 Biglang nag-caroon ang pangabato. Bumabak kasi sa lakas ng ulan. Biglang nag-anoy ang pangabato ba, buwabas sa... Bakit kasi doon na school namin topuntang sa cool mine. Ang panahon, elementary pago naon. Adel sa pagmamain. Okay, ginagalaw ang mga lupa. Bung mag-anak sila na tabunan. Dahil sa landslide po, ang malakas na ulan. Ano, dahil po, ano, sinpray, panay ulan, sinpray lumalampot ng lupa. Maraming din kasi doon sa amin na co-construction na gaho kayo na. So, since elementary po, sinasay po sa amin na dahil sa pagkawalan ng puno ganun, wala nang nag-hold sa soil para makip yung kugano ka strong, firm yung soil. So, ayon po, parang nag-ing glus yung soil, kaya nag-ing ganun yung ano. Asa province kami, kas nakatigil kami. Asa may biglang nahulog na puno, kasunod-sunod na yung lupa, yung damo. So, nakakatakat kasi tumama ka sa... yung wire, sa electric pole. Kaya medyo alang anin kasi baka mahulog rin siya. Tapos, di mo rin alam kung kaya siya titigil, kasi tuloy-tuloy yung agus ng lupa. So, alang anin talaga siya, nakakatakat talaga. Alam ko parang sa puno yun, kung hindi stable yung lupa. Tapos, kung lang masay dong puno para gapit talaga yung lupa, meramin talaga makakalanslide. So, tingin ko po ang sanin ng landslide ay deforestation sa mga mountain natin. Parang, dahil wala nalag-cohold dun sa lupa, mas madali na siya mag-arrowed. Ito po muli, si Benny Pacheco, isang structural engineer sa Institute of Civil Engineering at akimangang kasama. Ako si P.G. Mendoza from the Department of Psychology. I'm Mark Sarko. I'm a geotechnical engineer from the Institute of Civil Engineering. I'm Mayda Tulin from the Department of Arts Studies College of Arts and Letters. Kanoan po si Doi Rosete sa College of Fine Arts. Ngayon, pag-usapan naman po natin ang landslide. Hindi po ito yung landslide na tambak ang mga boto sa eleksyon. Ito po yung landslide na tambak ang bato o lupa na gumuguho. At palagay ko ang pwede sa ating magpaliwanag tungkol sa paano ba ng kaka-landslide kasama natin si Dr. Sarko, a geotechnical engineer. Doc Mark, na dilig ng yung mga person on the street, may mga nakakak-experience na mga taon ng pamilya o kamag-anak of it bahay. It seems like there are a lot of people that have experienced landslides. But I guess we all know that like in the last month, there have been a lot of landslides. The thing that comes to mind is the one in Cebu, in Naga Cebu where I think a whole mountain came down. And then we also heard about during Ompong, the landslide that took place in Itugon Bendiget. Can you think of any other landslides that you're familiar with, that you're a member? Yung ano, nang nagkaroon ng earthquake naglalanslide rin. Yes, that's true. Sa Japan, sa Hokkaido ba yun na maraming bundok naglanslide sabay-sabay dahil sa malakas na earthquake. Sa Pilipinas din, sa Bohol? Yes, sa Bohol in 2013, there was a earthquake as we all know is I think a 7.2 magnitude. And then most of the people, we were told by the governor, Governor Chato, were actually killed because of the landslide. And if you recall in 1990, there was also a landslide. There were landslides along Kennon Road and parts of Bagyo due to the Luzon earthquake. So landslides can be caused by earthquakes. But then I think in the video that on the person on the street, we learned that many times when we think of landslides, they are landslides that result as the result of a lot of rainfall. So excessive in the Philippines, I think more people are affected by rain-induced landslides. Yung bang landslide talagang sa mountainous areas? Alimbawa sa U.P. Los Baños na doon kayo for many years, kayo ba conscious about yung posibilidad ng landslide dahil mountainous? Marami kasi ako nakikita nyo along the way papuntang U.P.L.B. na may mga gakwari. Gakwari? At the back of my mind yun na isip ko. Bukod sa nasisira na yung bundok. Pano yung effect nung? Pero mas related sa floods ang naiisip ko. So flash floods, for example, anang yari doon sa bundok mismo. And what were these events of flash floods and people affected by flash floods? Well, there was a group of students that were there on hiking or a government organization thing. And then it was right after a strong rain. And then after a period of not raining. And then yun, nag-have flash floods sa bundok. Kasi kung mas deep ang slope, mabilis ang baba ng tubig na ala, kaya flash floods. Pero hindi nating naiisip na baka pati yung soil. Ay, na erode na rin. Wala naman kaya naging personal experience na doon na landslide? Malapa. Yung mga nababalita ang kung akatulad ng iba, yung, siguro hindi natin masabi kung ito ay man in juice. Yung sakali sa payatas, yung nangyari. Yung basura naman bumamksak. In Las Baños, 80, because the mountain