 So good evening everyone actually this is the second part of the lecture actually last I think last week we have given one more lecture that is on introduction to disaster mitigation and management this is the second part of the lecture. So in the last lecture we have seen the basics like you know the introductions different disasters of India and as well as we have seen something related to the disaster mitigation and management aspects and disaster management system and what we are doing currently in India and other you know things okay. So today we will have the continuity of from the last session. So in the last lecture we have discussed like you know few things about the basics but now we are going to discuss digital disasters okay. So more old disaster earthquake is one of the important disaster for us actually because India is the country where we have major earthquakes in Himalayan belts particularly in North East India so that's why that's why we are very particular on earthquakes okay. So as you all know about earthquakes actually I'll just give a glimpse of that actually we have a two theory in earthquakes you know one is interpolated earthquakes other one is interpolated earthquakes. We have the continental drift theory and the tectonic theory. So play tectonic theory these two are the technique what we are currently using. So as for the continental drift theory you know once upon a time India has you know the world has become only one plate and after that it has splitted into number of plates. So 100 million years ago then it has splitted into number of major plates and number of minor plates. Then after that it started moving and each plate started moving in particular direction and India started moving north north east and we had you know heated over in Eurasian plate that's why we had Himalayas got formed as everyone knows. So this is one theory called continental drift theory the other one is tectonic plate theory. So it's nothing but continental continental two continent when collide each other then you'll have a rise of hills and if continent and hill collide each other then we'll have a rise of hills. If two ocean and ocean collide each other we'll have the island arcs. So like that we have some theory. So how earthquakes are formed? Generally we have two kinds of earthquakes one is interpolated earthquakes other one is interpolated earthquakes. So we need to understand more about this because you know interpolated earthquakes is nothing but the collision of two plates. So it's very difficult to understand and you know handle this interpolated earthquakes. So we are not able to do anything much on that interpolated earthquakes because it is continental and continental collision. Okay but in interpolated earthquakes within a plate we have number of fractures okay these fractures time to time it will get reactivated. So why it is important actually for being an administrator you should know this actually if you you know know about this interpolate earthquakes you can able to do some kind of assessment okay which are all the areas is able to you know prone to earthquakes that you can able to understand okay. So this is nothing but the interpolated earthquake and this is interpolated earthquakes the earthquake which is happening in Bojandal we had interpolated earthquakes okay. So how earthquakes are measured? So earthquakes generally measured in the name of magnitude magnitude is measured by in the name of Charles Richter. So generally we used to call an earthquake magnitude of five or five magnitude earthquakes like that we have to you know represent and the magnitude is nothing but the size of the earthquake okay. So the other terminology what we called is intensity okay intensity is nothing but the what the impact we felt on the surface that is nothing but the intensity. So intensity correlates the magnitude but does not depend upon directly. So earthquakes of same magnitude can have various intensities depending upon the you know the depth of the hyper center the geological composition of the soil the region of people population the building seismic stability. So it is depending upon place to place the intensity will differ place to place the magnitude will remain same in the location where it has occurred but the intensity will differ place to place okay. So when you want to talk about this magnitude and intensity you need to understand about the seismic waves first okay how generally people they measured earthquakes depending upon the travel time of the seismic waves. So generally the P wave the primary wave will arrive first then the secondary wave then the surface waves okay L waves or relay waves what we call. So I am not going to detail on seismology but I am just giving an example how it looks the primary wave it comes very fast. So it will travel very quickly and the surface wave it will travel along the surface and we have a low waves it will travel along the surface and it will you know move on the longitudinal part also okay. So we have P and S waves and we have L waves we have you know surface waves okay. So the why it is important again the time difference say example from a particular place the P wave will arrive first and the second wave the S wave will arrive secondly. So the time difference between these two we can calculate based on that we will measure the location of the earthquake. That is what generally people they used to do and so this magnitude generally they measured in Richter scale actually this is the size of the magnitude okay and the right hand side you can see this is the intensity of the earthquake. So generally magnitude