 Good morning again, everybody. It's my great pleasure to be here. First, I would like to thank the organizers for inviting me to share with you some of our research and thought in our recent development. So the title is something very complicated. I'm not going to repeat. And the outline of talk today would be Green Super-Rise to Green Agriculture. And also, I will present to you some new models for rice production and the future of rice in China in my personal perspective. And so the first is Green Super-Rise leading to green agriculture. So we all talk about food security from yesterday to today and in all the presentations. And in my view, we are actually addressing two things. One is the total demands. And we have been talking about 9 billion people by 2050. And we are also, another very important point is sustainability of the production. So we have been discussing about these sort of problems for very long at the turning of the century. In China, we have been discussing identifying the problems in Chinese agricultural production. So we are run to the sort of problems, something like this. We have damages by pests and diseases. And in these indiscriminate applications of pesticide, we have pressures for high yield, but we have overuse of chemical fertilizers. We have water shortage. We have drought and need improvement of grain quality and product quality. And yield have been stagnating for quite a few years. And also we need to increase the yield potential. So for example, and the data we got in 2005, and we could see the problems, the damages by pests and insecticide and pests and diseases. We can see here the number one pest is rice, which is called plant hoppers. Number two, insect damages or leaf folders. Again, in rice, number three is striped steppe folders, and also in rice. And number four, she's black. So we talk about the problems of insect and pests and diseases, but we are talking about rice problems. So what should we do? And the question is, how much can we harvest without pesticide? A large scale comparative experiment by plant protection station of Hubei province showed that rice could only yield 20% without pesticide application. That was a data obtained in 2005. So actually we had some sort of statistics saying, as we always say, with 8% of Arab land in China, we're supporting 22% of the world population, but we're using over 35% of pesticide and fertilizer globally. So we are calling for second green revolution. So at the 10th century, we have been defining what we should do for new innovation and new evolution. New revolution, we call it second green revolution. We have 10 Chinese characters, which is less input, more production, for better environment. So in this context, we propose a notion called green super rice. The goal is to greatly reduce the use of pesticide, fertilizers, and irrigation on the premise of continuous improvement of yield and quality. And gradually we define the goal of green super rice as less pesticide, less fertilizer, and water saving and drought resistance, high yield, and superior quality. And the way to do it is to have all the great trade, all the good trade together. We have insect resistance. We should have disease resistance. We should have nutrient use efficiency. We should have yield. We should have quality. And all put into one single variety, called green super rice. And we actually initiated a green super rice development project in China, supported by most the Ministry of Science and Technology under the National A63 Project. So that was the first phase initiated in 2010 in Wuhan. And then we had a second phase started in 2014. And with 27 groups from five rice growing regions in China, from North East all the way to Southwest. Our girls probably a little bit long term, cultivars that allow reduction of 30% of pesticide, fertilizers, and irrigation. At the same time, achieving high yield and superior quality. So basic strategy for the development of green super rice is we should have gene plasm, of course. And then this should be combined with something we call the genomic science and technology. Actually, that's including all the scientific research. Genetics, plant physiology, and all the other things. We call it genomic science and technology and breeding. So it's an integration of science, technology, gene plasm into breeding. And then that is some sort of outlines we have in our functional genomics project. We have genplasm, diversity with genplasm identification. We should construct the platform, resource platform, and technological platforms. All those omics together, identifying genes and regulatory elements and regulatory network. Calculate the functions and the control of molecular characterization of the functional genes. And put all this together into genomic breeding programs, a new norm. So at the very end, we aim to understand the function of the genome. So as of now, actually in a number week, we calculated by the end of last year. So the total community over the years has characterized a total of close to 3,000 functional genes. The genes could be divided into categories like yield, grain quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, stress resistance, and nutrient use efficiency, et cetera. So the number is not very big, but it is big enough to do some work. So