 CHAPTER IV PART II Lord Melbourne had foreseen that his married life would not be all plain sailing, but he had by no means realized the gravity and the complication of the difficulties which he would have to face. Politically he was a cipher. Lord Melbourne was not only prime minister, he was, in effect, the private secretary of the Queen, and thus controlled the whole of the political existence of the sovereign. Queen's husband was an entity unknown to the British constitution. In state affairs there seemed to be no place for him, nor was Victoria herself at all unwilling that this should be so. The English she had told the Prince when, during their engagement, a proposal had been made to give him a peerage, are very jealous of any foreigner interfering in the government of this country, and have already, in some of the papers, expressed a hope that you would not interfere. Now, though I know you never would, still if you were a peer they would all say the Prince meant to play a political part. I know you never would. In reality she was not quite so certain, but she wished Albert to understand her views. He would, she hoped, make a perfect husband, but as for governing the country he would see that she and Lord M. between them could manage that very well without his help. But it was not only in politics that the Prince discovered that the part cut out for him was a negligible one. Even as a husband, he found, his functions were to be of an extremely limited kind. Over the whole of Victoria's private life the Baroness reigned supreme, and she had not the slightest intention of allowing that supremacy to be diminished by one Iota. Since the accession her power had greatly increased. Besides the undefined and enormous influence which she exercised through her management of the Queen's private correspondence, she was now the superintendent of the royal establishment and controlled the important office of the privy purse. Albert very soon perceived that he was not master in his own house. Every detail of his own and his wife's existence was supervised by a third person. Nothing could be done until the consent of Leitzen had first been obtained. And Victoria, who adored Leitzen with unabated intensity, saw nothing in all this that was wrong. Nor was the Prince happier in his social surroundings. A shy young foreigner, awkward in Lady's company, unexpansive and self-opinionated, it was improbable that in any circumstances he would have been a society's success. His appearance, too, was against him. Though in the eyes of Victoria he was the mirror of manly beauty, her subjects whose eyes were of a less teutonic caste did not agree with her. To them, and particularly to the high-born ladies and gentlemen who naturally saw him most, what was immediately and distressingly striking in Albert's face and figure and whole demeanor, was his un-English look. His features were regular, no doubt, but there was something smooth and smug about them. He was tall, but he was clumsily put together, and he walked with a slight slouch. Suddenly they thought, this youth was more like some kind of foreign tenor than anything else. These were serious disadvantages, but the line of conduct which the Prince adopted from the first moment of his arrival was far from calculated to dispel them. Owing partly to a natural awkwardness, partly to a fear of undue familiarity, and partly to a desire to be absolutely correct, his manners were infused with an extraordinary stiffness and formality. Whenever he appeared in company he seemed to be surrounded by a thick hedge of prickly etiquette. He never went out into ordinary society. He never walked in the streets of London. He was invariably accompanied by an equity when he rode or drove. He wanted to be irreproachable, and if that involved friendlessness it could not be helped. Besides, he had no very high opinion of the English. So far as he could see they cared for nothing but fox hunting and sundae observances. They oscillated between an undue frivolity and an undue gloom. If you spoke to them of friendly joyousness they stared, and they did not understand either the laws of thought or the wit of a German university. Since it was clear that with such people he could have very little in common, there was no reason whatever for relaxing in their favor the rules of etiquette. In strict privacy he could be natural and charming. Seymour and Anson were devoted to him, and he returned their affection. But they were subordinates, the receivers of his confidences and the agents of his will. From the support and the solace of true companionship he was utterly cut off. A friend indeed he had, or rather a mentor. The baron, established once more in the royal residence, was determined to work with as whole-hearted a detachment for the prince's benefit as more than twenty years before he had worked for his uncles. The situations then and now, similar in many respects, were yet full of differences. Thus in either case the difficulties to be encountered were equally great, but the present problem was the more complex and the more interesting. The young doctor, who, unknown and insignificant, had nothing at the back of him but his own wits and the friendship of an unimportant prince, had been replaced by the accomplished confidant of kings and ministers, ripe in years, in reputation, and in the wisdom of a vast experience. It was possible for him to treat Albert with something of the affectionate authority of a father. But on the other hand, Albert was no leopold. As the baron was very well aware, he had none of his uncle's rigidity of ambition, none of his overweening impulse to be personally great. He was virtuous and well-intentioned. He was clever and well-informed. But he took no interest in politics, and there were no signs that he possessed any commanding force of character. Left to himself he would almost certainly have subsided into a high-minded non-entity, an aimless dilettante, busy over culture, a palace appendage without influence or power. But he was not left to himself. Stockmar saw to that. Forever at his pupil's elbow the hidden baron pushed him forward with tireless pressure along the path which had been trod by leopold so many years ago. But this time the goal at the end of it was something more than the mediocre royalty that leopold had reached. The prize which Stockmar, with all the energy of disinterested devotion, had determined should be Albert's, was a tremendous prize indeed. The beginning of the undertaking proved to be the most arduous part of it. Albert was easily dispirited. What was the use of struggling to perform in a role which bored him, and which it was quite clear, nobody but the dear good baron had any desire that he should take up? It was simpler, and it saved a great deal of trouble to let things slide. But Stockmar would not have it. Incessantly he harped upon two strings, Albert's sense of duty and his personal pride. Had the prince forgotten the noble aims to which his life was to be devoted? And was he going to allow himself, his wife, his family, his whole existence to be governed by the Baroness Lateson? The latter consideration was a potent one. Albert had never been accustomed to giving way, and now, more than ever before, it would be humiliating to do so. Not only was he constantly exasperated by the position of the Baroness in the royal household, there was another and a still more serious cause of complaint. He was, he knew very well, his wife's intellectual superior, and yet he found to his intense annoyance that there were parts of her mind over which he exercised no influence. When urged on by the Baron he attempted to discuss politics with Victoria, she eluded the subject, drifted into generalities, and then began to talk of something else. She was treating him as she had once treated their uncle Leopold. When at last he protested, she replied that her conduct was merely the result of indolence, that when she was with him she could not bear to bother her head with anything so dull as politics. The excuse was worse than the fault. Was he the wife, and she the husband? It almost seemed so. But the Baron declared that the root of the mischief was Lateson, that it was she who encouraged the Queen to have secrets, who did worse, undermined the natural ingenuousness of Victoria, and induced her to give, unconsciously no doubt, false reasons to explain away her conduct. Minor disagreements made matters worse. The royal couple differed in their tastes. Albert, brought up in a regime of Spartan simplicity and early hours, found the great court functions intolerably wearisome, and was invariably observed to be nodding on the sofa at half-past ten, while the Queen's favorite form of enjoyment was to dance through the night, and then going out into the portico of the palace, watch the sun rise behind St. Paul's and the Towers of Westminster. She loved London, and he detested it. It was only in Windsor that he felt he could really breathe, but Windsor too had its terrors, though during the day there he could paint and walk and play on the piano. After dinner, black tedium descended like a pawl. He would have liked to summon distinguished scientific and literary men to his presence, and after ascertaining their views upon various points of art and learning, to set forth his own. But unfortunately Victoria had no fancy to encourage such people. Knowing that she was unequal to taking a part in their conversation, she insisted that the evening routine should remain unaltered. The regulation interchange of platitudes with official persons was followed as usual by the round table and the books of engravings, while the prince, with one of his attendants, played game after game of double chess. It was only natural that in so peculiar a situation in which the elements of power, passion, and pride were so strangely apportioned, there should have been occasionally something more than mere irritation, a struggle of angry wills. Victoria, no more than Albert, was in the habit of playing