 Welcome to ITU Telecom World 2018 here in Durban, South Africa, where I've got the great pleasure of being joined in the studio today by Mark van Coppenola, who is head of government relations for Nokia. Mark, welcome to the studio. It's a pleasure. Now, I'd like to start off by talking about smart and digital development. That's the key catchphrase this year. How is Nokia working towards it? Yeah, I think if you look at the smart digital development, it's a lot about the Fort Industrial Revolution. Actually what we are seeing is that it's no longer a future state vision. It's really happening. Of course, various countries that are various phases of development, but what you're seeing is that we are having, in fact, for instance, health networks which are being transformed to smart digital health networks with predictive monitoring. What you're having as well is energy networks that are being transformed to smart energy networks where you have demand and supply being aligned. This is very much close to our heart. Our tech line is creating the technology to connect the world. And we are putting a lot of effort in R&D. And related to 5G, we are active in a number of use cases, 60 use cases around the world and also very much in artificial intelligence. So all these things are really very close to our heart. Now let's talk about innovation. What single innovation or innovative technology, product strategy or policy do you think is most transformative? I think if you combine 5G with artificial intelligence, this will be truly transformative. 5G is about a lot of use cases and it's about combining a huge amount of bandwidth. It's about reduced latency. It's about the capability to connect massive amount of devices. So you have more 100,000 of devices per square kilometer that you can connect. And if you combine all this, you really get something transformative. And all this data that is being captured by these networks through artificial intelligence will be able to be processed. You will be able to predict a number of things. And this will lead to a huge amount of automation which will make our life and work much better. It may seem an obvious question, but is there a case of 5G in Africa? Absolutely. So if you look at, of course, in Africa you have various stages of development depending on the country in terms of adoption of new technology. But I think we can really prepare for 5G in Africa. There is a huge amount of bandwidth demand that will come. I talked about industrial use cases, but you can also think about smart education. You can think about smart agriculture. So all those things will really be there. And I think operators have really to prepare to 5G. They can start transforming their network so that the use cases are going to be implemented. And so how can regulators and policymakers help to 5G to deliver on expectations? So what I think is important here is to have a 5G-ready policy framework. And this consists of various things. First of all, spectrum must be there. So allocation of spectrum, freeing spectrum in time. The second point which is important is to make sure that infrastructure deployment are incentivized or made possible. So right of ways. Making sure that small cells can be installed. And all the procedures around that are really being simplified. And then of course it's important to have the business models being enabled. So making sure that policies allow differentiation of traffic, but also free flow of data. So that's related to the telecom environment. But then we also need to look at policies in the non-telecom world. Because you might have some policies that date from the pre-digitalization age. And that these policies are not up, or let's say can hamper digitalization. So we need to look at those as well. So making sure that there is no blockage for digitalization in those. So everyone's on the same page. I wanted to ask you, you're here at ITU Telecom World. Do you travel quite a long way here for urban Brussels? I wanted to find out what's the value for you of attending events such as this? Yeah, I mean it's the third time in a row I'm attending this. And the real nice thing is that you can catch up with colleagues from industry or from other sectors. You can share best practices. And the nice thing is, what I heard in this event is that everyone is on the same page related to 5G. It's getting there. It's just around the corner. You have of course countries that are more advanced than others. But on the other hand, there is big progress also in developing markets. That's really nice to hear. Mark van Governel, thank you very much indeed. Thanks a lot. Thank you.