we define our long-term goals for rice functional genomic research project called Rice 2020. We are very close to the year of 2020. So look at the second. Second goal is to assignment of biological functions to every annotated genes. And how many genes we still don't know. But my estimate would be 50,000. But as of now, we are not even characterized 3,000 gene yet. So we are very far away, but still we are moving. And also, whatever we have done, so we have seven goals, whatever we have done, we try to use the knowledge, the gene resources, and technologies in our breeding programs to develop high throughput knowledge based rice breeding. So a little bit touch of the genomic breeding, which it should be considered as application of functional genomics in rice breeding. And we developed some sort of concept of whole genome selection. It's based on technologies for high throughput detection of DNA polymorphisms that will make maximum use of information about genetics, function, and the phenotypes of the genes. It's a simultaneous selection for the target and non-target and the background. And according to the goals of breeding programs, and this sort of process would revolutionize selections by improving precision and efficiency. And we developed several versions of breeding chips. The first one is a Rice 6K. It's a collaboration between company and universities. And that is achieved with 6,000 features in the unit. So that is used for field breeding. And then later on, we incorporated the information from functional genes to have a second version, Rice Snip 50. Actually, we aimed at a resolution with 60,000 features. Again, it's a collaboration of university and the company. And then another sort of component in this system is gene-specific selection systems. It's a target and the background we should select for both. So the target gene, which is a red dot, is what we want. And we want recombination between the target genes and adjacent markers within the distance of 100 kb. That is 0.5 centimeters or less. So the target gene should carry very little of the genetic background into a new background. So we put together a selection scheme with that sort of scheme from the very first generation to the very last product. That means only a total of 12 individuals in the field. So with one Chinese move, we could incorporate or integrate or integrate more than 1,000 genes all together. So it doesn't need very much space to grow our rice plant in the field. That's just a scheme. If anybody's interested, they could read our paper. And then use this sort of technologies. We are inch-aggressing blaster-resistant genes because that could be a very big problem in certain rice producing area. So we improve cow divides by inch-aggressing blaster-resistant genes. Actually, we inch-aggressed, developed near-esogenic lines, the same genetic background, carrying only one individual gene. So so far, we have succeeded in PI1, PI2, PI9, PIGM, and also the fragrance gene, et cetera, to make a multi-line variety. So that has been tested in large scale in Henongjiang province, which is in the northeast China, a very big rice breeding or rice production area. This may provide effective strategy for durable resistance. And then back to the Green Super Rice Project, we have released many varieties with green trade. And it has been in rice producing area up to the end of last year of something like 6 million hectares already, accumulative area. So this is also, we have also a collaboration project with many people, with Europe and also many African countries and also Asian countries for develop Green Super Rice. Based on the development in rice, we have been proposing to a resource saving and environment-friendly agriculture with a book and a consultative report to the government. So we propose to this mechanism for restriction of the input of something like resource and environment costing input in agriculture and also reform the varietal certification systems. And then the Chinese government published a document for green agriculture and also in the document, they proposed something like green varieties, a notion of green varieties. And that is going to be realized by this varietal certification systems in China and published also last year and with three principles. One is green development and also the category of varieties could be called green as superior quality. That's a separate independent class of varieties to be certified. So we have made a standard for green super rice varieties. So in our project, we want to neighbor some of the varieties to be green super rice varieties. Anyway, that is in progress. And I hope by the end of this year, we could have a batch of first few varieties. We could label them as green super rice varieties. And the second is something I'm going to propose as new. I'm going to present new models of rice production, which is co-cultivation of rice and aquatics. And also use Hubei as a case. And the one in the middle, that's Hubei province, which is where I'm located. And Hubei province ranked number one in agriculture among all the provinces in China. And it produced a lot of fish and a lot of aquaculture products. Rank number five in rice production in China. And last year, for example, produced something like 70 million tons of paddy rice. So