is clay-ish, it's not prone to landslides. It's not that prone, yes. Dependerein sa klasin ng mountain or soil or rock. May mga places na because of the nature of the material, it's very slow. So you really can see that the trees are deforming. Para may warning. May warning, yes. And actually it's very slow. It really doesn't affect, let's say, people. It's not very, very sudden. So in that particular case, people can easily escape from these types of landslides. What ka yung lupa medyo clay-y? Clay-y normally, yes. Na nag-creep normally. That's the layman description. Pero may naalala lang ako, di ba? Meron kami malaking laguna-debye. Ang sinasabi rin ang ilang scientists, ilang studies doon. Bumababaw ng laguna-debye. Precisely gawan ang erosion. Or di, yes. Na nakapalibot oyan. So that is another thing. During landslides, one of the very common effects of a landslide are that the debris normally creates a dam in rivers. So yung flooding can result from that, particularly flash flood. If the dam, what we call the debris dam breaks. Okay. Pwede yung debris, pwede ngang kung medyo soil. Pwede yung lake, medyo na pupuno sa ilalipan. Yes. Pero yung mayalimbaw ang sinabi yung isang reminist na ating person na interview, ba to daw? Hindi lupa. So it can be rock due to the rock mass because normally, most rock masses have a lot of joints in them. So kapag maraming ulan na di-detach itong rocks from the slide and then they roll down. That's the one in Baguio. That's the one in Baguio. Yes. Yes. That can fall because in that particular case, instead of them rolling down, they really fall over or they topple over. Especially since the slopes of Baguio, along Kenong have been hacked out of there. Have been hacked out. To build a road, yes. Napag-usapan nyan na, nabanggit nyo ngangayon. Kung dutusin, mayro mga mountain sides, tayo mismo na kakat, kaya lalong nagiging medyo prone rocks, because it's very steep. Like yung mga road side na zigzag side, yung gilid, pwede yung magslide. Right, that's true. So to build a road, they need to of course cut into the slope and then sometimes, it's not enough space. So the slope sometimes becomes steeper. Sometimes it's almost vertical. Such that it's... And that's why, sometimes it's very sudden because it suddenly topples over her. Ay, yung ano, yung sinasabi na, yung daw mga nakaraang landslide, hindi naman daw dahil sa... Sabi ha? Hindi naman daw dahil mayin ay yung lupa. Talagang marami daw man made activities. Bukit sa gumagawa ng karsada, anong pangabay yung mga napapabalita ng mga ibang man made activity, man activities para napapahina yung bato o lupa? Well, actually, yung man made, the only other man made activity that I can think of is the case where you really have to excavate the slope, let's say, to build a new house or something like that. That's one common way, in mining operations, particularly open pit operations where you need to excavate material from a slope to be able to process the material for the extraction of these minerals. That sometimes makes the slope steep. Do you think kasama sa mga in-excavate yun yung mga clay na ginagamit sa sculptures? Could also be, but very often it's quarrying or things that would be used for mining minerals for extracting of minerals. So, yung kasing nabalita kanina na sa sambuang gaya tayo'n ulan, hindi ko lang na dinig yung ba ay lugar na may mining nabangit ba o natural forest ba yun? Nabangit ngayon dahil yung skwela handao nila inandun sa malapit sa minahan. A minahan? Yes, because to be able to mine, you first have to cut down the trees before you can excavate the place for the mine. So, in fact, most mining engineers tell me that you first need to get a permit to be able to cut down the trees. So, cutting down the trees would be one step before you can mine the area. Sa mga twid, nalagang nakagalbo yung mga puno sa bundo, baka lumakas yung posibilidad na maglanslide? Yes, but it really depends because there are areas, so it depends in a number of ways in the sense that the three routes only grow to a certain depth. The bulk of the root mass of a tree normally is in the top three to five meters. Mababaw lang, five meters lang. Right, so normally if you have soil and then that mantel of soil is around three to five meters, then the three routes can stabilize that. So that you can protect the walls. Yes, right, right. Pero may limit pala yung kaya ng gugat na. Yes, right. So there are cases like there's a well-known slide in Japan where you have complete forests that actually slide down with the trees and all. Yes, with the trees and all. Sometimes the fact that you have trees in it make it even more dangerous because it's not just the soil but now you have the