 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss that how migration is having an effect or impact on people's life. The human migration affects the human life in several ways. Street crime is more likely in the diversified areas, for example, if you see that urban areas are heavily loaded with the street crimes only because we find a lot of population over there, a lot of population density over there. So it has a major impact on the morality of people as well, that they usually tend to confuse the definition of what is the right thing to do. And urban migration provides the relativist approach to the migrant only because the urban people are having more amenities of life as compared to the rural people. So urban areas contribute to the 80% of the total GDP of the national GDP. So it means that most of the economic activities are going to occur in the urban area and that's why it becomes one of the biggest determinants of migration from rural to urban areas. If you see its impact on the individual level, it produces the irrelevant skill sets. For example, people migrating from rural areas might not find their skills to be very much valuable as compared to the skills of people in urban areas. So it produces a lot of stress and depression, especially for the older people. For example, they have a lot of emotional bonding in the rural communities where they had already been spending their decades, almost decades of life over there. So when they go to the urban area, they usually get depressed and stressed because of the new environment and because of the different kind of solidarity in the urban life. And then they are uprooted from the family. Usually we see the trends of urban migration among the youth. But they migrate from their areas only to find better employment opportunities and that produces the nuclear family system as compared to the joint family system they had already been part of. So educated and skilled people leave first and skilled farmers end up being unskilled labor. So when unskilled farmers come to the urban areas, they usually become the part of the labor force that is needed in the urban areas. And we also find that urban areas possess the more probability or more possibility of being contaminated diseases because of having a lot of population density, unhygienic food as well as the very severe climatic conditions. As you see that in the urban areas, we do possess the problem of folk which is also very much unhealthy for the people. So English medium schooling and no space for the children to play are usually become other factors for the individual which are greatly affecting their lifestyle. As you see that people usually are forced to be part of the manual labor force as compared to the rural areas where perhaps they could have been producing food for themselves or they have been relying on themselves. And then the impacts on family level diminishing professions which are perhaps the family business and changes in the relationship. We find the more nuclear families as compared to the joint families and it is uprooted from the tribal culture and tribal systems when people come to the urban areas they usually find a lot of anonymity a lot of a lot less emotional social bonding and having more formal and professional relationships and hazardous urban slum places where the unhygienic conditions are much more prevalent and weak social networking means that they do not find much of the relationships to be interacting with and aging in the urban population becomes a more problematic as compared to the rural areas. As you see that in urban slums particularly this is one of the reflection of urban slums where people migrating from the rural areas become part of the urban life but with the very degrading conditions. The effects on the societal level are that industrially produced goods are abundantly available and goods are being produced not for the direct consumption of the people or the individual but these are being produced for the market. In other words these goods would directly go to the market where only it will be consumable for those who can afford these goods. And weakening of the feudal hold is also the direct consequence of urban migration changing changes in the rural infrastructure because more and more amenities of life are coming and there is a there becomes a pressure on the government to produce or to provide more facilities in the rural areas as well so social and ethnic tensions between the migrants and indigenous population also becomes a part of the problem because when people go to the urban areas perhaps those who are already settled over there they find those people and their culture as strange as compared to their own so these conflicts become part of the urban life as well and urban poverty is part of the modern migration trends as well where rural people who go to the urban areas find it very difficult to be adjusted over there and usually they end up with being poor and rationalization or the ruralization of the urban areas also becomes a problem where you find the dark ghettos and urban slums which are being part of the urban peripheral areas where a lot of poor people can coexist with the urban people as you see that the more and more urban problems emerge because of these migratory trends and traffic congestion and road accidents becomes one of the important reflections or important impacts of these migrations because the more the population density the more the complexity of urban life and more the problems there become and terrorism and crime increases gender-based violence increases the kachi about these and informal settlements also increase and we find the loss of cultural heritage as well as decline in fertility and mortality also part of the urban life because it becomes very difficult to afford a lot more children in the urban areas as compared to the rural parts you see that the urban communities usually find a lot of problems and one of the problems becomes the terrorism which sometimes is reflected in such glimpses in such pictures in the urban areas and then we have the economic effect uncertain income of the daily wage labor's become part and parcel of the urban life usually you find that a lot of people are sitting on the banks of the roads where they are waiting for someone to take them as their laborer and expenses on diseases are very high there there is costly social services of the slum developers and increase in the travel time because of the traffic congestion we find that the distance that you can usually you can usually commute maybe in 10 minutes can take hours because of the traffic congestion and transportation becomes very expensive and irrelevant rural skills in the urban areas also produces a lot more economic effect and social and political impacts if we talk about there is an unavailability of affordable housing as you know that in urban areas most of the people are living in the rental houses they cannot afford their own houses because the housing is pretty much expensive in the urban areas and changing in the electoral constituencies also becomes problematic when it comes to the political appropriation of the society and competition for power and resources becomes pretty much more aggressive in the urban areas as compared to rural areas where you find that a lot of violence occurs because of these political conflicts and emergence of new political players in the urban areas become the part of the life as well as the conversion of agricultural land in the housing colonies as you can observe in our mega cities in Pakistan that a lot of agricultural land is becoming part of the housing society because we are unable to cater to the needs of urban population on on the already available land so this becomes the part of the urban life where you find a lot of political movements which are focusing on these aspects of life