it's a province with thousands of lakes and also known as a country of fish and rice since the Asian time. So now, in the last few years, they have been very rapidly developing in new models. Something like crawfish, like crawfish, crawfish, fish, rice, sorry, crawfish rice, frog rice, crab rice, fish rice, and duck rice, so many more. Many models developed and growing very rapidly in the last few years. For example, in 2015, the area of co-culture reached 1.5 million hectares in China, producing 1.5 million tons of aquatics, aquaculture product. Actually, in Hubei province alone, so 350,000 hectares of rice field adopted co-culture in last year, 2017. And the area is still increasing very, very rapidly. So crawfish rice accounted for 90% of the total increase or the total area. So for example, in 2016, the total value of crawfish is 46 billion RMB, creating 146 billion RMB in a whole chain with an employment of five million people. That's a very, very big business. So actually, more than 5,000 co-operatives in rice, crawfish, aquaculture, and also 20 of them operating at a scale of, that is 70 hectares. That's something like 1,000 more in Chinese area, unit. So crawfish, what is good about it? Actually, it's a mutual beneficial system. So crawfish could benefit rice. Rice jaw provide resting place for crawfish, and decayed rice jaw provide somehow transformation of decayed rice jaw could provide food for crawfish. And rice field provides space for healthy growth of crawfish. And crawfish could also benefit rice and generate need for retaining the straw through the field. And crawfish waste actually provide very good organic fertilizers for rice and flatten the rice field in the winter time, especially with our proposal for green, because the rice jaw is totally digested by crawfish, and which also kill the overwinter insect. So existence of crawfish restrict the use of pesticide and fertilizers by the farmers. The farmers would do it without asking. So it's actually a resource saving, environment-friendly and ecologically balanced system. And then my notion for this system is called Shuangshui, strongly in Chinese. And rice crawfish co-culture is one field, two product, one water, two usages. And it produce green rice, green crawfish, and also at the same time, clean water. So two aquatics, double green. And then I wrote a paper in Hubei Dany, and it's a political sort of declaration and remodeled the country of fish and rice by Shuangshui, Shuangshui, and that was published only a few months ago. So actually this sort of industry is developing very, very rapidly. And the third part of my talk is going to be my personal perspective. It's controversial, but it's my personal perspective. People sitting here may not agree with me, but I think I would do it anyway. So we have no problems in rice production in China, and I think the problem is over-production. So the very last number you could remember is something like 100 kg milled rice per person, which is a bit too much for any population, not just Chinese population. So the problem is low price, difficult to sell, and little profit for a broiler. So new change and demand actually in a new time, but not actually new time, but that's the case for many countries. So the function of food are evolving, I should say, and it's a source of energy, nutrition, and also enjoyment of the food. It's not just energy and nutrition, and it's also enjoyment. So diverse food that competing for the meal table is not... So the concept of staple food is diminishing, as we have been always talking about. First sentence, our paper, rice is a staple food for more than half of the world population, but that is diminishing. So the position of rice as a number one staple, especially in China, is rapidly declining. So increasing attention to nutrition and nutrients for healthy food and great concern with food security, that's a new trend. So if we want to talk about healthy food, what should that be? So the Chinese Society of Nutrition has a guideline for Chinese populations on what to eat. What to eat, that is something we want to eat. So cereals and tubers account only for slightly more than a quarter of the total. And then we have many things we should eat every day. So again, that's recommended by the Chinese Society of Nutrition, we need minerals, we command in nutrient intake and adequate intake, and vitamins also need it. So anything, we don't need very much, we don't need more, we don't need less. So we need to have the safety, the very, very good level that is in the media. We call it safety intake quantity. Health is safety of nutrient intake. So beyond that, on both end, that would cause increased risk of health. So we check the rice varieties, what in it? We have vitamins of course, we have minerals also, and also we have problems, we have heavy metals. So heavy metals problems could be a problem in China and in our rice consumption. So the cause of heavy metals, number one is application of fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, which could reduce cause acidification of the soil, especially in the South. So even though the soil is okay without the excess amount of heavy metals, but it still has problems that produce more, having more heavy metals in the rice grain. So a variety of differences, also