will be measured in one to ten okay less than you know three magnitude earthquake we are not able to felt by a individual person it may be a tremor but we are not able to sense unless the instrument only can sense less than three magnitude earthquake at all generally and more than less than three magnitude earthquake we will call it as a tremor okay more than three magnitude only we will call it as a you know earthquake okay and the intensity generally represent in one to twelve scale. So one is nothing but the lowest and the twelve is the highest one the intensity. So generally one to three it does not much you know you know understandable by the human being up to three actually. So generally maybe a three intensity can noticeable movement few people on the upper floors of the building can be able to understand intensity four will be noticeable movement to many people. People may awaken from the sleep dishes and windows may be rattled and doors can slam and movement strongly felt on the intensity five will be movement will be strongly felt on the windows furniture may vibrate intensity six will be movement felt by everyone and intensity seven walls of the masonry house may have a crack intensity seven have a large cracks intensity nine walls and floors may come down in some buildings underground you know pipelines may break and intensity ten many buildings fall and you know railroad tracks may deform landslide may occur and ground cracks to be a you know particular you know distance it may happen intensity eleven will be many cracks and the grounds and landslide will happen and most of the places the building will partial to fully collapse and intensity twelve will be the significant landscape changes and total collapse of the building is possible so that's what generally we measured the intensity so how they do this in ancient days ancient days we don't have any instrument to measure these intensities and the magnitude so how they do this actually in in olden days there is ancient Chinese seismographs it looks like this you can see there is a you know dragon in the upper part in the bottom there are some frogs okay each dragon and frogs denote some direction so for example each each dragon will have northeast southeast so like that like you know north south east west northeast southeast northeast like that you have a you know dragons so each dragon's mouth there is a ball small ball you can see this one there is a small ball so the frogs in the bottom is the mouth is open so when earthquake happened the ground will shake the the the frame will move and it will hit over there and the ball will fill down in the cracks mouth so people they identify in some particular direction maybe if this you know ball move on the frog's mouth this frog's mouth then it may be a east-west direction there may be a earthquake so this what people used to identify earthquakes in ancient days then after that they have identified this analog seismograph so this is working on a simple pendulum okay so we might have studied this you know in a uh six or seven-th class science book like you know there is a wire in the simple pendulum so there is a wire in the ball with attached with the ball so when you swing then the the ball will swing and it will come its original portion the same methodology the same science will you know work on this actually so the ball you know with the ball there is a small pen attached there is a drum recorder the drum recorder is continuously moving so when the ball is swinging then it will you know record so based on the record the total duration of the earthquake they used to identify this much duration there was a earthquake in a particular direction okay then after that we have a digital seismograph so now we can able to identify even less than one magnitude earthquake also so we have a two types of seismographs we have currently one is a broadband seismograph and as we have a you know a short period seismograph so these seismographs can able to measure an earthquake magnitude of even less than one and also it can you know in and around some you know 1200 kilometer radius also it can able to measure but it is sensitive sensitivity is up to somewhere around 300 to 400 kilometer you can measure suppose if you want to measure one particular location at least you need to have a three seismograph in that particular location okay and so why earthquake is important because earthquake is not a single event so it can create multiple events an earthquake can create ground shaking this everyone knows right but the another phenomena what we call this liquefaction so liquefaction is nothing but the quicksand like you know your building can sink like it's like a quicksand effect so when the soil get a zero stress the building can able to sink maybe civil engineering people you might have studied in geotechnical engineering okay so the soil will become liquefied so the building this is one of the very very dangerous phenomena so why again it is important because you know you are the you are going to be the administrator maybe tomorrow okay you may be in urban planning or you may be in a collector in a district so when any approval comes to you okay any building construction in a riverbank area you need to be very very careful because the riverbank areas are prone to if your location the location of the city is or the building is in a riverbank area the area is prone to liquefaction so when liquefaction occurs if you have a area is prone to more than six magnitude earthquake then there may be a chances of liquefaction maybe possible in that area so another effect is called faults okay