second fiddle. Her arbitrary temper flashed out. Her vitality, her obstinacy, her overweening sense of her own position might well have beaten down before them his superiorities and his rights. But she fought at a disadvantage. She was, in very truth, no longer her own mistress. A profound preoccupation dominated her, seizing upon her inmost purposes for its own extraordinary ends. She was madly in love. The details of those curious battles are unknown to us, but Prince Ernest, who remained in England with his brother for some months, noted them with a friendly and startled eye. One story indeed survives. Still authenticated and perhaps mythical, yet summing up, as such stories often do, the central facts of the case. When, in wrath, the Prince one day had locked himself into his room, Victoria, no less furious, knocked on the door to be admitted. Who is there? he asked. The Queen of England was the answer. He did not move, and again there was a hail of knocks. The question and the answer were repeated many times. But at last there was a pause and then a gentler knocking. Who is there? came once more the relentless question. But this time the reply was different. Your wife, Albert, and the door was immediately opened. Very gradually the Prince's position changed. He began to find the study of politics less uninteresting than he had supposed. He read Blackstone and took lessons in English law. He was occasionally present when the Queen interviewed her ministers, and at Lord Melbourne's suggestion he was shown all the dispatches relating to foreign affairs. Sometimes he would commit his views to paper and read them aloud to the Prime Minister, who, infinitely kind and courteous, listened with attention, but seldom made any reply. An important step was taken when, before the birth of the Princess Royal, the Prince, without any opposition in Parliament, was appointed regent in case of the death of the Queen. Stockmar, owing to whose intervention with the Tories this happy result had been brought about, now felt himself at liberty to take a holiday with his family in Cobourb. But his solicitude, poured out in innumerable letters, still watched over his pupil from afar. Dear Prince, he wrote, I am satisfied with the news you have sent me. Mistakes, misunderstandings, obstructions which come in vexatious opposition to one's views, are always to be taken for just what they are, namely natural phenomena of life, which represent one of its sides, and that the shady one. In overcoming them with dignity your mind has to exercise, to train, to enlighten itself, and your character to gain force, endurance, and the necessary hardness. The Prince had done well so far, but he must continue in the right path. Above all, he was never to relax. Never to relax in putting your magnanimity to the proof. Never to relax in logical separation of what is great and essential from what is trivial and of no moment. Never to relax in keeping yourself up to a high standard in the determination, daily renewed, to be consistent, patient, courageous. It was a hard program, perhaps, for a young man of twenty-one, and yet there was something in it which touched the very depths of Albert's soul. He sighed, but he listened. Listened as to the voice of a spiritual director inspired with divine truth. The stars which are needful to you now, the voice continued, and perhaps for some time to come are love, honesty, truth. All those whose minds are warped or who are destitute of true feeling will be apt to mistake you and to persuade themselves and the world that you are not the man you are, or at least may become. Do you, therefore, be on the alert be times with your eyes open in every direction. I wish for my Prince a great, noble, warm and true heart such as shall serve as the richest and surest basis for the noblest views of human nature, and the firmest resolve to give them development. Before long the decisive moment came. There was a general election, and it became certain that the Tories, at last, must come into power. The Queen disliked them as much as ever, but with a large majority in the House of Commons they would now be in a position to insist upon their wishes being attended to. Sir Melbourne himself was the first to realize the importance of carrying out the inevitable transition with as little friction as possible, and with his consent the Prince, following up the rapprochement which had begun over the Regency Act, opened through Anson a negotiation with Sir Robert Peel. In a series of secret interviews a complete understanding was reached upon the difficult and complex question of the bed chamber. It was agreed that the constitutional point should not be raised, but that on the formation of the Tory government the principal Hwig ladies should retire and their places be filled by others appointed by Sir Robert. Thus in effect, though not informed, the Crown abandoned the claims of 1839 and they had never been subsequently put forward. The transaction was a turning point in the Prince's career. He had conducted an important negotiation with skill and tact. He had been brought into close and friendly relations with the new Prime Minister. It was obvious that a great political future lay before him. Victoria was much impressed and deeply grateful. My dearest angel, she told King Leopold, is indeed a great comfort to me. He takes the greatest interest in what goes on, feeling with and for me, and yet abstaining as he ought from biasing me either way, though we talk much on the subject and his judgment is, as you say, good and mild. She was in need of all the comfort and assistance he could give her. Lord M. was going, and she could hardly bring herself to speak to Peel. Yes, she would discuss everything with Albert now. Stockmar, who had returned to England, watched the departure of Lord Melbourne with satisfaction. If all went well, the Prince should now wield a supreme political influence over Victoria. But would all go well? An unexpected development put the Baron into a serious fright. When the dreadful moment finally came, and the Queen in anguish bad adieu to her beloved minister, it was settled between them that, though it would be inadvisable to meet very often, they could continue to correspond. However were the inconsistencies of Lord Melbourne's character shown more clearly than in what followed. So long as he was in office, his attitude towards Peel had been irreproachable. He had done all he could to facilitate the change of government. He had even, through more than one channel, transmitted privately to his successful rival advice as to the best means of winning the Queen's good graces. Yet no sooner was he in opposition than his heart failed him. He could not bear the thought of surrendering altogether the privilege and the pleasure of giving counsel to Victoria, of being cut off completely from the power and the intimacy which had been his for so long and in such abundant measure. Though he had declared that he would be perfectly discreet in his letters, he could not resist taking advantage of the opening they afforded. He discussed in detail various public questions, and in particular gave the Queen a great deal of advice in the matter of appointments. This advice was followed. Lord Melbourne recommended that Lord Hatesbury, who he said was an able man, should be made ambassador at Vienna, and a week later the Queen wrote to the Foreign Secretary urging that Lord Hatesbury, whom she believed to be a very able man, should be employed on some important mission. Stockmar was very much alarmed. He wrote a memorandum pointing out the unconstitutional nature of Lord Melbourne's proceedings and the unpleasant position in which the Queen might find herself if they were discovered by Peel, and he instructed Anson to take this memorandum to the Ex-Minister. Lord Melbourne, lounging on a sofa, read it through with compressed lips. This is quite an apple pie opinion, he said. When Anson ventured to expostulate further, suggesting that it was unseemly in the leader of the opposition to maintain an intimate relationship with the suffering, the old man lost his temper. God, eternally damn it, he exclaimed, leaping up from his sofa and dashing about the room. Flesh and blood cannot stand this. He continued to write to the Queen as before, and two more violent bombardments from the Baron were needed before he was brought to reason. Then gradually his letters grew less and less frequent, with fewer and fewer references to public concerns. At last they were entirely innocuous. The Baron smiled. Lord M. had accepted the inevitable. The Whig Ministry resigned in September 1841, but more than a year was to elapse before another and an equally momentous change was affected, the removal of Leitzen. For in the end the mysterious governess was conquered. The steps are unknown by which Victoria was at last led to accept her withdrawal with composure, perhaps with relief, but it is clear that Albert's domestic position must have been greatly strengthened by the appearance of children. The birth of the Princess Royal had been followed in November 1841 by that of the Prince of Wales, and before very long another baby was expected. The Baroness, with all her affection, could have but a remote share in such family delights. She lost ground perceptibly. It was noticed as a phenomenon that once or twice when the court travelled she was left behind at Windsor. The Prince was very cautious. At the change of ministry Lord Melbourne had advised him to choose that moment for decisive action, but he judged it wiser to wait. Time and the pressure of inevitable circumstances were for him. Every day his predominance grew more assured, and every night. At length he perceived that he need hesitate no longer, that every wish, every valiety of his, had only to be expressed to be at once Victoria's. He spoke, and Leitzen vanished forever. No more would she reign in that royal heart and those royal halls. No more, watching from a window at Windsor, would she follow her pupil