 Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more. We have Gattaparcha, today that is a Observation material. Observation material is commonly asked as a question but Gattaparcha is a very frequently asked short note. So today's session is about Gattaparcha. So what is basically the purpose of Observation? As we all know Observation is the last stage of fluid canal treatment. It starts with access cavity, working length, determination, then BMP that is biomechanical preparation of the root canals. Then finally we do Observation with Observation material. So it is done to create a three-dimensional fluid tight seal of root canal system. That is a fluid tight seal that is not a two-dimensional, three-dimensional. So in order to achieve a total obliteration of root canal spaces, so as to prevent the entry of bacterias and boiled fluids into root canal spaces. So we are preventing bacterial micro leakage. So there will not be any chance if the seal is proper or if the Observation is proper, the entry of bacterias or fluid back to the root canals. So we are replacing the empty root canal space with an inert filling material so as to prevent recurrent infection. So the timing of Observation, we should do Observation when the canal should be reasonably dry with no weeping of fluids in the form of bleeding or serious fluids when the patient is without sensitivity or percation after optimal cleaning and shaping is achieved and teeth with no peri-radicular radiolusins. We should wait for the peri-radicular lesions to be resolved. So what are the requirements of an ideal root canal filling material? So the material should be easily introduced into the root canal. It should seal the canal naturally as well as apically. It should not shrink after being inserted. It should be impervious to moisture. It should be bactericidal or at least should be discouraged the bacterial growth and it should be radiopic. It should not stain the tooth. It should not irritate the peri-radicular tissue. It should be sterile or easily and quickly sterilized immediately before insertion. It should be easily removed from the root canal if necessary when we do a re-arcity. It should be easily removable. So what are the common materials used for Observation? So today we are going to learn only Gattapachya but we have more products like Ethereum Silver Point Goals, Stainless Steel Titanium, Radioplatium and we have MTA Calcium Phosphate, Gattapflow Hydron. So Gattapachya is a most commonly used solid core filling material. It is derived from two words. One is Gattap, which means gum and Pachya is the name of that tree. So Pachapachya is dried, coagulated extract which is derived from the Brazilian tree which belongs to the Saputisha family. So it was earlier used as a restorative material as plain for holding fracture joints or to control haemorrhage in extraction socket and also used in skin diseases like psoriasis eczema or in manufacturing of golf balls. So the historical background. Edwin Truman introduced Gattapachya's temporary filling material as a warm and first used as a root canal filling material. In its crude form the Gattapachya has 75 to 82 percentage, Albin has 14 to 16 and Fueyville has 4 to 6 percentage and also contains Hall's saccharine tannins but as a Gattapachya filling material its matrix that is organic matrix Gattapachya's 20 percentage then the filler's incoxygen is 66 percent then the inorganic radio pacifiers like heavy metal it is around 11 percent then plasticizers waxes eurozins around 3 percent. So in other words we can say organic content that is Gattapachya was plus waxes 23 percent and inorganic content will be around 77 percentage. So what are the different forms of Gattapachya that is alpha form which is pliable and Gattapachya at 56 to 64 degree which is available in form of bars and pellets which comes directly from trees and used in thermo-classicized fluctuation technique whereas the beta form is the most commercially available product and it is rigid and solid at 42 to 44 degree which is used for manufacturing GP points and sticks. Hema first form exists in molten stage and the phases of Gattapachya we have phases which are inter convertible alpha which is runny tacky and sticky which has got lower viscosity whereas the beta one which is more solid compactable and elongatable which is having higher viscosity and gamma which is an unstable form and how do we manipulate this we need to heat the Gattapachya which expands and this accounts for the increased volume of material which can be compacted into root canal. So after heating we introduce this into the root canal system. So GP strings as it reaches a normal temperature so the vertical pressure should be applied in all warm GPs because for compensating the volume change because when it comes back to its normal temperature, normal temperature will be reduction in the volume. So this GP should always be used with sealer and cement to seal the root canal system because