trees. So what happened then? Well, that is a natural process. Actually there is a lot of evidence by scientists that show that even areas where you have trees, they've been sliding for the past years. It's all part of the natural geologic process. There's a process that geologists refer to as harvesting where the earth grows old and fails. So like people, the earth, yes. Nakotekang naging pa pa, natural shedding. Natural shedding, yes, very much like that. Hindi ka may mga natural shedding. Yung bayon, Doc Mark. Tamabang metaphor, you know. That's a good metaphor. But how can we, how can we wise na maka-iwas and how can you tell when you are building your house on a piece of land that is likely to shed or slide? Very interesting is the fact that there are, like for example, let's first go to the case where you have a lot of trees. There are really telltale signs there. If it's a shallow landslide, normally the trees because as the ground goes down, the top is pulling down on the tree. So the tree tends to tilt down. However, if it's very deep, then the tree turns to lean backward ala pilita corales. Lean backwards because it's rotating, yes. Dili ka adobo yung posture ng puno na ala pilita corales. Pwede yung deep landslide, makayon. So it goes deep into the earth and it's often very difficult to address in the sense that there no engineering intervention measures that can be done, yes. You can hardly fight nature that way. So sometimes you just avoid. Pero ganong kabilis o kabagal yun araw, weeks, months? The experience that most people have is that they are the leeway between the time it begins showing these signs to the time it actually fails is relatively short. But the deep-seated landslides because the failure goes deep in the ground, takes time for it to develop. Like years, ten years. Sometimes not long, 20 years and the like. So in the survey, yes. So many years and many years so in the survey, yes. So the three begins you see the three bending. But how long does it take for the tree to bend? So that it becomes a sign for age. So normally you'd see that it takes several years. So it's not like you wake up and then come back. And it's bent, yes. When you paint ten years after paiba, alam nyo na tail-tail sign. So it takes years. It takes years, yes. Sometimes that's the reason why people are observing this and the fact that you have these tail-tail signs, they're able to identify specific areas where you have these types of potential landslides. So in other words, but then let's say homeowner ka, there are also other signs like for example my pipes because the ground is moving, they normally break. So the water will be coming out or if I have stairs outside the house, they somewhat separate. They detach from the house, yes. Kusama rin ba danyong cracks, Doc Mark? You can also have cracks on the walls, the doors that do not become stuck already or your kitchen cabinets become stuck or even the ground begins forming cracks in them. Yung may roads along places where the slope is failing, you see cracks towards the... But that doesn't work for flat areas, right? It doesn't work for flat areas. So when you're talking about cracks and trees bending, yes, but then many people think that if I'm in a flat area I'm relatively safe, but then there have been landslides that really can travel, the brief flows, as we call them, that can travel really far how far? Well, it really depends but then there have been cases of the brief flows traveling as far as and matas yung panggalingan ng debris. Yes, right? And that can be really fast. So kanina, sabi nung isang nga kausap, yung neighbor down niya nakaranas na... nakasakuna nang landslides pero sabi niya malayo naman siya. So dapat siguro na advise ang din ang mga tao na baka akala natin 10 meters malayo na yung pala, kahit 1 kilometer, agus pa? In the case of there was the largest historical landslide in the Philippines is often they refer to the Ginsaugon landslide which was a barangay in southern Leyte that was buried by a rock slide which turned into a debris flow and an avalanche. So this one traveled the total of 4 kilometers and I believe that the debris traveled more than 100 kilometers an hour. So people really didn't have the chance to flee, yes. So you're saying rocks fell first and then followed by debris. It incised the ground and the rock actually it was very big. It must have been around 5 million cubic meters of rock that came down. It broke up and it did two things. You see a small hill it broke up and these rocks flew in the air but then part of it also incised the ground and that began to flow. So there were rocks raining from the air which is the avalanche plus the flow, yes. The one in