and her sovereign, walking on the terrace among the obsequious multitude with the eye of triumphant love. Returning to her native Hanover, she established herself at Bukkeborg, in a small but comfortable house, the walls of which were entirely covered by portraits of her Majesty. The Baron, in spite of his dyspepsia, smiled again. Albert was supreme. Four. The early discords had passed away completely, resolved into the absolute harmony of married life. Victoria, overcome by a new and unimagined revelation, had surrendered her whole soul to her husband. The beauty in the charm, which so suddenly had made her his at first, were, she now saw, no more than but the outward manifestations of the true Albert. There was an inward beauty, an inward glory, which blind that she was, she had then but dimly apprehended, but of which now she was aware in every fiber of her being. He was good. He was great. How could she ever have dreamt of setting up her will against his wisdom, her ignorance against his knowledge, her fancies against his perfect taste? Had she really once loved London, and laid hours, and dissipation? She, who now was only happy in the country, she who jumped out of bed every morning, oh, so early, with Albert to take a walk before breakfast, with Albert alone? How wonderful it was to be taught by him. To be told by him which trees were which, and to learn all about the bees, and then to sit doing cross-stitch while he read aloud to her Hallam's constitutional history of England, or to listen to him playing on his new organ. The organ is the first of instruments, he said, or to sing to him a song by Mendelssohn, with a great deal of care over the time and the breathing, and only a very occasional false note. And after dinner, too, oh, how good of him he had given up his double chess, and so there could be round games at the round table, or everyone could spend the evening in the most amusing way imaginable, spinning counters and rings. When the babies came it was still more wonderful. Pussy was such a clever little girl. I am not Pussy, I am the Princess Royal, she had angrily exclaimed on one occasion, and Bertie, well, she could only pray most fervently that the little Prince of Wales would grow up to, resemble his angelic dearest father in every, every respect, both in body and mind. Her dear mama, too, had been drawn once more into the family circle, for Albert had brought about a reconciliation, and the departure of Leitzen had helped to obliterate the past. In Victoria's eyes life had become an idol, and if the essential elements of an idol are happiness, love, and simplicity, and idol it was, though indeed it was of a kind that might have disconcerted theocritous. Albert brought in dearest little Pussy, wrote her Majesty in her journal, in such a smart white marino dress trimmed with blue, which mama had given her, and a pretty cap, and placed her on my bed, seating himself next to her, and she was very dear and good, and as my precious, invaluable Albert sat there and in our little love between us, I felt quite moved with happiness and gratitude to God. The past, the past of only three years since, when she looked back upon it, seemed a thing so remote and alien that she could explain it to herself in no other way than as some kind of delusion, an unfortunate mistake. Turning over an old volume of her diary, she came upon this sentence, as for the confidence of the crown, God knows, no minister, no friend ever possessed it so entirely as this truly excellent Lord Melbourne possesses mine. A pang shot through her. She seized a pen and wrote upon the margin, reading this again, I cannot forbear remarking what an artificial sort of happiness mine was then, and what a blessing it is I have now in my beloved husband, real and solid happiness which no politics, no worldly reverses, can change. It could not have lasted long as it was then, for after all, kind and excellent as Lord Am is, and kind as he was to me, it was but in society that I had amusement, and I was only living on that superficial resource which I then fancied was happiness. God, for me and others this has changed, and I know what real happiness is. The are. How did she know? What is the distinction between happiness that is real and happiness that is felt? So a philosopher, Lord Am himself perhaps, might have inquired, but she was no philosopher, and Lord Am was a phantom, and Albert was beside her, and that was enough. Happy certainly she was, and she wanted everyone to know it. Her letters to King Leopold are sprinkled thick with raptures. Oh, my dearest uncle, I am sure if you knew how happy, how blessed I feel, and how proud I feel in possessing such a perfect being as my husband, such ecstasies seem to gush from her pen unceasingly at almost of their own accord. When one day, without thinking, Lady Leitelton described someone to her as being as happy as a queen and then rule a little confused, don't correct yourself, Lady Leitelton, said Her Majesty, a queen is a very happy woman. But this new happiness was no load of stream. On the contrary, it was bracing rather than relaxing. Never before had she felt so acutely the necessity for doing her duty. She worked more methodically than ever at the business of state. She watched over her children with untiring vigilance. She carried on large correspondence. She was occupied with her farm, her dairy, a whole multitude of household avocations, from morning till night. Her active, eager little body, hurrying with quick steps after the long strides of Albert down the corridors and avenues of Windsor seemed the very expression of her spirit. Despite all the softness, the deliciousness of unmixed joy, all the liquefiescence, the overflowing of inexhaustible sentiment, her native rigidity remained. A vein of iron, said Lady Leitelton, who is royal governess, had good means of observation, runs through her most extraordinary character. Sometimes the delightful routine of domestic existence had to be interrupted. It was necessary to exchange Windsor for Buckingham Palace to open Parliament or to interview official personages, or occasionally to entertain foreign visitors at the castle. Then the quiet court put on a sudden magnificence, and sovereigns from over the seas, Louis Philippe, or the King of Prussia or the King of Saxony, found at Windsor an entertainment that was indeed a royal one. Two spectacles in Europe, it was agreed, produced in effect so imposing as the great Waterloo Banqueting Hall, crowded with the guests in sparkling diamonds and blazing uniforms, the long walls hung with the stately portraits of heroes, and the tables loaded with the gorgeous gold plate of the Kings of England. But in that wealth of splendor, the most imposing spectacle of all was the Queen. The little housefrow, who had spent the day before walking out with her children, inspecting her livestock, practicing shakes at the piano, and filling up her journal with adoring descriptions of her husband, suddenly shone forth, without art, without effort, by a spontaneous and natural transition, the very culmination of majesty. The Tsar of Russia himself was deeply impressed. Victoria, on her side, viewed with secret awe the tremendous Nicholas. A great event and a great compliment his visit certainly is, she told her uncle, and the people here are extremely flattered at it. He is certainly a very striking man and still very handsome. His profile is beautiful, and his manner is most dignified and graceful. Extremely civil, quite alarmingly so, as he is so full of attentions and politeness, but the expression of the eyes is formidable and unlike anything I ever saw before. She and Albert and the good King of Saxony, who happened to be there at the same time, and whom she said, We like much, he is so unassuming, drew together like tame, velatic fowl in the presence of that awful eagle. When he was gone they compared notes about his face, his unhappiness, and his despotic power over millions. Well, she for her part could not help pitying him, and she thanked God she was Queen of England. When the time came for returning some of these visits, the royal pair set forth in their yacht much to Victoria's satisfaction. I do love a ship, she exclaimed, ran up and down ladders with the greatest agility, and cracked jokes with the sailors. The Prince was more aloof. They visited Louis-Philippe at the Château d'Hur. They visited King Leopold in Brussels. It happened that a still more remarkable English woman was in the Belgian capital, but she was not remarked, and Queen Victoria passed unknowing before the steady gaze of one of the mistresses in Monsieur Eger's Pensiona. A little stout, vivacious lady, very plainly dressed, not much dignity or pretension about her, was Charlotte Branti's comment as the royal carriage in six flashed by her, making her wait on the pavement for a moment and interrupting the train of her reflections. Victoria was in high spirits, and even succeeded in instilling a little cheerfulness into her uncle's sombre court. King Leopold, indeed, was perfectly contented. His dearest hopes had been fulfilled. All his ambitions were satisfied, and for the rest of his life he had only to enjoy in undisturbed decorum, his throne, his respectability, the table of precedence, and the punctual discharge of his irksome duties. But unfortunately the felicity of those who surrounded him was less complete. His court it was murmured was as gloomy as a conventical, and the most dismal of all the sufferers was his wife. Bade de plaisantrie, madame! he had exclaimed the unfortunate successor of the Princess Charlotte, when in the early days of their marriage she had attempted a feeble joke. Did she not understand that the consort of a constitutional sovereign must not be frivolous? She understood at last only too well, and when the startled walls of the State Apartments re-echoed to the chattering and laughter of Victoria, the poor lady found that she had almost forgotten how to smile. Another year Germany was visited, and Albert displayed the beauties of his home. When Victoria crossed the frontier she was much excited, and she was astonished as well. To hear the people speak German, she noted in her diary, and to see the German soldiers, etc., seemed to me so singular. Having recovered from this slight shock she found the country charming. She was fetid everywhere, crowds of the surrounding royalties swooped down to welcome her, and the prettiest groups of peasant children dressed in their best clothes presented her with bunches of flowers. The principality of Coburg, with its romantic scenery and its well-behaved inhabitants, particularly delighted her, and when she woke up one morning to find herself in, dear Rosena, my Albert's birthplace, it was like a beautiful dream. On her return home she expatiated, in a letter to King Leopold, upon the pleasures of the trip dwelling especially upon the intensity of her affection for Albert's native land. I have a feeling, she said, for our dear little Germany, which I cannot describe. I felt it at Rosena so much. It is a something which touches me, and which goes to my heart, and makes me inclined to cry. I never felt at any other place that sort of pensive pleasure and peace which I felt there. I fear I almost like it too much. End of Chapter 4. Part 2. Chapter 4, Part 3 of Queen Victoria. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Queen Victoria by Giles Lytton-Straici. Chapter 4, Part 3. 5. The husband was not so happy as the wife. In spite of the great improvement in his situation, in spite of a growing family and the adoration of Victoria, Albert was still a stranger in a strange land, and the serenity of spiritual satisfaction was denied him. It was something, no doubt, to have dominated his immediate environment, but it was not enough, and besides, in the very completeness of his success there was a bitterness. Victoria idolized him, but it was understanding that he craved for, not idolatry. And how much did Victoria, filled to the brim though she was with him, understand him? How much does the bucket understand the well? He was lonely. He went to his organ and improvised with learned modulations until the sounds, swelling, and subsiding through elaborate cadences brought some solace to his heart. With the elasticity of youth, he hurried off to play with the babies, or to design a new pigsty, or to read aloud the church history of Scotland to Victoria, or to pirouette before her on one toe like a ballet dancer with a fixed smile, to show her how she ought to behave when she appeared in public places. Thus did he amuse himself, but there was one distraction in which he did not indulge. He never flirted. No, not with the prettiest ladies of the court. When during their engagement the queen had remarked with pride to Lord Melbourne that the prince paid no attention to any other woman, the cynic had answered, no, that sort of thing is apt to come later. Upon which she had scolded him severely, and then hurried off to Stockmar to repeat what Lord M. had said. But the baron had reassured her. Though in other cases he had replied that might happen, he did not think it would in Alberts. And the baron was right. Throughout their married life no rival female charms ever had caused to give Victoria one moment's pang of jealousy. What more and more absorbed him, bringing with it a curious comfort of its own, was his work. With the advent of Peel he began to intervene actively in the affairs of the State. In more ways than one, in the cast of their intelligence, in their moral earnestness, even in the uneasy formalism of their manners, the two men resembled each other. There was a sympathy between them, and thus Peel was ready enough to listen to the advice of Stockmar and to urge the prince forward into public life. A royal commission was about to be formed to inquire whether advantage might not be taken of the rebuilding of the houses of Parliament to encourage the fine arts in the United Kingdom, and Peel, with great perspicacity, asked the prince to preside over it. The work was of a kind which precisely suited Alberts. His love of art, his love of method, his love of coming into contact, close yet dignified with distinguished men, it satisfied them all, and he threw himself into it connamore. Some of the members of the commission were somewhat alarmed when, in his opening speech, he pointed out the necessity of dividing the subjects to be considered into categories. The word they thought smacked dangerously of German metaphysics, but their confidence returned when they observed his royal highness's extraordinary technical acquaintance with the processes of fresco painting. When the question arose as to whether the decorations upon the walls of the new building should or should not have a moral purpose, the prince spoke strongly for the affirmative. Although many, he observed, would give but a passing glance to the works, the painter was not therefore to forget that others might view them with more thoughtful eyes. This argument convinced the commission, and it was decided that the subjects to be depicted should be of an improving nature. The frescoes were carried out in accordance with the commission's instructions, but unfortunately before very long they had become even to the most thoughtful eyes totally invisible. It seems that his royal highness's technical acquaintance with the processes of fresco painting was incomplete. The next task upon which the prince embarked was a more arduous one. He determined to reform the organization of the royal household. This reform had been long overdue. For years past, the confusion, discomfort, and extravagance in the royal residences and in Buckingham Palace particularly had been scandalous. No reform had been practicable under the rule of the Baroness, but her functions had now devolved upon the prince, and in 1844 he boldly attacked the problem. Three years earlier, Stockmar, after careful inquiry, had revealed in an elaborate memorandum an extraordinary state of affairs. The control of the household it appeared was divided in the strangest manner between a number of authorities, each independent of the other, each possessed of vague and fluctuating powers without responsibility and without coordination. Of these authorities the most prominent were the Lord Steward and the Lord Chamberlain, noblemen of high rank and political importance, who changed office with every administration, who did not reside with the court, and had no effective representatives attached to it. The distribution of their respective functions was uncertain and peculiar. In Buckingham Palace it was believed that the Lord Chamberlain had charge of the whole of the rooms, with the exception of the kitchen, sculleries, and pantries which were claimed by the Lord Steward. At the same time the outside of the palace was under the control of neither of these functionaries, but of the office of woods and forests, and thus while the insides of the windows were cleaned by the department of the Lord Chamberlain, or possibly in certain cases of the Lord Steward, the office of woods and forests cleaned their outsides. Of the servants, the housekeepers, the pages, and the housemaids were under the authority of the Lord Chamberlain. The clerk of the kitchen, the cooks and the porters were under that of the Lord Steward. But the footmen, the livery porters, and the underbuttlers took their orders from yet another official, the master of the horse. Naturally in these circumstances the service was extremely defective and the lack of discipline among the servants disgraceful. They absented themselves for as long as they pleased, and whenever the fancy took them. And if, as the baron put it, smoking, drinking, and other irregularities occur in the dormitories, where footmen, et cetera, sleep ten and twelve in each room, no one can help it. As for Her Majesty's guests, there was nobody to show them to their rooms, and they were often left having utterly lost their way in the complicated passages to wander helpless by the hour. The strange divisions of authority extended not only to persons, but to things. The Queen observed that there was never a fire in the dining-room. She inquired why. The answer was, The Lord Steward lays the fire, and the Lord Chamberlain lights it. The underlings of those two great noblemen having failed to come to an accommodation, there was no help for it. The Queen must eat in the cold. A surprising incident opened everyone's eyes to the confusion and negligence that reigned in the palace. A fortnight after the birth of the Princess Royal, the nurse heard a suspicious noise in the room next to the Queen's bedroom. She called to one of the pages, who, looking under a large sofa, perceived there a crouching figure with a most repulsive appearance. It was the Boy Jones. This enigmatic personage, whose escapades dominated the newspapers for several ensuing months, and whose motives and character remained to the end ambiguous, was an undersized lad of seventeen, the son of a tailor, who had apparently gained admittance to the palace by climbing over the garden wall and walking in through an open window. Two years before he had paid a similar visit in the guise of a chimney sweep. He now declared that he had spent three days in the palace, hiding under various beds, and he had helped himself to soup and other eatables, and that he had sat upon the throne, seen the Queen, and heard the Princess Royal Squall. Every detail of the strange affair was eagerly canvassed. The Times reported that the Boy Jones had, from his infancy, been fond of reading, but that his countenance is exceedingly sullen. It added, The sofa under which the Boy Jones was discovered, we understand, is one of the most costly and magnificent material and workmanship, and ordered expressly for the accommodation of the royal and lustrous visitors who call to pay their respects to Her Majesty. The culprit was sent for three months to the House of Correction. When he emerged, he immediately returned to Buckingham