 Dear students, now we are going to see the status of e-governance in Pakistan. In 2002, the electronic government directorate of Pakistan was established. Before that, there was no central command and control unit over there when we talk about the e-government or e-governance. And in 2005, Park e-governance strategy was developed and at the present, National Information Technology Board is responsible for e-government and e-governance. And when we see our development on the UN model of e-government services, so at the first stage, if we see that emerging information, we come to know that various governmental departments have developed their own websites and provide strategic information on those websites. And if we talk about the second stage, which is enhanced information services, so some governmental departments have developed their own apps to engage the citizen. And the example is Pakistan Railways, National Highway Authorities, they have developed their own apps and providing information to the citizen. When we talk about the transactional services, the recent example in this regard is Pakistan Citizen Portal, which is a comprehensive citizen-centric application in which you can complain on the performance of various governmental institutes. And this platform provides you service delivery. And when we talk about the fourth stage, it is connected services. And in this regard, the optimum example is National Command and Control Center developed during the days of the outbreak of COVID-19. And it is responsible to see the overall status of the coronavirus in Pakistani society. And it is working with the very effective manner and providing 24-7 updates to the citizens, to the relevant governmental departments, and updating the people on a daily basis. What are the challenges when we talk about e-governance in Pakistan? The first thing which is missing regarding the e-governance in Pakistan is that there is no comprehensive policy or plan to see the e-governance development. We have piecemeal projects and we focus on those piecemeal projects, but do not emphasize on the comprehensive policy. And we have to prioritize high-impact agency-specific applications if we want to develop our good e-government services. And there is the issue of security as well that how can we secure the government information and privacy of the data. We have to mature our systems in this regard and the government must provide IT management funding to the relevant stakeholders in order to build better applications or systems for the e-governance. And we have to generate content in local languages as well as to bridge the digital divide. As you all know that most of the people in Pakistan don't know English language and even majority of the population don't even know the Urdu language comprehensively. So we have to generate the applications and software in local languages so the marginalized community can use such applications in their local languages to remain updated on the various day-to-day affairs.