as i told like you know we have a interpolate earthquakes in that area we have a fractures and faults these faults can time to time reactivate so if your building on this kind of faults may have a impact so if you are constructing a building on a fault then it will reactivate and it will the building will failure and land subsidence so most of the cases like you know people they fill the land and they construct houses on that so if it is a earthquake prone area so then the land subsidence is possible then tall building may fail in in such cases and another one is the earthquake can induce landslides also so this has happened generally you know mainly in earthquake near hilly areas it can trigger landslides and of course you have a tsunami an earthquake can trigger a tsunami if the earthquake is in the offshore okay yeah so this you need to understand because anyone knows about the earthquakes but what you need to understand is important is which building is safer say a small building or a tall building so for example this is a best example i can say like you know there is a magnitude 7 shallow earthquake which is occurred in hilly on january 12 2010 so you can see the duration of the earthquake is somewhere around 20 to 60 seconds so the intensity is violent there was a ground shaking the damage is taller newer structure built on flux would like to handle the shaking best brick or the other reinforced masonry structure would do poorly because it is going to collapse fully and the the skycraper building like tall building will have a crack but it won't get damaged because the duration is very less so the seismic wave will travel and so there won't be the building will shake but it won't collapse and another one is the same similar kind of earthquake the but the duration would be somewhere around 1 to 5 minutes there it is only 60 seconds now the earthquake magnitude is somewhere high and the duration is high so here the duration is high so what happened here the seismic wave will travel from one place to another place okay so the shaking will be not much on the wooden frame structure or older brick building but the skycraper will collapse totally okay so these are all two cases another case study i'll tell you suppose if you have a building a tall building and a short building okay if you are in a liquefaction prone area this is for a seismic shaking if you are in a liquefaction prone area the building will collapse okay the tall building will collapse if it is in a liquefaction prone area but the short building will have a safe you know it won't affect much but in earthquake prone area the tall building will be little safe compared to the shock okay so what we can do for earthquakes so we are not able to predict an earthquake as of now so prediction in the sense what i want to convey here is prediction in the sense because suppose if you are an administrator so if somebody give early warning sorry early warning in the sense you have to give the warning in advance so unless you give a warning in advance you are not able to do anything on evacuation or any disaster preparedness activities so generally you know for cyclone or you know flood situation we have a very good early warning 24 hours 48 hours like that but what we don't have currently is we don't have a early warning for an earthquake situation because earthquake happened in a very quick manner it happened suddenly there is no prediction so far prediction in the sense i have to say tomorrow four o'clock in Chennai six magnitude or seven magnitude earthquake may happen so if i say like that then only there is a chances of evacuating people so if i say there is an earthquake in and around Chennai so you cannot evacuate all the people of Chennai it is not possible and also like you know if i say seven magnitude earthquake if there is only three magnitude earthquake there is no funding evacuation so the the important thing is here in earthquake is the magnitude the time of the earthquake and the location of the earthquake all these things play a major role so that's why it is not possible currently to predict an earthquake so far no technology in the world is available currently but there are some precursors are already available okay so what we can do for that so since we are not able to predict an earthquake we can go for a hazard assessment okay so what we can say do is we can identify some areas with this areas are prone to earthquakes so how we can do one is deterministic other one is probabilistic so deterministically we can say i told like you know there are number of faults are there in our you know Indian continent if these faults are reactivate time to time there may be a chances of earthquake so what we can do we can assess if the particular fault is reactivating what is the maximum magnitude it can produce that is possible that we can identify another one is probabilistic thing like you know suppose if you are a site like you know nuclear power plant or if you are a major structure or a very very you know high important structure in a particular area then you can go for a probabilistic assessment so that next 100 years how many magnitude 5 magnitude the earthquake will happen how many 6 magnitude earthquake will occur in that particular area so that you can add so here again i'm telling i'm not going to predict an earthquake but what i'm going to do is i can assess there may be a chances of earthquake in that area suppose your district authority okay you are a collector of a district so what you can do if you are going for a new mister you know smart city area or if you are going to have a new bigger installation