Palace. He was discovered and sent back to the House of Correction for another three months, after which he was offered four pounds a week by a music hall to appear upon the stage. He refused this offer, and shortly afterwards was found by the police loitering round Buckingham Palace. The authorities acted vigorously, and without any trial or process of law shipped the Boy Jones off to sea. A year later his ship put into Portsmouth to refit, and he had once disembarked and walked to London. He was re-arrested before he reached the Palace and sent back to his ship, the Warspite. On this occasion it was noticed that he had much improved in personal appearance and grown quite corpulent, and so the Boy Jones passed out of history. Though we catch one last glimpse of him in 1844 falling overboard in the night between Tunis and Algiers, he was fished up again, but it was conjectured, as one of the Warspite's officers explained in a letter to the Times, that his fall had not been accidental, but that he had deliberately jumped into the Mediterranean in order to see the life-boy-light burning of a boy with such a record, what else could be supposed? But discomfort and alarm were not the only results of the mismanagement of the household. The waste, extravagance, and speculation that also flowed from it were immeasurable. There were preposterous perquisites and malpractices of every kind. It was, for instance, an ancient and immutable rule that a candle that had once been lighted should never be lighted again. What happened to the old candles nobody knew. Again, the Prince, examining the accounts, was puzzled by a weekly expenditure of thirty-five shillings on red room wine. He inquired into the matter, and after great difficulty discovered that in the time of George III a room in Windsor Castle with red hangings had once been used as a guard room, and that five shillings a day had been allowed to provide wine for the officers. The guard had long since been moved elsewhere, but the payment for wine in the red room continued, the money being received by a half-pay officer who held the sinecure position of underbutler. After much laborious investigation, and a stiff struggle with the multitude of vested interests which had been brought into being by long years of neglect, the Prince succeeded in affecting a complete reform. The various conflicting authorities were induced to resign their powers into the hands of a single official, the master of the household, who became responsible for the entire management of the royal palaces. Great economies were made, and the whole crowd of venerable abuses was swept away. Among others, the unlucky half-pay officer of the red room was, much to his surprise, given the choice of relinquishing his weekly ameliorment, or of performing the duties of an underbutler. Even the irregularities among the footmen, etc., were greatly diminished. There were outcries and complaints. The Prince was accused of meddling of injustice and of saving candle-ends, but he held on his course, and before long the admirable administration of the royal household was recognized as a convincing proof of his perseverance and capacity. At the same time his activity was increasing enormously in a more important sphere. He had become the Queen's private secretary, her confidential adviser, her second self. He was now always present at her interviews with ministers. He took, like the Queen, a special interest in foreign policy, but there was no public question in which his influence was not felt. A double process was at work. While Victoria fell more and more absolutely under his intellectual predominance, he simultaneously grew more and more completely absorbed by the machinery of high politics, the incessant and multifarious business of a great state. Nobody any more could call him a dilettante. He was a worker, a public personage, a man of affairs. Stuckmore noted the change with exultation. A prince, he wrote, has improved very much lately. He has evidently a head for politics. He has become too far more independent. His mental activity is constantly on the increase, and he gives the greater part of his time to business without complaining. The relations between husband and wife, added the Baron, are all one could desire. Long before Peele's ministry came to an end, there had been a complete change in Victoria's attitude toward him. His appreciation of the prince had softened her heart. The sincerity and warmth of his nature, which in private intercourse with those whom he wished to please, had the power of gradually dissipating the awkwardness of his manners, did the rest. She came in time to regard him with intense feelings of respect and attachment. She spoke of our worthy Peele, for whom, she said, she had an extreme admiration, and who had shown himself a man of unbounded loyalty, courage, patriotism, and high-mindedness, and his contact toward me has been chivalrous, almost, I might say. She dreaded his removal from office almost as frantically as she had once dreaded that of Lord M. It would be, she declared, a great calamity. Six years before, what would she have said if a prophet had told her that the day would come when she would be horrified by the triumph of the Whigs? Yet there was no escaping it. She had to face the return of her old friends. In the ministerial crises of 1845 and 1846 the prince played a dominating part. She recognized that he was the real center of the negotiations, the actual controller of the forces and functions of the crown. The process by which this result was reached had been so gradual as to be almost imperceptible, but it may be said with certainty that by the close of Peele's administration, Albert had become, in effect, the king of England. With the final emergence of the prince came the final extinction of Lord Melbourne. A year after his loss of office he had been struck down by a paralytic seizure. He had apparently recovered, but his old elasticity had gone forever. Moody, restless and unhappy, he wandered like a ghost about the town, bursting into soliloquies in public places, or asking odd questions, suddenly, apropos de botte, I'll be hanged if I do it for you, my lord, he was heard to say in the hall at Brooks's, standing by himself and addressing the air after much thought. Don't you consider, he abruptly asked a fellow guest at Lady Holland's, leaning across the dinner table in a pause of the conversation, that it was a most damnable act of Henri Capel to change his religion with a view to securing the crown? He sat at home, brooding for hours in miserable solitude. He turned over his books, his classics and his testaments, but they brought him no comfort at all. He longed for the return of the past, for the impossible, for he knew not what, for the devilries of caro, for the happy platitudes of Windsor. His friends had left him, and no wonder he said in bitterness, the fire was out. He secretly hoped for a return to power, scanning the newspapers with solicitude and occasionally making a speech in the house of lords. His correspondence with the queen continued, and he appeared from time to time at court, but he was a mere simulacrum of his former self. The dream, wrote Victoria, is past. As for his political views, they could no longer be tolerated. The prince was an ardent free trader, and so, of course, was the queen. And when dining at Windsor at the time of the repeal of the court-law's, Lord Melbourne suddenly exclaimed, Ma'am, it is a damned dishonest act! Everyone was extremely embarrassed. Her Majesty laughed, and tried to change the conversation, but without a veil. Lord Melbourne returned to the charge again and again with, I say, Ma'am, it's damned dishonest! Until the queen said, Lord Melbourne, I must beg you not to say anything more on this subject now. And then he held his tongue. She was kind to him, writing him long letters and always remembering his birthday, but it was kindness at a distance, and he knew it. He had become poor Lord Melbourne. A profound disquietude devoured him. He tried to fix his mind on the condition of agriculture and the Oxford movement. He wrote long memoranda in utterly undisipherable handwriting. He was convinced that he had lost all his money and could not possibly afford to be a knight of the garter. He had run through everything, and yet, if Peel went out, he might be sent for. Why not? He was never sent for. The Whigs ignored him in their consultations, and the leadership of the party passed to Lord John Russell. When Lord John became Prime Minister there was much politeness, but Lord Melbourne was not asked to join the Cabinet. He bore the blow with perfect amenity, but he understood at last that that was the end. For two years more he lingered, sinking slowly into unconsciousness and imbecility. Sometimes propped up in his chair he would be heard to murmur with unexpected appositeness the words of Samson. So much I feel my general spirit droop, my hopes all flat. Nature within me seems in all her functions weary of herself. My race of glory run, and race of shame. And I shall shortly be with them that rest. A few days before his death, Victoria, learning that there was no hope of his recovery, turned her mind for a little towards that which had once been Lord M. You will grieve to hear, she told King Leopold, that our good, dear old friend Melbourne is dying. One cannot forget how good and kind and amiable he was, and it brings back so many recollections to my mind. Although God knows I never wish that time back again. She was in little danger. The tide of circumstance was flowing now with irresistible fullness toward a very different consummation. The seriousness of Albert, the claims of her children, her own inmost inclinations and the movement of the whole surrounding world, combined to urge her forward along the narrow way of public and domestic duty. Her family steadily increased. Within eighteen months of the birth of the Prince of Wales, the Princess Alice appeared, and a year later the Prince Alfred, and then