 In this lecture we will have a brief introduction to the smartphone hardware. Smartphones are used today for mostly communication and also for processing video, audio and many other high end applications. So this is the outline of the topics that we will be discussing. The number one is the hardware architecture of the smartphone. Second we will look at some of the important peripheral devices connected to the smartphone and we will take a quick look at a simple example of a smartphone. We will start the hardware architecture description with the application software because this is what actually executes on the smartphone. The software gets executed with the help of an application processor often taking help from a graphics processor for rendering scenes and whenever the application processor or the graphics processor needs data it will access the main memory which is dynamic random access memory. In the application software and the application processor sit two elements one is the operating system and the drivers that are necessary for handling various types of IO calls. We will look at the IO devices very soon and a runtime system or the middle layer which the application software takes help of to execute various types of application programs. The operating system must have drivers for various types of peripheral or IO devices for example the global positioning system display and the touch screen keyboard camera microphone speaker and so on. The communication is handled by a modem processor which receives all the signals and passes them on to the operating system and the baseband radio interface. The radio interface communicates with the transmitter and receiver and also the SIM card. The two different operating systems residing on the application processor and the modem processor usually communicate with each other for handling data communication between these two modules. For example when the modem processor receives some data it will interrupt the application processor through its operating system and the application processor will now handle the data copy to its memory, decode it and take appropriate actions. So in summary the smartphone is really a system on chip architecture with three primary components. They are first an application processor executing the end users application software with assistance from the middleware and the operating system. Second component is a modem or baseband processor with its own operating system components responding to the baseband radio activities such as transmission and reception of audio, video and other data contents. And the third component consists of a number of peripheral devices for interacting with the end user. So now we will take a look at the peripheral devices that are usually found in a smartphone. These are the IO devices through which the end user interacts with the smartphone and the operating system needs to have the driver software installed for each such device for it to operate properly. So here is a small list of typical peripheral devices that are found. For example the LCD and the touchscreen, the keyboard, the camera, the GPS, the speaker and audio output for headset and earphone, the microphone, the Bluetooth and the wireless connection and HDTV. Next we will take a look at an example but before we go on to an example we need to understand what kind of processors are used in a smartphone. So these processors need to balance performance, power consumption and cost. Arm-based processors have become very common because these are optimized for battery life as well as performance. They also have remarkably low area and transistor count leading to small form factors and low energy drain which are very important for smartphone applications. The modem processor is either a separate arm core or a digital signal processing extension of the application processor arm core. Some architectures also use a modem accelerator along with the application processor core without having a separate dedicated modem processor. So let's take a look at a typical arm-based smartphone hardware. It has several components so let's go through the important ones one by one. This particular example has a dual core ARM Cortex A9 application processor. By dual core I mean there are two processors that can operate simultaneously in parallel handling multiple application requests. It has an ARM Mali graphics processor and a video codec for handling graphics related requests. It has an ARM Cortex R4 3G 4G modem processor for handling the communication part. It has a SIM interface and control which also has a SC300 CPU. It has several forms of storage and storage interface. Storage has become very important for smartphones because they operate on complicated applications so they need big amount of storage. So in this particular example we have an MMC memory card. We have the typical SD RAM memory which is in this case low power DDR2 and also we have a NAND flash card along with this flash controller. And finally there are several peripherals and ARM peripherals CPUs in this example. To go through a few of them it has a touch screen connected to a Cortex CPU which manages the power and the other activities of the touch screen. It has an audio interface. It has an LCD and HDTV interface connected to the HDMI and LCD video interface. It has a camera. It has several communication CPUs. For example it has a Cortex M3 CPU for Bluetooth handling. It has an ARM 968 CPU for wireless connections. And it has a Cortex M3 CPU for the GPS connections. So this is pretty much a typical ARM based smartphone hardware that are found today. And with this we will close this lecture. Thank you.