 Hello learners welcome back today we will discuss about the remaining part of your unit one from the course two that is psychological formation of education. So we have discussed about the concept of psychology and the different process of psychology in the earlier discussion. Now in this discussion we will discuss about the concept of educational psychology in detail and the scope of educational psychology and different methods of educational psychology. So let's start. So as we have discussed in the earlier discussion that educational psychology is the branch of that psychology which studies about or which deals with the application of the psychological principle in the teaching learning behavior. So we can say that it is branch of psychology who studies the behavior of the individual in learning situation and it's very a problem. There are lots of definition regarding educational psychology we have we have mentioned here two important definition by two important psychologists one is Geiner who have defined that educational psychology is that branch of psychology which deals with teaching and learning. So basically he had also concentrate on the main or important concept of psychology of application or application of the psychological principle in the teaching learning situation. Then another important definition was given by Kro and Kro he has said that educational psychology describes and explains the learning experiences of an individual from bar through all is means we know that we are learning all the time it is not like that at a particular time our learning is stopped we can learn every time from every point of view from every experiences. So educational psychology as defined by Kro and Kro is described and explains the learning experiences of an individual from the bar through the all is means till he died he can experiences learning and these experiences are the explanation about his educational psychology. Then it is concerned with the development, evaluation and application of the theories and principles of human learning and instruction. Yes educational psychology is not only about the application of the theories it also deals with the development and evaluation of the human learning and instruction through this through this particular subject we can have lots of learning theories learning instruction which can be applied in the classroom situation. Then the principles laws and theories of psychology are applied in education situation by educational psychology yes apply psychology given give us lots of theories and it can be applied in the practical educational situation which also which can which can define the education in a terms of psychology or it can define the student behavior. Then it studies the educational problem with reference to the psychological fact yes in the classroom or in the educational situation the student the teacher face lots of problem and this can be tackle this can be solved on the basis of or with the reference of the different psychological fact. Next we have to discuss about the scope of educational psychology. The first of all I want to say that the scope of educational psychology is very very wide because it is a branch of psychology which covers the whole educational sector and education is the part and parcel of human life which cannot be confined to a particular limit. So the scope of educational psychology is very wide. So the first scope or the area of study of the educational psychology is growth and development of the human child. As we have discussed in the earlier discussion about the different subcategories under pure and applied psychology we have come across the world a developmental psychology and it I have already mentioned you that it studies about the different senses that occur in the behavior of an individual through different stages of human life from prenatal development to the adulthood. So if a person or an individual come across different stages of human life and in this stages he faces lots of changes and lots of the lots of development occurs in him in him or her. So educational psychology discusses studies about the growth and development of human child. Here I want to mention here that growth and development are not the same. Growth implies the quantitative aspect of human human and human development and development is a broad term and it implies the quantitative as well as qualitative development of an individual from his conception till birth. So the area of study under this scope is very wide and educational psychology studies about this growth and development of individual from his the time of the conception of the fetus in mother's own till the time of date. Then study of human behavior the most important thing and psychology itself is a study of behavior. So this is the means human behavior is the most important area of study under educational psychology scope. It studies about human behavior the behavior the human behavior may be normal abnormal in any situation it studies about the behavior of the human. Then another important scope or study area of psychology educational psychology is individual differences. We know that no two child are alike even between doing we find differences they may not be equally equal in terms of physical mental social emotional development. So individual differences are a natural fundamental in in a classroom in a family or in a society we face we meet lots of people but all the people are not the same one differs from other. So educational psychology studies about how individual differ and what are the differences between and among the people in the classroom in the society or in the family how these differences are occurred and what are the causes and for these differences how they how they are behaving all these are studies studied by educational psychology. Then another important area of study under the scope of educational psychology is measurement and evaluation. Yes of course in the field of education besides teaching learning evaluation is the most important aspect because without evaluation the teaching learning will not be fruitful whatever we have thought whatever the learner have learned or they have gained this must be evaluated because without evaluation both the teaching learning will be meaningless. So