the Princess Helena, and two years afterwards the Princess Louise, and still there were signs that the pretty row of royal infants was not complete. The parents, more and more involved in family cares and family happiness, found the pump of Windsor galling, and longed for some more intimate and remote retreat. On the advice of Peel they purchased the estate of Osborne in the Isle of White. Their skill and economy in financial matters had enabled them to lay aside a substantial sum of money, and they could afford out of their savings not merely to buy the property, but to build a new house for themselves and to furnish it at a cost of two hundred thousand pounds. At Osborne, by the sea shore and among the woods, which Albert, with memories of Rosinau in his mind had so carefully planted, the royal family spent every hour that could be snatched from Windsor and London, delightful hours of deep retirement and peaceful work. The public looked on with approval. A few aristocrats might sniff or titter, but with the nation at large the queen was now once more extremely popular. The middle classes in particular were pleased. They liked a love match, they liked a household which combined the advantages of royalty and virtue, and in which they seemed to see reflected as in some resplendent-looking glass the ideal image of the very lives they led themselves. Their own existences, less exalted, but oh so soothingly similar, acquired and added excellence, and added succulents from the early hours, the regularity, the plain tuckers, the round games, the roast beef and Yorkshire pudding of Osborne. It was indeed a model court. Not only were its central personages the patterns of propriety, but no breath of scandal, no shadow of decorum, might approach its utmost boundaries. For Victoria, with all the zeal of a convert upheld now the standard of moral purity, with an inflexibility surpassing, if that were possible, Albert's own. She plushed to think how she had once believed, how she had once actually told him that one might be too strict in particular in such matters, and that one ought to be indulgent toward other people's dreadful sins. But she was no longer Lord M's pupil. She was Albert's wife. She was more. The embodiment, the living apex of a new era in the generations of mankind. The last vestige of the eighteenth century had disappeared. Cynicism and subtlety were shriveled into powder. And duty, industry, morality, and domesticity triumphed over them. Even the very chairs and tables had assumed, with a singular responsiveness, the forms of prim solidity. The Victorian age was in full swing. Seven. Only one thing more was needed. Material expression must be given to the new ideals and the new forces, so that they might stand revealed, invisible glory, before the eyes of an astonished world. It was for Albert to supply this want. He mused and was inspired. The great exhibition came into his head. Without consulting anyone, he thought out the details of his conception with the minutest care. There had been exhibitions before in the world, but this should surpass them all. It should contain specimens of what every country could produce, in raw materials, in machinery and mechanical inventions, in manufacturers, and in the applied and plastic arts. It should not be merely useful and ornamental. It should teach a high moral lesson. It should be an international monument to those supreme blessings of civilization—peace, progress, and prosperity. For some time past the prince had been devoting much of his attention to the problems of commerce and industry. He had a taste for machinery of every kind, and his sharp eye had been, more than once detected, with the precision of an expert, a missing cogwheel in some vast and complicated engine. A visit to Liverpool, where he opened the Albert Dock, impressed upon his mind the immensity of modern industrial forces. Though in a letter to Victoria describing his experiences, he was careful to retain his customary lightness of touch. As I write, he playfully remarked, you will be making your evening toilet, and not be ready in time for dinner. I must set about the same task, and not let me hope with the same result. The loyalty and enthusiasm of the inhabitants are great, but the heat is greater still. I am satisfied that if the population of Liverpool had been weighed this morning, and were to be weighed again now, they would be found many degrees lighter. The docks are wonderful, and the mass of shipping incredible. In art and science he had been deeply interested since boyhood. His reform of the household had put his talent for organization beyond a doubt, and thus from every point of view the Prince was well qualified for his task. Having matured his plans, he summoned a small committee and laid an outline of his scheme before it. The committee approved, and the great undertaking was set on foot without delay. Two years, however, passed before it was completed. For two years the Prince labored with extraordinary and incessant energy. At first all went smoothly. The leading manufacturers warmly took up the idea. The colonies in the East India Company were sympathetic. The great foreign nations were eager to send in their contributions. The powerful support of Sir Robert Peel was obtained, and the use of a site in Hyde Park, selected by the Prince, was sanctioned by the government. Out of 234 plans for the exhibition building, the Prince chose that of Joseph Paxton, famous as a designer of gigantic conservatories, and the work was on the point of being put in hand when a series of unexpected difficulties arose. Opposition to the whole scheme which had long been smoldering in various quarters suddenly burst forth. There was an outcry headed by the Times against the use of the park for the exhibition. For a moment it seemed as if the building would be relegated to a suburb, but after a fierce debate in the house the supporters of the site in the park won the day. Then it appeared that the project lacked a sufficient financial backing, but this obstacle, too, was surmounted, and eventually £200,000 was subscribed as a guarantee fund. The enormous glass edifice rose higher and higher, covering acres and enclosing towering elm trees beneath its roof, and then the fury of its enemies reached a climax. The fashionable, the cautious, the protectionists, the pious, all joined in the hue and cry. It was pointed out that the exhibition would serve as a rallying point for all the Ruffians in England, for all the malcontents in Europe, and that on the day of its opening there would certainly be a riot and probably a revolution. It was asserted that the glass roof was porous and that the droppings of fifty million sparrows would utterly destroy every object beneath it. Agitated nonconformists declared that the exhibition was an arrogant and wicked enterprise which would infallibly bring down God's punishment upon the nation. Colonel Sibthorpe, in the debate on the address, prayed that hail and lightning might descend from heaven on the accursed thing. The prince, with unyielding perseverance and infinite patience, pressed on to his goal. His health was seriously affected. He suffered from constant sleeplessness. His strength was almost worn out. But he remembered the injunctions of Stockmar and never relaxed. The volume of his labors grew more prodigious every day. He toiled at committees, presided over public meetings, made speeches, and carried on communications with every corner of the civilized world, and his efforts were rewarded. On May 1st, 1851, the great exhibition was opened by the queen before an enormous concourse of persons amid scenes of dazzling brilliancy and triumphant enthusiasm. Victoria herself was in the state of excitement which bordered on delirium. She performed her duties in a trance of joy, gratitude, and amazement, and when it was all over, her feelings poured themselves out into her journal in a torrential flood. The day had been nothing but an endless succession of glories, or rather one vast glory, one vast radiation of Albert. Everything she had seen, everything she had felt or heard, had been so beautiful, so wonderful, that even the royal underlinings broke down under the burden of emphasis, while her remembering pen rushed on regardless from splendor to splendor. The huge crowds, so well behaved and loyal, flags of all the nations floating, the inside of the building so immense, with myriads of people and the sun shining through the roof, a little side room where we left our shawls, palm trees and machinery, dear Albert, the place so big that we could hardly hear the organ, thankfulness to God, a curious assemblage of political and distinguished men, the march from Attali, God bless my dearest Albert, God bless my dearest country, a glass fountain, the Duke and Lord Anglesey walking arm in arm, a beautiful Amazon in bronze by Kiss, Mr. Paxton, who might be justly proud, and rose from being a common gardener's boy, Sir George Gray in tears, and everybody astonished and delighted. A striking incident occurred when, after a short prayer by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the choir of six hundred voices burst into the hallelujah chorus. At that moment, a Chinaman, dressed in full national costume, stepped out into the middle of the central nave, and advancing slowly towards the royal group did no obeisance to Her Majesty. The Queen, much impressed, had no doubt that he was an eminent Mandarin, and when the final procession was formed, orders were given that, as no representative of the celestial empire was present, he should be included in the diplomatic cortege. He accordingly, with the utmost gravity, followed immediately behind the ambassadors. He subsequently disappeared, and it was rumored among ill-natured people that, far from being a Mandarin, the fellow was a mere imposter. But nobody ever really discovered the nature of the comments that had been lurking behind the matchless impassivity of that yellow face. A few days later, Victoria poured