in a your area so when you are giving permission for that you need to check whether that area is prone to earthquake or not okay if that area is prone to earthquake so what magnitude earthquake may occur in the future for that particular location that you can identify based on these two techniques okay so generally how the people they identified based on this technique they identify the peak ground acceleration peak ground acceleration is nothing but suppose if this fault is accelerating how much energy this will you know or disseminate dissipate from that particular fault so that you can identify based on that so based on this technique only generally people they use to bring this seismic donation map of india okay our seismic donation map of india divided into four parts zone 2 zone 3 zone 4 and zone 5 earlier we have 5 zone 1 to 5 but zone 1 currently it is not there so this is revised in the year 2002 actually based on the 1999 you know lathur earthquake then we had you know earthquakes in penicillar india based on that the government of india they have revised this you know seismic donation map of india earlier we have zone 1 zone 2 zone 3 like that now we don't have zone 1 what is meant by zone 1 it means earlier we have zone 1 means there are areas in india is free from earthquakes but now after 2002 after buji earthquake 2001 the government of india revised this one there is no part of india is free from earthquakes so that's why we have zone 2 through zone 2 zone 3 zone 4 and zone 5 so zone 2 is nothing but you can expect a magnitude up up to 4.9 in zone 2 zone 3 you can expect a magnitude up up to 6.9 zone 4 you can expect a magnitude up to 7.9 zone 5 you can expect a magnitude of 8 and greater okay again i'm telling these are all only assessment okay it is not a you know prediction okay so this is one thing in another one we classify india into number of zones but for example i'm in Chennai okay but i may be in zone 3 but the my area is filled up with more soil but i may have even though i'm in zone 3 but i may have an impact of zone 4 or 5 also so what happened for example places like Chennai city many area we have a you know lakes are there all these things but these lakes are currently it is not there because in a name of development what people they have done they have filled this area they have constructed houses on that so what happened in such cases suppose if i filled your house so this is the area i'm in a hard rock area if i feel one time on earthquake so i can feel the filled up soil area 2 to 3 times most that's why in recently also when there is the earthquake which is happening you know Bay of Bengal so we had filled this earthquake in Chennai city so because in most of the area in Chennai city it is filled up soil so what i mean to say development i'm not going to tell like you know you should not go for developmental activities you can do developmental activities but when you do this kind of activities you have to do the proper soil strengthening in that area suppose they might have then fill this you know whole you know water tank areas they have filled and they have constructed houses on that but whether they have gone for a proper design or building in that area and whether they have done a proper soil strengthening in that area so if they're not doing that such kind of thing then the impact will be very very high okay so that's why what we called is this is macrosonation what we have done is macrosonation but what we need to go for is microzonation when you need to go for a microzonation suppose if you're area if you are going for a high-rise building okay or if you are going for a bigger installation of a nuclear power plant or or a thermal power or any any any bigger installations then you can go for a microzonation because the impact could be you think that you are in Chennai you may have only you know three six five nine magnitude but in same Chennai city itself you may have area have impact of eight magnitude also but we do not know because again depending upon the area there is a soil fill so you need to understand okay so that area whether it is prone to how much magnitude so that we need to understand okay so say people you know again another big task of any administrator is like you know whatever scientist says you may not you know able to take it up you know right you know if I say like you know Chennai is prone to earthquake or Delhi is prone to earthquake or Mumbai is prone to earthquake but already you know right we are prone to earthquake what to do okay the question is every administrator immediately they'll say we know it is prone to earthquake what to do so already we are we are considered a huge number of buildings already we are living in the buildings so what to do we need to identify whether these buildings are safe or not that is the thing like you know you need to understand so we can go for a vulnerability assessment of these buildings suppose if you are administrator okay you are a collector you are in a city okay you need to know so how many buildings in your city is prone to earthquake so whether I can dismantle all this all the buildings suppose I am in Chennai city in zone 3 it may be exposed to a magnitude of 6.9 zone 3 means whether all buildings in Chennai city is prone to earthquake maybe some of the buildings are very strong they are very good condition even though you have a seven magnitude earthquake that building is not going to failure so what we need to understand we need to understand the building's vulnerability whether it is safe or not okay so for that this technique generally we use this is called