 Welcome to Spotlight Advanced. I'm Roger Bassick. And I'm Katie Blake. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no matter where in the world they live. A woman drives a black convertible over a hill. Her hair flows behind her out of this open-roofed vehicle. At the top of the hill, the road bends around sharp rocks. The sea crashes below. And out above the sea, the sun begins to set. The woman parks her car and looks out over the ocean. The engine of her electric-powered car is quiet. Its sound disappears into the wind. Cars are everywhere. They take people to remote places. They take people to work and to their homes. Usually, these automobiles are powered by gasoline or petrol. But things were not always this way. And they may not always be either. Today's Spotlight is on the history and future of the automobile. People have dreamed about creating cars for a very long time. They made it transport people and goods without animals. But it took a very long time to make one that worked. Nicolas Cuno was a French inventor. He built the first car in the late 1700s. It used steam to power its engines. And it could drive at speeds of about 7 km per hour. But steam engines were very large. And they took a lot of work to run. Forces cost less money. They could also transport people more quickly. Many other inventors tried to build a smaller steam-powered car that was easier to use. But cars did not become popular until someone invented a different kind of engine. The engine that powers many of the cars you see on the road today is called an internal combustion engine. Many people helped to create the internal combustion engine. But the first person to use it in a car was Carl Benz in 1885. Internal combustion engines are smaller than steam engines. They use gasoline to fuel the engine. And they can produce more power to push a car faster. This new engine made cars more popular around the world. But for a long time only the very wealthy could buy them. Cars cost a lot of money because of the way people made them. One or two people made each car by hand. So cars took a long time to make. Also each car was different so they cost a lot of money to fix. But in the early 1900s a man from the United States changed how cars were made. His name was Henry Ford. Ford was a car engineer. At first he made cars the traditional way. But he believed he could make them more easily. He did this by designing one car model that many different people could help him make. He used simple parts. Then his workers simply followed the same design plan for every car. He even made the cars all the same color. This let Ford produce many cars that were all the same in a short amount of time. Ford's method changed the way industry works around the world. He designed a system that made it easy to produce large amounts of his product. And he paid his workers enough money so that they could buy his product. Ford made it possible for many people to buy a car. Ford's most popular car was called the Model T. By the 1920s Ford had produced over 15 million Model T cars. Many other car companies also used Ford's methods. Cars began to cost less money all over the world. But the number of cars on the road also created a problem. Every car needed gasoline for fuel. Burning gasoline worked very well to power cars. But it also creates a lot of pollution. The number of cars made some cities difficult to live in. People exposed to too much vehicle pollution develop problems with their breathing. Burning gasoline also creates carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gas that leads to global climate change. Using gasoline was a great idea when people started making cars. There were not many cars in the beginning so the pollution did not affect much. But today there are more than one and a half billion cars on the road. The success of the car has turned gasoline use into a danger. Kate Brunton is a representative from Amber. Amber is a Dutch car company that makes electric self-driving vehicles. She spoke to the university network about the problem of gasoline cars. The problem is that owning cars, especially cars that use fuel, is bad. But there is no real choice. It is bad for consumers because the cost of owning most cars is high. It is bad for the environment. It does not work well. Most cars spend 90% of their time standing still. Today many car companies are working to make cars that do not need gasoline. For example, many large vehicle manufacturers have begun to produce electric vehicles. Instead of burning fuel, electric vehicles store energy in batteries. For a long time electric vehicles were not very popular. They could not go very far or very fast. This changed in 2003 with the creation of the Tesla Motor Company. Tesla worked for many years to create an electric engine that worked as well as gasoline engines. And in 2008 they released the Tesla Roadster. The Roadster was just as fast as a gasoline powered car and it could travel over 300 kilometers on a single charge. Another newer creation is the hybrid vehicle. Hybrid cars use technology from both gasoline and electric engines. Hybrids have gasoline engines like normal cars, but the engines do not give power to push the car forward. Instead, they give power to the battery. The battery makes the car go forward. You do not need to charge the battery in a hybrid car. The gasoline engine provides the power to the battery. But the battery can power the car at low speeds, so the engine does not have to turn on. Hybrid engines are smaller than gasoline engines and they require less gasoline to operate. Other companies have been experimenting with different fuels. For example, it is possible to fuel a car with hydrogen. Many large car companies are researching this new technology. Right now it is difficult to use hydrogen because it does not last very long. One tank full of hydrogen may only be able to fuel a car for a very short time. But people are hopeful that new technologies will help make hydrogen work in the future. There are many possible paths for the future of the car. How we travel has changed many times over the past 100 years and it will change again. It may be possible that there will be no single replacement for the internal combustion engine. In the future, there may be many different kinds of cars, each with different fuels. Or people may use cars less. Either way, it is important to continue to invest in these new technologies. It is important not only for the future of the car, but for the future of humanity. Do you own a car? What kind of engine does it have? Do you use buses or trains more often? Do you use a motorbike or a bicycle to travel? You can leave a comment on our website or email us at radio at radioenglish.net You can also comment on facebook at facebook.com slash spotlight radio. The writer of this program was Dan Christman. The producer was Michio Osaki. The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again and read it on the internet at www.radioenglish.net This program is called The History and Future of the Automobile. You can also get our programs delivered directly to your Android or Apple device through our free official Spotlight English app. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.