Naga which had very graphic videos where it was as if a whole mountain was sliding. And then turning into flat ground. Yes. That is a flow. That is a flow, yes. That's a very good example of a flow. But it's a whole mountain. You're saying a whole mountain can slide, yes, right. Another possible example of a triggering mechanism for a landslide would be a volcanic eruption. There was a volcano that erupted in the US on St. Helens. And when this erupted actually one whole side of the volcano slid down in a very, very similar way. Pero sa pang madali yan, halimbawa na masyal lang tayo. Ipunta ko sa Tagaytay o sa Makiling. Meron din mam practical na tell-tale sign yung pang isang aro lang, observahan ko para informed din ako. Hindi ako nakatera doon na doon. Meron mga pwede observahan para masabi kong medyo delikado ito. O kaya ito yung mas safe against landslides. Well, if, as I mentioned, like the tell-tale signs are there, like the tree stilted or the, yes, yes, because or you could really see cracks in the buildings and all of that. We have a campus, their administration building was actually partially buried in a landslide that occurred in a small hill, a 90-meter high hill behind the administration building. So in many of their buildings, there they have staff houses that have cracks in them. What about the engineering library? Is there any chance for that to slide into nigs? Okay, well, it does not show any signs. Yes, it does not show any signs. Asip para nasa hill siya. Nasa hill, exactly, yes. Right. Baka yung mga geologists, na-design naman yung bato. So okay, nakita yung bato. But tinapiasan nila, yes. But then the thing with that is that the height above the road is actually not really that high. What much? The foundation actually goes deep down into. And that's another thing. Well, adobe, actually, if it were a steeper slope, it would... It still could slide, yes. So like, for example, there used to be a slope behind next to the College of Engineering's new library building. There's the triple-M building. There's a slope there which they had to cut down to make it actually safe. That was where there were houses before. Yes, the old houses. Preemptively, yes. So that's one way of avoiding or minimizing or decreasing. So, halimbawa, datay matarek, ikakat na para ang final, medyo mild. Yes, right. So that is one way of minimizing the risk or mitigating. What about the sunken garden? It collapse into the... Maybe the sides because the history of the sunken garden was that when UP moved here, they needed to build a road around. So it was a valley like the topography was a valley. So many people or my parents were describing when they were here, they were dynamiting the road where you have the tennis court and the college of engineering. So much of the material there, they deposited or they filled around the sunken garden. Not inside the bowl. Yes, not inside. So it created, of course... So naturally, mababa a siya? Yung oval road ang tinaas ng konte. Ang kanangan ng epek na yun na sunken. Naparang sunken. Yes. Right, that's the history there. Actually mataas siya. And mataas, yes. So the natural ground is where you have obviously like ipil and also molave and these places. So that's... People have asked me, they are fond of playing balls and stuff like that. And they are wondering whether those sides can collapse Actually, the risk is very minimal because it's stabilized over the years. It seems like people or the engineers at the time designed it properly or compacted the road properly. Yes. But there are many places in the Philippines where you have new subdivisions that have had to do similar work. And then fill into another part of the slope and sometimes it's not properly compacted and those places have had landslides but they're very, very slow. So you see cracks gently or slowly developing in buildings or the houses in these subdivisions. Yung siguro pagiging yung siguro yan sa commonapaw. Kaya hindi ko rialam kung panam gare-react, sabihan sila na baka maglanslide makikinigba sila o sabihin nilang hindi naman siguro kasi kung walang direct na makita sainsano, pero pag nangyari naman pala ito, ang bilis. I wonder kung nabalita nyo ba yung advice para umalis? Ano nga ba naging reaction, response ng mga nakatira o nakatigil doon sa lugar na yun? Pagalam ko, they didn't leave. Nisilaw malis kasi akala nila may shelter silang mapupuntahan and yung shelter na yun hindi pala built then doon sa uri ng landslide na nangyari. Wala yun ang lumalabasan yun? Yun yat ang trouble na mga young, like children, saka women. Na una yat ang malis? Pero na iwan pa rin yung mga workers, miners. They wouldn't leave because that's where their houses are located. So