 Hello everyone, my name is Naomi and welcome to Tech Talks. Today we will be talking about aperture, ISO and shutter speed and frame rate and why these are important and why you should know about them. So let's get started. Most cameras have the option to shoot in automatic mode, manual mode, aperture priority mode and shutter priority mode. So why shoot in manual? Why not shoot in automatic? It's important that you can have full control on how your shot looks. And aperture, ISO and shutter speed are very important when it comes to this. So you may have heard of the exposure triangle before with aperture, ISO and shutter speed on it. The difference between these three is as follows. ISO concerns how sensitive the sensor in your camera is to light. The lower the ISO number, the less grain in your picture. The higher the ISO number, the more grain in your picture. Although you have to be careful when choosing your ISO setting as sometimes you may have to compensate for low light conditions. Aperture is to do with the actual shutter mechanism and how wide or closed it is. This determines how much light that you let in or don't let in to the frame. Aperture is represented by f-stop numbers. The lower the aperture number, the more light you're letting in, but also the more blur in the background. And the higher the aperture numbers, so f22, f11, f9, the less blurry background you get, but also the less light you're letting in to the sensor. Shutter speed is important because it controls how blurry or not your picture ends up. If you're shooting handheld photography, it's better to shoot with 200th of a second or higher to reduce your handshake. Shutter speed is also responsible for the light input into your camera, like aperture and ISO. So it's important to pay attention to those settings when setting your shutter speed. Shutter speed and frame rate. Why are they important when it comes to setting up a video? There are two types of colour encoding systems, NTSC and PAL. NTSC is used in South America, Japan and the USA, and PAL is used predominantly in Europe. Why these colour encoding systems exist is the way in which the video is outputted and displayed on TVs and screens varies depending where you are in the world. The standard frame rate is 25 frames per second. There is a 180 rule, which means that your shutter speed should be double what your frame rate is. Meaning that when you set up your shot, if you have 25 frames per second, that your shutter speed should be set at 50 so that your exposure in your video is set up properly. And the same goes for NTSC, which is if your frame rate is at 30, your shutter speed should be at 60. Why would I want to shoot higher than 25 frames per second? Well 25 frames per second means that the video will be played in normal motion. Our eyes are trained to see motion at 25 frames per second. But if you shoot higher, for example at 60 frames per second or 120 frames per second, then you start collecting more raw data and you can then slow down the video and create very smooth slow motion picture. But you have to be careful and also consider that if you're shooting at 60 frames per second, then your shutter speed should be 120 and this affects the amount of light again that gets into your camera. It seems really confusing at first but once you start messing around with your camera in manual mode, it'll become easier and easier and then you'll understand what way you'd like to set up your shot. I hope you learned something interesting from today's video and I will see you in the next tech chat.