rapid visual screening technique so this kind of failure may happen so I am not again going into detail on different kinds of failure this is basically similar engineering part but I am just giving an example if you have a irregular structure like you know t-shape l-shape narrow your building is less the length is greater than 3b e-shape building h-shape building so these buildings are having you know generally failure in a you know different places like corner failure and all will happen so these buildings what we call it is a seismic buildings so avoid to constrict if you are going for a new construction avoid to go for a this kind of you know buildings already if you have done it so we can go for a further analysis okay suppose you are in a city okay you have number of buildings in a city how to prepare for a city for a you know earthquake preparedness the one thing what you need to understand you have hundreds of building in your city but all buildings whether you need to do this exercise rapid visual screening no you don't need to do for all buildings suppose if you know some of the important buildings like hospitals schools educational institute because these are all the areas you have huge number of people is going to be there but if you identify what are all the critical facilities in your city high potential loss because high potential loss but dams if you have a earthquake whether the dam is safe or not that you need to identify and the military installation nuclear power plant so hazardous material sites so these places if they feel then it will create a secondary disaster so you need to identify which are all the buildings are safe which are all the buildings are nonsense that we need to identify a lifeline inventory you need to identity because if you are highways railways fairly okay if your road got blocked so how to do the alternate arrangement for that purpose you need to identify which sector which area is you know important that you have to identify and the lifeline utility like portable water waste what are natural because in a earthquake situation the ground shaking is the major phenomena if the ground is shaking all your petrol you know tanks mean most of the places is stored in a ground if it is kept great then fire is the secondary disaster so you have a cascade effect and natural gases it has stored in the ground so again it is damaging so if you for example if you have a mah industries major accident hazard industries are there in many of the you know districts say example in velu district we have many mah industries so these industries they store LPG gases if there is a earthquake happen these gases are in a tanks so 1.5 lakhs tons of LPG gases you know stored in a tank so if this is fail it's have a bullet effect so it will fly over and hit over there in nearby villages and huge number of people they are going to die because of this secondary disaster so again we need to understand so this mah industries also another major so all these things you need to consider when you are doing this kind of exercises okay so I have done something for chenacity I'm just giving an example actually this is called rapid digital screening we have selected a area in and around tinnagar and we have put in a number of it's a big task but again it's a very very useful task so I have identified which are all the buildings in tinnagar area is going to earthquakes so this what we have done it the technique and this is the rapid which I am not going into detail but what I want to convey is these kind of techniques are already available in India to analyze whether your building is safe or not suppose if you are in a building maybe it may be your house or maybe your office so what you can do you can identify that building is safe from earthquake or not you may be in daily you may be in Chennai or you may be in Mumbai doesn't matter we have a different forms are available if I am in Chennai I am going to use such zone 3 format so this is the technique are already available so why it is important say example in this area I have considered somewhere around 5000 building out of 5000 buildings if I want to you know go for a non-destructive testing so it costs huge amount for building it somewhere around 4 lakhs 5 lakhs rupees to identify you know go for non-destructive testing but what I can do if I do this rapid digital screening technique instead of going for 5000 building only 15 percent of the red color whatever we have done it is like only 15 percent of the buildings are not safe in that area so we can do this exercise only for this 15 percent so if I say 5000 building only 15 percent 15 percent of 5000 is how much somewhere around in a only 1000 building only we need to 1000 to 1500 building only we need to worry so all other buildings are safe all right so sorry 700 to 800 building only you know non-safe all other 4200 building will be safe so instead of spending 5000 into 5 lakhs rupees you are going to spend only 700 into 5 lakhs so how much money you are going to save so because what about the money we are going to use is public money so we need to be careful so that any project comes like you know if you are administrator the project comes to you you can tell that like you know don't spend too much money on you know going for non-destructive you can go for rapid visual screening test so that you can save money on that okay so they classify the building based on this you know simple chart there is a score value is available if your score value less than 0.7 then you can go for non-destructive testing if it is more than 0.7 your building is safe you don't need to much