there's what they would call valuable possessions. Plus, the shelter that had been assigned for them was their church. It felt very protected inside the church. And of course, we're not really aware of what exactly the nature of the warning was given to them. Kasi pwede yung generic lang. May malakas na tarpon. Right, that's true. So they took the risks. Hindi na tina lang. Hindi na alam yung risk. If generic yung pagpalala, baka dati sinabi na rin yun pero nakaraan talaga ondaming to be, ondaming range. Yes, there was a lot of range and maybe that was not imagined. Yes, aha. But it could also be that maybe there were other similar instances before where there was a lot of rain and yet nothing happened and maybe they were made to evacuate and nothing happened. So their confidence in that system actually was compromised because they said that maybe this will be the same as last time where nothing happened. So iba yung situation. It was a landslide may like a warning system din akagayan na sa rainfall, rainfall or wind. But the problem about the early warning systems for landslides is that they're very specific to the slope. We have a particular or there is a particular level of rainfall. Normally it's described in terms of what we call the antecedent rainfall. This rainfall, how much rainfall has fallen let's say within the last 15 days and then the amount of rainfall that has happened in the last 24 hours. That's right. They count all the rainfall recent days plus kung may darating pa. So yung bang ating warning agencies may ganoong system kayspecific na bawat street or village or slope. Ginagawa nila ng calculation para may Actually it's a very generic one. So in the Philippines there are very few if i'm aware of there are only very very few cases of places where they determine that this particular threshold or what we call rainfall threshold will trigger a landslide. One place where I'm aware that they've done that is in Mayon because if you recall Reming in 2006 there was a there was a flow a debris flow of lahar and the peculiar thing about Mount Mayon of course we know So these big boulders when they're mobilized and come down they really can be very destructive. So people really studied it putting sensors into the ground and they have an idea that a certain level of rainfall will trigger. Nabanggit ninyo nyan nabasa ko rin na dinike director yusek Solidum na sa pinatubo rin niya na na ko ano pa yung natirang lahar na pwede rin magslide kinokwenta nila inaestimate nila how much rainfall would trigger. But maybe even that hindi pa nga announce yung resultano na how many millimeters of rain over x days para mag-warning talaga nila na may imminent slide. So it needs to be very specific. It needs to be very specific but generally there's a I would say ballpark figure that have been established is that in the last 15 days you've had around 200 millimeters of rainfall and then within a 24 hour period it's another 100 millimeters of rainfall. I was involved in a project recently and we had a particular slope in Ilo Ilo in Tubungan Ilo Ilo and we found from that particular study that there was a landslide that occurred with around 120 millimeters same 200 millimeters 220 millimeters in the last 15 days. So it seems like it's somewhere in that ballpark figure but the specific the specific value is actually can vary significantly. So kahit pala sa mga geotechnical engineer mga geologists ongoing challenge pa yung mag-estimate talaga. But the additional challenge to geologists and geotechnical engineers is not only to tell when you should evacuate but when you should come back. Yes, because we don't want to tell them come back and then there's a landslide and then we will be tagged as a murder because we made these people come back. I mean from a lay person's point of view ano pa yung 120 millimeters? Sa palo ko ma-estimation I mean it's like rain for 10 days. Si ganun kami mag-measure wala na kaming measuring. Mi sabihin pag 10 days ba na sunod-sunod tapos na sa mountainous area ko napat makabahan na ko at malis na ko parang ganun? Well more or less yes something like that like one of the typhoons that we've had continuous rain or like even the orange rainfall warning that would be something of course red for the case and that it's continuously rained. Alright. So baka pwede naman nyo na we can't be too specific but then meron tayong parang mga general na warnings o sige sampong araw ng muulan medyo mag-isip-isip na kayo na meron ng landslide and observe around because then baka may mga crack crackun na suddenly na isip ko lang Doc Mark wala bang early warning ang galing sa focus na nandong kasalugar na yon merong memory na galing sa matatanda o kung