their classifications. The diseases which commonly occur in tea can be classified into two broad categories. These are primary diseases and the secondary diseases. So which are actually primary diseases? The primary diseases are those which can cause date of the healthy tissues or the buses even under the best growing condition and on the other hand the secondary diseases are those which added the buses only after the health of the plant is impaired due to cultural or some environmental stresses. Thus the primary and secondary diseases can be further categorized into different groups on the basis of the site of major infestations on the tea buses as a root disease, stem disease and leaf disease. Now let's have a look on some major tea diseases and their occurring countries. The first one is the leaf diseases. The most important leaf diseases are the blistered blight. Occurring countries are China, Taiwan, Japan, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Malay Asia. Then the red rush. The countries are China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malay Asia, Central Africa, Uganda and Peru. Then barge ice pot which occur in countries like China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Then black rot which is seen in countries like India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. And truck nose which is seen in China, Japan and Taiwan. Then reticular blight which is available in the countries like Japan and Taiwan. The last one is SCAP. The SCAP diseases are seen in countries like Malay, Tanzania, Mozambique, Uganda and Brazil. Now come to the stem diseases. What are the stem diseases? The first one is branch kankar. This branch kankar is seen in the countries like Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, Malay and Kenya. Then another one is thorny stem blight which is seen in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malay, Zimbabwe and Colombia. Then wood rot which is seen in India, Sri Lanka and Kenya. Then what about the root diseases? The different kinds of root diseases are like brown root rot and red root rot. These diseases are seen in the countries like China, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Malay Asia. Then the next one is diplodia root rot which is seen in the countries like Indonesia, Malay Asia and Malay. Then black root rot. This is also seen in Japan, India, Indonesia, Malay Asia and Central Africa. So these are some diseases which are mainly affect the tea plantations. Now come to the management part of this tea disease and paste. First of all the paste management. So there are various method of paste management followed in various tea growing region of the world. To limit the use of pesticide basically the cultural and other non-chemical management practices can be followed and some of such practices are like cultural operation such as pruning, plucking, weed control which can be done to reduce the incidence of paste attack. Then second one is use of resistant varieties which is important component of non-chemical paste management practices. Then manual removal of infested parts, heat treatment of the soil, use of light traps are some mechanical method of paste control. Use of plant produced product like azodirectin which is obtained from the seed kernel of neem tree have been found effective against pink and purple mites and caterpillar. Now come to the management of diseases. The basic management practices aim on these two approaches is like avoiding the introduction of pathogen into areas where the disease is not present then lowering the disease severity and many cultural practices are followed based on the two approaches. These are like in the countries like India and Sri Lanka. Cover crops like guatimella grass are grown for 18 to 24 months prior to tea planting to protect tea plants from root diseases. Then the skiffing of the infected tea shoots that is the removal of soot at a height of 2 to 3 inches from the harvesting or plucking table have been practiced to reduce the blister blight in some Asian countries. Then salt pruning cycle helps to reduce the black rot infestations. Use of disease resistant cultivars, tea varieties such as Indonesians, Rowny, Human were reported as resistant to grey blight in Pakistan. Now the biggest challenge of global tea industries to produce a good quality tea which is free of pesticide residue while at the same time ensuring social and environmental sustainability under the changing climate. The timing of various operations like pruning, plucking, adoption of insect and disease management practices are restricted by the extreme weather even in most of the tea growing countries. The changing climate also result in emergence and spread of disease and paste. The climate change induced changes basically in China were estimated to increase the cost of paste and disease management to 78.69 US dollar per hectares. As tea production is controlled by Xenotype environment and management implication of climate change are felt at locations, felt at the regional as well as the country level. Therefore it is necessary to focus on the location specific integrated disease management and integrated paste management practices considering the site requirement in order to address the issues of the country and the global tea industry as a whole. And with this we came to the end of today's discussion. Thank you.