educational psychology studies about different methods and ways of measuring and evaluating the if evaluating this teaching teaching and the amount of learning by the learner. Moreover it it tries to find out it it tries to study about different methods of measuring human behavior in terms of attitude aptitude intelligence lots of lots of mental traits that a human possess. Then another important area of study under this educational psychology is personality and adjustment. Yes this is the most important concept under the study of psychology or educational psychology. What we hear how we behave in the in the in the society or among the in front of others that is our personality. It is nothing but the whole of an individual personality. So we this branch of psychology studies about the personality of the individual and how they make adjustment because in in in our life we face lots of situation it may be good it may be it may be bad but we have to make adjustment. How people make adjust and what are the different methods through which we can we can avoid the mal adjustment all these are discussed under the scope of educational psychology. Another most important scope of educational psychology is mental health and hygiene. Yes now it is we are more concerned about mental health yes because without a proper mental health we cannot maintain a proper physical health because both are interrelated. So there are lots of causes of mental illness and how it can be boosted out how how we can maintain a good hygiene proper hygiene is very important and to help our children to learn effectively to make our teaching learning process effective meaningful we must maintain a good mental health on the part of both teacher and the student. So these are studied under the scope of educational psychology. Then another important scope under this branch of psychology is exceptionalities. Yes we know that we have discussed about the individual differences no individual are same means two individuals are not same in our society in our family or in our surrounding we have witnessed some of the children who are not normal who behave in an un or an unaccepted way or they behave they don't behave like the normal child. So there are some children who are who do not possess the same mental and physical uh physical ability to behave or to access in a society like the normal peers. So they they are known as special child and they they are they are called special child because their needs are special they cannot access in the general classroom because their needs are not like the other children. So they are known as special child there are lots of types subcategories of this special side or exceptionalities and these are this this it will be discussed in another important topic under this paper or course. So educational psychology studies about these types and they find out the causes of this exceptionality and how they can be helped out. Then another most important topic or scope under this educational psychology is guidance and counseling. Yes we have to teach our child we have to guide our child a teacher's duty is not only to teach in the classroom his duty is also to guide and direct the child so that he can choose the right path. So guidance and counseling is the most important part of educational system the educational institution must make provision of guidance and counseling because the style may face lots of mental physical emotional crisis or problem. So they have to be they must be helped they must need help or they need help. So for this we have to make provision and guidance and counseling will help the child to solve their problem and they will be able to find out the ways through which they can be taken out. So these are the scope under the educational psychology. Now we will discuss about the methods of educational psychology. As we have discussed that psychology or educational psychology is the branch of psychology which studies about or which deal with the application of psychological principles and theory in the teaching learning situation. So how the behavior of the child are made how the behavior of the children or the student are made. So there are some there are some important methods through which psychologists or the person who are engaged in studying behavior may apply make application of this matter to study the behavior first one is introspection method second one is observation method third is experimental and fourth one is case study. So first one is introspection the name itself give us the meaning it is the combination of two words intro and exception intro means within and exception means looking. So from the on the basis of this combination of these two words we can say that introspection is a method of looking within means when we look within when you look within you are doing introspection suppose I am thinking what I am doing what I am thinking what what how I am behaving so it implies what self-observation when we observe our mental state by our self it is known as introspection and it is the oldest method of educational psychology we all can apply this method of educational psychology to know about our behavior to know about the mental to know about our mental state then second and there are some steps of this introspection method first one is self-consciousness yes true introspect first of all we have to be self-conscious it is not like that we are not we are not in a position of consciousness and we can make introspection no for introspection we have to be conscious so the first step is self-consciousness second one is reflection and deliberation we have to reflect on our mental state and last one is drawing conclusion on the basis of the deliberation and reflection we can find out what we are doing what we are thinking and how we are behaving so this is the oldest method of educational psychology next one is observation method this is the most important and widely used method of educational psychology we know means more or less we all are engaged or we all are applying this method of educational psychology where we are observing people when we observe other people when we observe other behavior it is comes under the method of observation method it deals with the overt behavior of an individual in the