saan man historical memory na nangyari na to and you can derive para bang kung bagang mga high-up biglang So I'll first begin with the focus or what we sometimes call indigenous learning seems like in the in the car I can identify I know that this place is prone to landslides I know where it is There was a landslide recently I think as far back as 2015 where a part in Benguet failed and they do know na that place has had a lot of landslides So they they know what places are prone to landslides and what really happens when you have so many days of very heavy rain But then what happened to itogon? Walang historical memory Walang historical memory and maybe the people are actually not from there and then other things Migrants Migrants Like there was another one I just forgot the typhoon but it was a typhoon after on doi In this particular typhoon was known as Little Kibungan in La Trinidad, Benguet So many of the people there were not actually from La Trinidad, Benguet They were from some other place known as Kibungan They resettled here and the other thing that changed it was that so they settled there but then they built a new road so it changed So even, you know that's one of the limitations that might have worked before might not work anymore because of the big human intervention But I think the project in particular has been doing a big headway towards this direction because I remember in the case of typhoon manko per ompong Dr. Lagmay had informed me that most likely the whole Ifugao area Bagyo included would be declared a state of calamity and he had told me that the possibility of landslides was extremely high and that at the moment what they're doing is that they are mapping out the areas where there are people at risk but it's not enough in the case of landslides to just say this mountain is going to have a landslide but where are the people and where in relation to which slopes are at risk so it's kind of mapping mapping, malaking area and then identifying what are the places that are exposed so that's where the maring communities maring access roads and water stream hindi mag-compromise pag nadam yun mag-co-cost ng backup na flood sa isang side kailangan i-mapalahat Ito bang mga mapping and early warning na ito I mean alam ng tao kasi nga nandito alam natin yung studies pero nag-trictal trick sorry for the term nag-trictal down ba siya down to at least barangay level na kailangan silang mag-evacuate kasi may ganito ng history sa place yun yung siguro yung gailang communication kung kulang na sa folk or indigenous knowledge because it's a migrant community yun naman scientific work baka hindi pa rin communicated sa current villagers or even workers and besides sa translate pa natin niya kung technical terms maging understandable maybe even our media person and get this translated as soon as possible instead na panay generic din yung mga news items nila malabas tuloy blame the victim palagay baka naman or blame someone else but there's no research going on it's not that there's no research there is because they don't actively search if you have the experts that are working in academe or similar institutions and then they interface with the sociopolitical institutions for example the local disaster risk the village barangay captains and then they tell the police in the case of itogon I understand it was the barangay people who were told to inform the community that they should evacuate it's hard work to make this communication procedure really very effective but I think that's the way to go now to move forward to really bridge this gap make it understandable can you even imagine how to visualize this din doi orange, yellow, orange, red pero may equivalent din siya na ganoan kung landslide anong symbols siguro parang ganun din parang kasi yung sa atin alam na natin na yung red really is heavy but it has to be equivalent to something like red anong yun bagi backward di pwede yung floating lang yung symbol na yun makapagana ka 15 aro na nang maraming rain sabiw na trigger na yung red warning kung baka red na lahat siyan sabihin for marig flooding yan marig in terms of landslides sa kanilang lugar na hazard yun ang kanilang iobserve na red na ito kung ibig sabihin evacuation na yung sa postponment ng upkat ganun yung binasyahan din na yung lahat pula understandable na yung sa kanilang accessible yung information nagamit nila na na warn sila para ipospon muna ang exam so kung paano mga parating yun sa people on the street or the households to disseminate disseminated because we have this knowledge but we are moving forward for me to be able to access that kind of information but you actually sought it out well actually yes but then it was because I