this GP lacks adhering qualities. So rejuvenation technique for GP which is given by Saurian and OLED. So this aging of Gattapachya causes brittleness because of the oxidation process which comes with atmospheric oxygen and storage under artificial light also speeds of the deterioration. So in order to overcome this we have a technique which is known as rejuvenation technique that is in this technique this GP is immersed in hot water for 55 degree around 55 degree for 1 to 2 seconds then immediately immersed in cold water for few seconds. So how do we sterilize GP which cannot be heat sterilized for disinfection we should immerse in 5.25 percentage of sodium hypochloride for 1 minute then GP should be rinsed in hydrogen peroxide or ethyl alcohol. So the aim of rinsing is to remove the crystallized sodium hypochloride before obturation as these crystallized particles impairs the obturation process and this GP is available in certain solvents like chloroform eucalypse oil. So this property can be used to plasticize GP by treating with the solvent for better filling in the canal but it has shown that GP shrinks when solidifies and this GP also shows some tissue rotation which is due to the high content of zinc oxide. So the current available forms of otter pressure that is GP points they are standard cons are of the same size and shape of that of the instrument are you so enterotic instrument which has got 2 percentage taper from the size number 15 to 140 which just in accordance with the instrument formula. And we have auxiliary points which is non-standard S1 because they are non-standard S cons per C form of root cows they are conventional sizes include extra fine medium fine fine medium medium large and extra large then we have greater taper the temperature points which is available in 4 6 8 and 10 percentage taper and also we have the taper the temperature points using the taper of variable taper shaping instruments like pro taper electrically one instrument in accordance with F1, F2, F3 which is the pro taper size there is another form of otter pressure then we have otter pressure pellets or bars these are used in thermo plasticized obturation then pre-coated core carrier otter pressure and this has stainless steel titanium or plastic carriers which are pre-coated with alpha phase of otter pressure which is a thermo fill then we have serine system it uses very low viscosity of otter pressure so that it can be filled to the root canals then otter flow in which the otter pressure powder is incorporated into resin based sealer and next we have otter pressure sealers like chloroporchia and uroporchia in this ketabutra is dissolved in chloroform or eucalyptus and finally we have a medicated ketabutra that is calcium hydroxide or adroform or chloroxidine diacetate containing GP points what are the advantages of ketabutra the first thing is its compactability that is it has got good adaptation to canal walls and it is easily sterilized prior to insertion under snort encourage bacterial it is non-staining and improvised moisture its inertness makes it non-reactive material and it is quite dimensionally stable and it has got good tissue tolerance it is radio pig and plasticity it becomes plastic when heated it dissolves in some solvents like chloroform eucalyptus this property makes it more versatile as canal filling material and it's probably the least toxic and least irritant root canal filling material but the problems associated with the ketabutra lacks rigidity that is the bending of the ketabutra is seen when lateral pressure is applied so it is difficult to use in small canals and it easily displaced by pressure it lacks adhesive quality it always needs sealer we have medicated ketabutra that is ketabutra which is mixed with calcium hydroxide which is made by containing 58 percentage of calcium hydroxide in matrix of 42 percentage of ketabutra they are available in iso size of 15 to 140 the better side is its ease of insertion and removal minimal or non-residual fit and firm for ac insertion but the problem it is short-lived action redilusion and lack of sustained release the calcium hydroxide plus points which are ketabutra which contains 10 side which reduces the surface tension and these are more reactive and we have also adafone containing ketabutra which is remains inert until it comes in contact with tissue fluids and coming in contact with tissue fluids free iron is released which is antibacterial and also we have chloroxidine diacetate containing GP so where the matrix is emperor in five percentage chloroxidine diacetate can be used as an intra canal medicament so that was all about ketabutra it is very small one which commonly asked as a just a short note but if the main question has a observation material comes you need to add the other observation material also but the main thing is ketabutra the major portion of your essay would be the ketabutra okay so I'll come up with another topic in industry and more thank you