out her heart to her uncle. The first of May, she said, was, The greatest day in our history, the most beautiful and imposing and touching spectacle ever seen. And the triumph of my beloved Albert, it was the happiest, proudest day in my life, and I can think of nothing else. Albert's dearest name is immortalized with this great conception, his own, and my own dear country showed she was worthy of it. The triumph is immense. It was. The enthusiasm was universal. Even the bitterest scoffers were converted and joined in the chorus of praise. Congratulations from public bodies poured in. The city of Paris gave a great fit to the exhibition committee, and the Queen and the Prince made a triumphal progress through the north of England. The financial results were equally remarkable. The total profit made by the exhibition amounted to a sum of 165,000 pounds, which was employed in the purchase of land for the erection of a permanent national museum in South Kensington. During the six months of its existence in Hyde Park, over six million persons visited it, and not a single accident occurred. But there is an end to all things, and the time had come for the crystal palace to be removed to the salubrious seclusion of Sydenham. Victoria, sad but resigned, paid her final visit. It looked so beautiful, she said. I could not believe it was the last time I was to see it. An organ, accompanied by a fine and powerful wind instrument called the Summerofone, was being played, and it nearly upset me. The canvas is very dirty. The red curtains are faded, and many things are very much soiled. Still the effect is fresh and new as ever, and most beautiful. The glass fountain was already removed, and the sappers and miners were rolling about the little boxes just as they did at the beginning. It made us all very melancholy. But more cheerful thoughts followed. When all was over, she expressed her boundless satisfaction in a ditherambic letter to the Prime Minister. Her beloved husband's name, she said, was forever immortalized, and that this was universally recognized by the country was a source to her of immense happiness and gratitude. She feels grateful to Providence, Her Majesty concluded, to have permitted her to be united to so great, so noble, so excellent a Prince, and this year will ever remain the proudest and happiest of her life. The day of the closing of the exhibition, which the Queen regretted much she could not witness, was the 12th anniversary of her betrothal to the Prince, which is a curious coincidence. End of Chapter 4 Part 3 Chapter 5 Part 1 of Queen Victoria. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Queen Victoria by Giles Lytton-Straici. Chapter 5 Part 1 Chapter 5 Lord Palmerston. 1 In 1851 the Prince's fortunes reached their high watermark. The success of the great exhibition enormously increased his reputation and seemed to assure him henceforward a leading place in the national life. But before the year was out, another triumph in a very different sphere of action was also his. This triumph, big with fateful consequences, was itself the outcome of a series of complicated circumstances which had been gathering to a climax for many years. The unpopularity of Albert in high society had not diminished with time. Aristocratic persons continued to regard him with disfavor, and he on his side withdrew further and further into a contemptuous reserve. For a moment, indeed, it appeared as if the dislike of the upper classes was about to be suddenly converted into cordiality, for they learned with amazement that the Prince, during a country visit, had ridden to hounds and acquitted himself remarkably well. They had always taken it for granted that his horsemanship was of some second-rate foreign quality, and here he was jumping five barred gates and tearing after the fox as if he had been born and bred in luster sheer. They could hardly believe it. Was it possible that they had made a mistake and that Albert was a good fellow after all? Had he wished to be thought so, he would certainly have seized this opportunity, purchased several hunters, and used them constantly. But he had no such desire. Hunting bored him and made Victoria nervous. He continued as before to ride, as he himself put it, for exercise or convenience, not for amusement, and it was agreed that though the Prince, no doubt, could keep in his saddle well enough, he was no sportsman. This was a serious matter. It was not merely that Albert was laughed at by fine ladies and sneered at by fine gentlemen. It was not merely that Victoria, who before her marriage had cut some figure in society, had under her husband's influence almost completely given it up. Since Charles II, the sovereigns of England had with a single exception always been unfashionable, and the fact that the exception was George IV seemed to give an added significance to the rule. What was grave was not the lack of fashion, but the lack of other and more important qualities. The hostility of the upper classes was symptomatic of an antagonism more profound than one of manners or even of tastes. The Prince, in a word, was un-English. What that word precisely meant, it was difficult to say, but the fact was patent to every eye. Lord Palmerston also was not fashionable. The great wig aristocrats looked to scance at him and only tolerated him as an unpleasant necessity thrust upon them by fate. But Lord Palmerston was English through and through. There was something in him that expressed with extraordinary vigor the fundamental qualities of the English race, and he was the very antithesis of the Prince. By a curious chance it so happened that this typical Englishman was brought into closer contact than any other of his countrymen with the alien from over the sea. It thus fell out that differences which in more fortunate circumstances might have been smoothed away and obliterated became accentuated to the highest pitch. All the mysterious forces in Albert's soul leapt out to do battle with his adversary, and in the long and violent conflict that followed it almost seemed as if he was struggling with England herself. Palmerston's whole life had been spent in the government of the country. At twenty-two he had been a minister. At twenty-five he had been offered the chancellorship of the ex-checker, which, with that prudence which formed so unexpected a part of his character, he had declined to accept. His first spell of office had lasted uninterruptedly for twenty-one years. When Lord Gray came into power he received the foreign secretary ship, a post which he continued to occupy with two intervals for another twenty-one years. Throughout this period his reputation with the public had steadily grown, and when in eighteen forty-six he became foreign secretary for the third time his position in the country was almost, if not quite, on an equality with that of the prime minister, Lord John Russell. He was a tall, big man of sixty-two, with a jaunty air, a large face, dyed whiskers, and a long sardonic upper lip. His private life was far from respectable, but he had greatly strengthened his position in society by marrying, late in life, Lady Cooper, the sister of Lord Melbourne, and one of the most influential of the Whig hostesses. Powerful, experienced, and supremely self-confident, he naturally paid very little attention to Albert. Why should he? The prince was interested in foreign affairs? Very well, then. Let the prince pay attention to him. To him who had been a cabinet minister when Albert was in the cradle, who was the chosen leader of a great nation, and who had never failed in anything he had undertaken in the whole course of his life. Not that he wanted the prince's attention, far from it. So far as he could see, Albert was merely a young foreigner who suffered from having no vices, and whose only claim to distinction was that he had happened to marry the Queen of England. This estimate, as he found out to his cost, was a mistaken one. Albert was by no means insignificant, and behind Albert there was another figure by no means insignificant either. There was Stockmar. But Palmerston, busy with his plans, his ambitions, and the management of a great department, brushed all such considerations on one side. It was his favorite method of action. He lived by instinct, by a quick eye and a strong hand, a dexterous management of every crisis as it arose. A half unconscious sense of the vital elements in a situation. He was very bold, and nothing gave him more exhilaration than to steer the ship of state in a high wind on a rough sea with every stitch of canvas on her that she could carry. But there is a point beyond which boldness becomes rashness, a point perceptible only to intuition and not to reason, and beyond that point Palmerston never went. When he saw that the cast demanded it, he could go slow. Very slow indeed. In fact, his whole career, so full of vigorous adventure, was nevertheless a masterly example of the proverb, But when he decided to go quick, nobody went quicker. One day, returning from Osborne, he found that he had missed the train to London. He ordered a special, but the station master told him that to put a special train upon the line at that time of day would be dangerous, and he could not allow it. Palmerston insisted, declaring that he had important business in London which could not wait. The station master, supported by all the officials, continued to demur. The company, he said, could not possibly take the responsibility. On my responsibility then, said Palmerston, in his off-hand peremptory way, whereupon the station master ordered up the train, and the foreign secretary reached London in time for his work without an accident. The story is typical of the happy valiance with which he conducted both his own affairs and those of the nation. England, he used to say, is strong enough to brave consequences. Apparently, under Palmerston's guidance, she was. While the officials protested and shook in their shoes, he would wave them away with his airy, my responsibility, and