was concerned of the risk for so ganun na naman it's people and hazards kung decision maker responsibility na magtanong seek out, pumunta ka sa scientist o sa pboxman, sa pagasaman sa mgb man kasi meron pa lang mga ganoong study na lugar sa lugar naman map naman map sa aming village orange ba kami o red ba kami sana ma translate ano it's kind of a way kasi ba ibadaman talaga yung social yun ang challenge na yun up developers hazzine map yung canon road akitay sa bagyo pag gawa niya naman ng interface na along the canon road ilagay mo yung kulay din doy symbolically iconic translate mo na kung sa stretch ng kilometer 10 to kilometer 11 sana makarating sa ganong estado para nilong talaga nga yun patin ang motorist palaging nga landslide well sabi nga natin merong hazard na madalas mangyare mas naaral pero yung landslide diata medyo madalang dalang ino pag nangyare malaki malawak or yung mga malalaki are the ones that are extreme events at baka na nakakalimutan na ng community lalo na kung mga nakatira ngayon nag-resettle or mga migrant or mga workers from other places nakakalimutan na yung mahabang history ng geology at ganong palaka specific depende sa dami ng ulan kung gano katarik yung slope kung bako o lupa o kung nakatba at napahina kung panel lahat mong patras na yun mapagsama-sama para mako na bird sa isang signal o warning na maaring pagkatiwalaan kung hindi sila ma false alarm at madendirin yung tanong after mali sila ng bawa papang kababalik o kailan kababalik o may mababalikang kababalik kasi yun ang malaking pagkakaiba nito sa kali sa bahak ay kawin na bahak wala yung tubig mga re-siguro may kapanpukuntahan babalikang ito di nati alam kung may kapan mababalikang o wala nang landslide lalo na kung alam na natin ang lugar natin sa mountain side kailang pagaralan yun ngayong scientific study ng mga mapping ng hazard saka nasaan tayo malapit pa tayo o malayo dapat pa talaga maging conscious mula sa barangay captain mula sa maybe home owners ewang ko lang kumakapasalama tayo ng dilimaan tayo at matahas tayo at sabi ay matibay na ba ito pero once po punta tayo sa ebang campuses meron nilaman tayong campuses na maraming slopes so even within UP talagang kailangan din pagisipan ang mga local landslides it's been a good discussion again another episode ano nga ba yung mga tips natin para sa ating viewers landslides are a natural process just like people the earth is also moving and shedding its skin so we just have to accept the fact that whether or not whatever we do there will always be landslides speaking of that kahit yung mga man may activities yung mga activities natin kusun natin may kasada dito or housing development dito sa may pana ng bundok kailangan lang natin magingat ang posibilidad ng pag-uhon ng bato o lupa at lalo na dapat iawasan ating time maging victima ng ating sariling mga human activities I think having said that we need to know and watch out for telltale signs that are related to landslides kailangan natin talagang magpagmasid sa mga pala tandaan sa lupa para pati sa mga puno if you notice something unusual may experts and appropriate authorities Pero yung pinakamahirap yung landslide na magkaroon ng one size fit all na knowledge o kaya solution o kaya intervention kasi ba iba ang kondisyong lokal sa pagkaka pag-uusap usap natin ang janyong kalagayan ng slope kalagayan ng lupa, rainfall, etc. So kailangan yung expert knowledge hindi lang dapat magmumula dun sa mga professionals kundi dapat mangaling din sa community o yung tiyatawag natin local knowledge yung community hindi dapat maging passive dapat maging source din sila ng kaalaman maging source din sila ng planning at umula sa pag-research hanggang sa pag-plano din ng mga warning systems dapat mangagaling sa kanila dapat mamimina yun in other words expert knowledge and local knowledge should be bridged kasama nang ayan yung pag-develop ng communication materials kasama na yun yung media, experts lokal lokal na community na particular talaga yung warning signals din na madidevelop for landslide dahil sa ngayon nga napakasite specific yan at mga re-siguro kung ano yung warning systems sa isang lugar may mga re-siguro on top sa isang lugar kaya mag-pag-develop ito pero hindi siya dapat malilihis din doon sa naintindihan na naintindihan na ng warning systems na katulag din sa rainfall warning system na may red, orange, yellow may nasaano na natin yun naintindihan na natin ito siguro kailangan i-develop din natin para sa landslide sa mga iba ibang hazard yung landslide na ang pinaka particular sa isang lugar o isang site specific may re-generalize masyado kaya nga siguro lalo na all the more in order to mitigate landslide risks we need to involve both local and expert knowledge