 Hi everyone, this is Dr. Mahesh Pelle. Welcome to my paper presentation and titled as Evaluation of efficacy of CT and ultrasound in selected lung pathologies, a case series study. Objectives of the study is to find out efficacy of CT and lung ultrasound in selected lung pathologies and whether we could, ultrasound could probably could be more reliable, accurate and sensitive bedside tool in diagnosing most of the chest pathologies. Coming to the introduction, ultrasound is becoming emerging as one of the leading modalities and it is considered as third eye of healthcare providers and advantages is that it can be easily mobilized non-invasive and it utilizes non-ionizing radiations compared to CT where it is still considered as the gold standard when it comes to the diagnosing lung pathologies such as hemothoriasis, pleural effusions and consolidations. It is also used for guiding therapeutic procedures but the problem comes when the transportation of patients or the nurses where we need more trained persons such as physicians and cardiorespiratory monitoring is also required. So can ultrasound be a reliable alternative to CT? Let's see. How we do is a convex tip probe is used ideally which is about 5 to level megahertz and a high frequency probe is also used. Convex probe with low frequencies is to assess the depth of pleural effusions usually and high frequencies we use for assessment of soft tissue. Position usually examined is we give patient, place the patient in supine or semi-recomponent position with arm abducted. Dorsal regions of lower loops are better appreciated in lateral depicted as position. Assessment areas we usually see anterior lateral posterior zones in the next slide it represents the diagrammatic representation of the zones. We can use either four zone method or eight zone method. Eight zone method includes the posterior aspect whereas four zone method only anterior and lateral aspects. Coming to ultrasound findings the lung sliding movement is better is the normal finding what we appreciate in lung ultrasound. Consolidations appear like tissue-like sign. The tissue-like sign indicates an image in aquagenic-like liver which behaves like a tissue. Pleural effusions are quad-sign which is the four lines which are representing pleura, ripple fluids and lung are seen. Hemothorax where stratosphere sign is seen that is there is a pollution of the normal lung sliding movement. CT findings consolidations with the presence is usually by fairly homogenous it appears usually as fairly homogenous opacities. Pleural effusions crescent-shaped to attenuating areas. Pneumothorax appears as a gas, a clean rim of gas around the lung margins. Inclusion criteria provisionally diagnosed and clinically diagnosed cases of pleural effusion consolidations and pneumothorax. Exclusion criteria with post-COVID-positive history and the following as listed in the slide. Methods employed will be ethical clearance will be obtained. Then we provisionally recruit the patients which are diagnosed clinically and those are scheduled for CT will be taken for a long ultrasound protocol. The specific structural performance will also be designed to take the history and the long ultrasound protocol will be applied as mentioned in the earlier slides. Coming to the results in a total of 20 sample size was taken which includes 40 hemothoracists among 20 patients. Total percentage of males in my study was 55 percent. Total percent of females were 45. CT detected about 14 cases of consolidations. Bilateral consolidation were 11 cases that are 55 percent and right-sided were three cases. We detected the pleural effusions 14 cases of pleural effusions that are 70 percent. Bilateral evaluate cases is 40 percent. Right-sided were only six cases and also detected about four cases of pneumothorax that is 20 percent. Right-sided were three cases and left-sided one cases amounting to 15 percent and one case. Coming to ultrasound we detected 10 cases of consolidation at 50 percent. Bilateral consolidations were seven cases and right-sided were three cases and detected 16 cases of pleural effusions that is approximately 80 percent. Bilateral were eight cases about 40 percent. Right-sided were only seven cases that is 35 percent and left-sided were also only one case that is 0.5 percent. Also detected two cases of pneumothorax, 10 percent. Right-sided were two cases. Coming to discussions, we found that CT findings were where we found that consolidation pleural effusions and pneumothorax that is approximately 70 percent, 70 percent and 20 percent respectively. And ultrasound found found consolidation pneumothorax and pleural effusions to be 50, 80 and 10 percent. Moisan et al also independently performed a study with samples as of 40 cases. He detected 11 cases of pneumothorax of 12 by CT, 21 cases of pulmonary consolidation of which 21 by CT and 17 cases of pleural effusion of 19 by CT. Coming to outcome study, in comparison with CT scan, bedside ultrasound seems to be a valuable substitute in cases where performing CT is problematic. However, CT still remains the goal standard to assess these lung pathologies. There were no conflicts in my study. Coming to the outcome, so we can see that you can see that ultrasound was better in diagnosing a pleural effusion compared to CT, but rest of the findings was more sensitive for CT. Only pleural effusions you uttered some rate was 80 percent, but CT it was only 70 percent. So my outcome is like in comparison to CT, ultrasound could be a valuable substitute in cases. But however, CT still remains the goal standard to assess all the lung pathologies. These are my following references. You can see in the image that CT lung widow depicting bilateral crescent shaped pleural effusions in figure one. Figure two, it will represent pneumothorax depicting as a black gas shadow adjacent to the lung margin. In ultrasound, images figure three depicts a collapse and a tissue like this thing, tissue like sinusoidal sign on the large arrow representing a black anechoic region suggesting pleural effusions. And that's figure four depicting barcode cell, which is a characteristic of pneumothorax, but there will be no absent of lung sliding moment. It's also called a stratosphere cell. Thank you, everyone.