carry the country swiftly along the line of his choice to a triumphant destination without an accident. His immense popularity was the result partly of his diplomatic successes, partly of his extraordinary personal affability, but chiefly of the genuine intensity with which he responded to the feelings and supported the interests of his countrymen. The public knew that it had in Lord Palmerston not only a high meddled master, but also a devoted servant, that he was, in every sense of the word, a public man. When he was prime minister, he noticed that iron hurdles had been put up on the grass in the Green Park. He immediately wrote to the minister responsible, ordering in the severest language their instant removal, declaring that they were an intolerable nuisance and that the purpose of the grass was to be walked upon freely and without restraint by the people, old and young, for whose enjoyment the parks are maintained. It was in this spirit that, as foreign secretary, he watched over the interests of Englishmen abroad. Nothing could be more agreeable for Englishmen, but foreign governments were less pleased. They found Lord Palmerston interfering, exasperating and alarming. In Paris, they spoke with bated breath of Se Terrible Milord Par Palmerston. And in Germany, they made a little song about him. Had der Teufel einen Zon, so ist er sicher Palmerston. But their complaints, their threats and their agitations were all in vain. Palmerston, with his upper lip sardonically curving, braved consequences and held on his course. The first diplomatic crisis which arose after his return to office, though the prince and the queen were closely concerned with it, passed off without serious disagreement between the court and the minister. For some years past, a curious problem had been perplexing the chanceries of Europe. Spain, ever since the time of Napoleon, a prey to civil convulsions, had settled down for a short interval to a state of comparative quiet under the rule of Cristina, the queen mother, and her daughter Isabella, the young queen. In 1846, the question of Isabella's marriage, which had for long been the subject of diplomatic speculations, suddenly became acute. Various candidates for her hand were proposed, among others, two cousins of her own, another Spanish prince, and prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, a first cousin of Victoria's and Albert's. For different reasons, however, none of these young men seemed altogether satisfactory. Isabella was not yet 16, and it might have been supposed that her marriage could be put off for a few years more. But this was considered to be out of the question. Vous ne savez pas, cette high authority, ce que c'est que ces princes espagnols. Elles ont le diable au corps, et on a toujours dit que si nous ne nous attions pas, les retiers viendraient avant le mari. It might also have been supposed that the young queen's marriage was a matter to be settled by herself, her mother in the Spanish government. But this again was far from being the case. It had become by one of those periodical reversions to the ways of the 18th century, which it is rumored are still not unknown in diplomacy, a question of dominating importance in the foreign policies, both of France and England. For several years, Louis-Philippe and his Prime Minister, Guizot, had been privately maturing a very subtle plan. It was the object of the French King to repeat the glorious coup of Louis XIV and to abolish the Pyrenees by placing one of his grandsons on the throne of Spain. In order to bring this about, he did not venture to suggest that his younger son, the Duke de Montpensier, should marry Isabella. That would have been too obvious a move, which would have raised immediate and insurmountable opposition. He therefore proposed that Isabella should marry her cousin, the Duke of Cadiz, while Montpensier married Isabella's younger sister, the Infanta Fernanda, and pray, what possible objection could there be to that? The wily old king whispered into the chaste ears of Guizot, the key to the secret. He had good reason to believe that the Duke of Cadiz was incapable of having children, and therefore the offspring of Fernanda would inherit the Spanish crown. Guizot rubbed his hands and began at once to set the necessary springs in motion. But, of course, the whole scheme was very soon divulged and understood. The English government took an extremely serious view of the matter. The balance of power was clearly at stake, and the French intrigue must be frustrated at all hazards. A diplomatic struggle of great intensity followed, and it occasionally appeared that a second war of the Spanish succession was about to break out. This was avoided, but the consequences of this strange embryo were far-reaching and completely different from what any of the party's concern could have guessed. In the course of the long and intricate negotiations, there was one point upon which Louis Philippe laid a special stress, the candidature of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. The prospect of a marriage between a Coburg prince and the Queen of Spain was, he declared, at least as threatening to the balance of power in Europe as that of a marriage between the Duke de Montpensier and the Infante, and, indeed, there was much to be said for this contention. The ruin which had fallen upon the House of Coburg during the Napoleonic Wars had apparently only served to multiply its vitality, for that princely family had by now extended itself over Europe in an extraordinary manner. King Leopold was firmly fixed in Belgium. His niece was Queen of England, one of his nephews was the husband of the Queen of England, and another the husband of the Queen of Portugal. Yet another was Duke of Vortenburg. Where was this to end? There seemed to be a Coburg trust ready to send out one of its members at any moment to fill up any vacant place among the ruling families of Europe, and even beyond Europe there were signs of this infection spreading. An American who had arrived in Brussels had assured King Leopold that there was a strong feeling in the United States in favor of monarchy instead of the misrule of mobs and had suggested to the delight of his majesty that some branch of the Coburg family might be available for the position. That danger might perhaps be remote, but the Spanish danger was close at hand, and if Prince Leopold were to marry Queen Isabella, the position of France would be one of humiliation, if not of positive danger. Such were the asseverations of Louis Philippe. The English government had no wish to support Prince Leopold, and though Albert and Victoria had some hankerings for the match, the wisdom of Stockmar had induced them to give up all thoughts of it. The way thus seemed open for a settlement. England would be reasonable about Leopold, if France would be reasonable about Montpensier. At the Chateau du, the agreement was made in a series of conversations between the King and Gizot on the one side, and the Queen, the Prince, and Lord Aberdeen on the other. Aberdeen, as foreign minister, declared that England would neither recognize nor support Prince Leopold as a candidate for the hand of the Queen of Spain, while Louis Philippe solemnly promised both to Aberdeen and to Victoria that the Duke de Montpensier should not marry the Infante Fernande until after the Queen was married and had issue. All went well, and the crisis seemed to be over when the whole question was suddenly reopened by Palmerston, who had succeeded Aberdeen at the Foreign Office. In a dispatch to the English minister at Madrid, he mentioned in a list of possible candidates for Queen Isabella's hand Prince Leopold of Coburg, and at the same time he took occasion to denounce in violent language the tyranny and incompetence of the Spanish government. This dispatch, indiscreet in any case, was rendered infinitely more so by being communicated to Guizot. Louis Philippe saw his opportunity and pounced on it. Though there was nothing in Palmerston's language to show that he either recognized or supported Prince Leopold, the King at once assumed that the English had broken their engagement and that he was therefore free to do likewise. He then sent the dispatch to the Queen Mother, declared that the English were intriguing for the Coburg marriage, bade her mark the animosity of Palmerston against the Spanish government, and urged her to escape from her difficulties and ensure the friendship of France by marrying Isabella to the Duke of Cadiz and Fernanda to Montpensier. The Queen Mother, alarmed and furious, was easily convinced. There was only one difficulty. Isabella loathed the very sight of her cousin. But this was soon surmounted. There was a wild supper party at the palace, and in the course of it the young girl was induced to consent to anything that was asked of her. Shortly after, and on the same day, both the marriages took place. The news burst like a bomb on the English government, who saw with rage and mortification that they had been completely outmaneuvered by the crafty king. Victoria in particular was outraged. Not only had she been the personal recipient of Louis-Philippe's pledge, but he had won his way to her heart by presenting the Prince of Wales with a box of soldiers and sending the Princess Royal a beautiful Parisian doll with eyes that opened and shut. And now insult was added to injury. The Queen of the French wrote her a formal letter, calmly announcing, as a family event in which she was sure Victoria would be interested, the marriage of her son Montpensier, who will add to our inner happiness, the only true in this world, and that you, madame, knew so well to appreciate. But the English Queen had not long to wait for her revenge. Within 18 months, the monarchy of Louis-Philippe, discredited, unpopular and fatally weakened by the withdrawal of English support, was swept into limbo, while he and his family threw themselves as suppliant fugitives at the feet of Victoria. End of chapter five, part one.