 In the first video, I mentioned a system for adding arguments to relations with an example. I am a cat sent by the authorities in order to arrest you for crimes against the Internet. Now, it sure would be convenient if Mlatu had a position structure for this. Mlatu, x1 is a cat of breed x2 sent by x3 to do x4 because of x5. Alas, we don't have that, nor would we want that. Instead, we use modal tags. Modal in Lujban just means a place that isn't in the place structure and has nothing to do with the linguistic jargon word modal. A modal tag is a schmavo that not only indicates that the next sumti belongs with that modal tag, but also conveys exactly what kind of place is being added. Modal tags are a subset of the more general sumchita, which is any schmavo that can tag the next sumti with extra information. Modal tags are derived from certain gizmu. For example, kihu is derived from krinu. Then, the sumti following the modal tag is the thing that would fill the x1 position in that relation. The grammatical class, or selmaho, for modal tags is by. There are several lists of schmavo in selmaho by in the latest version of the language reference link down below, and also in the previous version, section 9.17 has a nice table. Before I continue, I need to talk about events. An event is just a breedy with the schmavo new prefix to it, terminated if necessary by the schmavo k, and that turns it into a selbrey, meaning x1 is the event where the breedy happens. Let's take a look at the gizmu krinu. The event x1 is a justification for causing event x2. So I might want to say, lomlatu shukrinu la internet. Cats are the justification for the internet. But that doesn't make sense because krinu requires events, and neither cats nor the internet are events. To construct an event, we first need a breedy. We could just use mulatu, there are cats. Then we stick new in front of it, numlatu, x1 is the event where there are cats. And now we can put the whole thing together, lomlatu, k, krinu, lomla, internet. Cats are the justification for the internet. And it's true. Link down below. Okay, back to kihu and krinu. Again, the sumti following a modal tag is the thing that would fill the x1 position in that relation. In the case of kihu, we see that lomlatu, k, krinu means that there are cats is justification. So kihu, lomlaatu, k, would be a modal, meaning with justification that there are cats. Used in a full breedy, mishmila, kihu, lomlaatu. I laugh with justification that there are cats. Or in internet speak, I laugh because cats. In the first video, I briefly mentioned se, which has the effect of swapping x1 and x2 in a relation. So se, krinu, would be the event x1 is justified by the event x2. And so lomlaatu, k, krinu means that there are cats is justified. I mean, you don't really need to give a reason for cats. And so se, kihu, lomlaatu, would be a modal, meaning with justified result that there are cats. For example, mounje, se, kihu, lomlaatu, there is a universe with justified result that there are cats. Put another way, there is a universe. Therefore, justifiably, there are cats. So let's try to piece together the first part of my silly example. Mimlaatu. I am a cat, sent by the authorities. Now, I know that there is behi, which is a modal for benji, which has to do with sending. But I tried a few things and it just wouldn't work. So instead, I'll use our friend poi. Mipoimlaatu, shuse benji, lei shatni, I, who is a cat, am sent by the authorities. Remember that lei is for a group, so authorities as a group. Why se benji? Because benji means x1 sends x2, but we need to swap x1 and x2, so se benji, x1 is sent by x2. Now, poi is a restrictive relative phrase indicator used when there are several things around and you want to restrict the thing you're talking about. In this case, there's only one mi. Using poi is like saying, the mi who is a cat. So instead, we can use the non-restrictive relative phrase indicator, noi. Minoimlaatu, shuse benji, lei shatni, I, a cat, am sent by the authorities. What's next? We need to tack on in order to arrest you. Ki-hu, justification, is perfect for this. The event we're looking for is I arrest you, which is mi-pi-fi-gao-do. So the event would be new mi-pi-fi-gao-do. x1 is an event where I arrest you. And the sumti would be lonu mi-pi-fi-gao-do, an event where I arrest you. And so, ki-hu lonu mi-pi-fi-gao-do would be with justification that there is an event where I arrest you. In other words, in order that I arrest you. Let's just put that in the future tense with ba, ki-hu lonu mi-ba-pi-fi-gao-do in order that I will arrest you. Now, if I just add that modal to the sentence, we have mi-noi-mi-laatu, shuse benji, lei shatni, ki-hu lonu mi-ba-pi-fi-gao-do. I, a cat, am sent by the authorities in order to arrest you. Now, why am I arresting you? For crimes against the internet. Sounds like we need a justification for arresting you. So, we want a modal that is something like, justified by the event that you committed crimes against the internet. We can use zer-gao, x1 commits crimes against culture, x2, so do-pu-zer-gao-la internet. You committed crimes against the internet. And now we just turn this into an event and add it using ki-hu. Ki-hu lonu-do-pu-zer-gao-la internet. With justification that there was an event where you committed crimes against the internet. In other words, four-year crimes against the internet. So, finally we have mi-noi-mi-laatu, shuse benji, lei shatni, ki-hu lonu mi-pi-fi-gao-do, ki-hu lonu-do-pu-zer-gao-la internet. I, a cat, am sent by the authorities in order to arrest you for crimes against the internet. Notice that we used ki-hu twice, but they translate differently. This is because in colloquial English we can say with justification in many different ways, but they all mean why an action justifiably happened. In fact, ki-hu is just one of four modal tags for different types of causes, ri-ha, ki-hu, mu-hi, and ni-hi. For ri-ha we're talking about mechanistic cause and effect. Ki-hu is for an effect caused by moral justice. Mu-hi is for talking about human reasons for things that don't have to do with justice, and ni-hi is for logical reasoning. All of these can be translated as because in English, but they all have different connotations and different colloquial translations. Se, swaps cause and effect for these modal tags. All of these can be translated as therefore, but again they all have different connotations and colloquial translations. Ri-ha and ki-hu are very common modal tags. Again, there's a fuller list in the link down below. Usually when I post a video I'll watch it all the way through to pick up anything I might have screwed up. Really, I need to start doing that before I post the video. Anyway, last time I picked up a mistake where I said that, shi-mi-shu-khab-shu-la-kum-uz-da, three of me live in the apartment, didn't make much sense. Aside from getting the text itself wrong, as with doh, mi is a prosumpti which doesn't have number attached, so it could mean mi, or it could be us. So in fact it makes perfect sense to say that three of us live in the apartment. Ahusai, back in the first video I pulled up some definitions for Persian languages. Ban fu-hasu, x1 is the language with iso-639-3 code fas, Persian. Ban pu-hesu, x1 is the language with iso-639-3 code pes, Iranian Persian. What I didn't realize at the time is that there is an algorithm for constructing this type of fu-hi-vla for any iso-639-3 language code. For English, the algorithm yields ban genugu, x1 is the language with iso-639-3 code eng, English. Of course there are non-algorithmic words for some languages, glibao, x1 is the English language used by x2 to express x3. Lojban is supposed to be culturally neutral, but alas, some cultures are more equal than others. Nevertheless, I really like the sound of ban genugu. The algorithm also generates words for countries and currencies since those also have iso codes. In the next video, I'll talk about ii, which is used to not only separate breedy from each other, as when you put one sentence after another, but also connect them in various ways. Kihero kinsga, ban genugu, ban genugu, ban genugu, ban genugu.