shen rice has higher uptake of cadmium, for example, than grain rice. So variety of differences should be also considered mining contamination in certain area, but not all. So I think the number one cause is nitrogen applications. So reformation of our agricultural system, that is something we have been talking about in China very widely, we need to reform the structure of agriculture, especially the supply side. And improving quality of the food, increase market values of the product and evaluating, elevating the profitability of the farmer. So that is our concern. We need to increase the income of the farmers. So what should we do? That's my drawing of the value, how to increase the value of rice. And the current, as of now, and that is we, the rice, milled rice is sold at something on average or below five yen per gene, Chinese unit, which is 500 grams. So if we reduce the quantity, that could double the price. And then if we keep it green, like what I have been proposing, that may increase this value to 15. And then if we solve the safety problems, that could further increase and pilotability, that could make the rice green to sell at 30 yen per gene. And then we could add nutrition, special pilotability in combination with nutrition. And that could be sold at 50 or more per gene. That's our Chinese unit. So what is the solution? How are we going to do it? It's green agriculture. We need green cultivars. We need green field management. We need green pest control. That is what I said. Shuangshui, Shuanglui is a way to go. At least in the area that is suitable for Shuangshui, Shuanglui. So food safety, we want no residual pesticides, no heavy metal pollution. We want green cultivar, green field management, green pest control, green rice field also. So that is a guarantee for food safety. So pilotability of rice, green is the key. So what is the pilotability? Actually we have people tasting this sort of things every day and also we have machines, the meter to read the pilotability. We have a pilotability meter. And the key is that the pilotability of a cooked rice is highly negatively correlated with protein content in the brain. So protein content is highly positively correlated with fertilizer application, especially a nitrogen fertilizer. So less fertilizer is a key for pilotability. That's the two with shan rice or indica rice and also grain rice or jupan rice. They are the same, so no exception. So you apply less nitrogen fertilizer, it tastes much better. So breeding rights for human nutrition now is what we should do. So nutrition set the basis for health and food is a source of nutrition. So crop breeding should take us girls to improve human nutrition. We need to improve the nutrition of food crops, to promote human health. So what we should do is to nutrient rich and nutrition balanced rice. This is what we want to do. So examples, you know, golden rice. So that is one of the best examples for nutrient enrichment. And also another which is less known is an example published in Nature Biotechnology 10 years ago. Genetic engineered and so timing in rich tomato boost health. How much is increase of lifespind by 28%. So if you want to be, to live long, you could go back and eat purple tomatoes. Genetic engineered purple tomatoes may be the way to do it. So we could do rice. So we engineered Professor Yao Guang Niu's PPT. He engineered by transformation of eight genes. He sort of turned the white rice, the white core rice into black, which is anthocymine in rich. And that is, that's just an example of how we should do it. Many other nutrients we should pay attention also. So that is a road coming back again. How are we going to increase the value of our rice product, especially the daily intake, daily food. So finally I would like also my perspective. So the agriculture is undergoing unprecedented transformation of rice agriculture and the industry in China and many other countries. So the way that is displayed is the production models and the operation system. There's some sort of models of cooperatives rather than individual farmers. So also we see a lot of a diversification in recent years of consumer needs. So it's a value of value, the view of value. What is the value of a rice grain? Rice sold in the market. That is not just for food, as I said, is food, nutrition and enjoyment. And also the taste is not the taste that the food itself is a taste of the human view toward the world and also the culture. So that is a product has a lot of spirit in it. So our mission is to research and development for rice industry, not just for rice agriculture. So we should do more than just a variety of development. So we should develop new product to address consumer needs rather than just for varietal certification. And we should innovate new technologies and bring new varieties. And we could, we should create new models and promote new consumptions and need new type. So all those are new. So at the very last, I would like to thank my collaborators and my team members. We just established an institute called Shanzui Shangui. And aiming at research and development varieties very suitable for the co-culture system and also breed for crawfish or genetic based breeding for crawfish for this industry. And finally, I would like to thank you all for your attention.