introspection method we deal with the inner behavior of the individual but when we are dealing with the observation method we are dealing with the overt behavior of an individual so it is known as measurement without instrument we don't need any measurement to observe or to study the behavior of other there are some steps planning first we have to plan when and where we will observe then execution the proper execution means actually doing the job then recording we have to record what we have observed what we have observed about the particular person and then interpretation suppose we can observe a style in a playground so first of all we have to make a plan that that today he he will play at this time and we have to we have to execute means we have to observe them then we have to record what he is doing for how he is behaving and we have to interpret yes he is in him he is in a good mental state or vice versa we can do it so again there are some types of observation first one is participant observation we can take part in the particular play that the particular subject is doing and then it will be known as participant observation means we can observe another person with by being with them being with them but he he may know he may not he must not know it he may not know it but we we are observing him or her being with them being with him or her that known participant he he doesn't know that I am with I am observing him so without being with him or her I can or we can observe other it is called non-participant means we are observing from from backward or from the other point of view then non-control observation we can we can observe a particular person in anywhere means in the in the classroom in the playground in the singing stage in anywhere which which is not controlled then sometime we can observe some behavior some subject in a particular situation which is controlled means the person knows that he is being observed that is called control observation so these are about the two important method of observation and introspection next we have experimental method this is the most important method and widely used by the session scholars experimenter to know about the behavior of other so it is the method through which the subject can be brought into the laboratory and studied under control condition as the name itself is experimental so experiment is done to know about the behavior of the particular subject it may be in a laboratory or in another control environment it is a method to obtain dependable way and I want to mention here that the first psychological laboratory was established in Leipzig in the year 1879 by und since then this method become popular it is an observation under pre-arranged condition requirement for this method are laboratory operators equipment subject mean the particular person experimental problem mean we must have a problem otherwise experiment we will have any meaning then hypothesis and design two variables are present in this method independent that operates within a person and dependent that is the output and there like the other earlier method this in this method too we have to follow some step first one is statement of the problem first we have to know the problem then we have to we we must need some hypothesis formulation we have to do some guesses then we have to identify the variable that I have already mentioned there are two kind of variable dependent variable and independent variable then creation of control situation as it is done on the laboratory in the laboratory so we have to create a control situation then we have to analyze the behavior and then we have to test the hypothesis on the results of obtained data in the in this course you will you will come across some some some experiment that are done by some some the famous psychologist on some animals and those are those are conducted under this particular situation or particular method of experimental method then a method of experimentation may have three kind of method one is one group method parallel group method or rotation group method means in one group the experiment can be done on two set two parallel group it can be done on on a rotation basis it can be done then we have the case study method the last method case study as we know that it is a study of the individual case and it is basically used for studying a problem child as we as we have discussed under the scope of this educational psychology there there are some child they are known as special cell they have some special problem they have some special needs so their problem their needs can be studied under this under this method through applying some applying different kind of record like cumulative record which are which are which are very important to maintain the case or to know about the case there are some case steps like in this method also first one is determination of the status under investigation first of all we have to know the status of the case what is going on what is the problem under this investigation then determination of the probable anecdotes means what can be the probable causes why the child is behaving like this this is very important to determine then next one is formulation of hypothesis means some reasonable guesses and testing the hypothesis so case study is the most important and widely accepted method of educational psychology and it is also applied and used by the research scholars that the the researchers to know about the different kind of behavior of a particular person or a unit there are there are some other method which can be also applied in the educational psychology that are differential method which studies about the individual differences that clinical method which studies about the different problem in a clinical situation and the last one is psychophysical method who studies about the relationship between the psychological and physical aspect of a particular person so in this discussion we have discussed about mainly the concept of educational psychology different scopes or area of study under educational psychology and the methods of educational psychology so i think you have come you have understood about this particular unit and i hope to meet you in the next next video with a new topic with a new course till then thank you