worry about your building okay so that's what we want to highlight suppose if your score value is less than 0.7 then you can go for a non-destructive testing so what is non-destructive testing without damaging your building you can analyze the building impact okay so if you do this kind of testing then you can identify whether the building so where when you can do this exercise like you know you can go for building like heritage structures then you can go for a non-destructive testing okay I have already constructed a building so what I can do actually so these are all the things like you know buildings are already constructed we are doing so we can go for a I am going for a new construction so what I can do I can go for a seismic building codes are available this is available for zone 3 zone 4 and zone 5 seismic building codes so lintel level beam level column level you can have a cement band so that the building will be get safe so if I have already constructed a building what I can do if I go for this kind of partitions or because this kind of supported in the outside so that the building will be safe okay the another point is extra cost on providing seismic resistance so what is seismic resistance we are not able to predict an earthquake but our building we can construct as a earthquake resistance we have a technology so if we use this seismic resistance technology whatever we have so in zone 2 means like you know if we you are going to construct a masonry building only 2 percent of the total cost you have to invest and if you are going for RCC building you can go for only 3.2 percent of the total cost of your RCC building so that's what we need to okay so okay so I have I have talking about you know I have told about like you know assessment then microzone nation then we have talked about the rapid visual screening and we have talked about the damage assessment but still you know we do not know what kind of what magnitude earthquake is going to happen so we can go for a scenario so this is very very important like you know major cities like Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and all we need to have a scenario if different magnitude earthquake happen so how much building in same area I have done this exercise actually this is part of our ISRO project so if we have a different magnitude earthquake happen in that area which are all the building will damage and also we can identify the emergency facilities in that area so when we have to open so for example if you have a school building if it is damaged so whether this building is safe or not all these things you can analyze nowadays the technology is already available okay so whether these things are you know you need to do for everywhere you don't need to do for everywhere only your area is prone to high seismic area okay so suppose for example I am in zone 3 okay zone 3 means I can expect magnitude of 619 but all area in my area may not be 6.9 okay many area is free from earthquake but my area is prone to 6.9 means I need to practice so for that area you can go for a only safety of earthquakes this you can educate with the people so you don't need to worry about much on that those areas so only you can educate these people only the drum cover hold on exercise or you can do kind of some kind of you know people some general education about the earthquake safety okay so safety during an earthquake what we have to do calm down they you know stay away from the furniture and windows if you are in the inside if you are outside then stay away from the buildings walls and for poles so that you'll be safe and turn off water electricity and gas use only staircase so like that these are all some kind of do's and don'ts people should we can educate people with this you know kind of do's and don'ts so that it will be you know that the people will be safe we don't need to much worry about like you know we are not in say example if I am in zone 3 I don't need to worry about zone fire that kind of impact we don't have so maybe you know tomorrow you may be posted in different you know states okay maybe in Tamil Nadu maybe in Kerala maybe in Karnataka or maybe somewhere in Bihar so Bihar in zone 4 Delhi in zone 4 you may be in North East it is in zone 5 you may be in Gujarat this is zone 5 so depending upon the state depending upon your vulnerability so you can change your you know practice so that's what I want to convey this okay so what we have currently we have an earthquake monitoring system this is called national centre for seismology is available so we are currently monitoring earthquakes in all over India so you can identify them in the left hand side this is the earthquake magnitude whatever they have so they just you know plot it over here so you just type in google like risak risak so this you know app is also available so you can download this app you can just check like you know whenever there is an earthquake happening in and around India it will give a alert but the only thing is it will give a alert after the earthquake occurs it won't give a alert before an earthquake happens okay so let let us talk about the flood the major thing what I want to highlight is on flood is very very important is flood is nothing but the overflowing of water everyone knows but what causes flood okay flood circus mostly from heavy rainfall and they can result from the phenomena particularly in coastal areas where inundation can be caused by storm surge associated with the tropical cyclone and it may happen due to dam failure triggered by an earthquake also but we have different types of floods this is the major challenge what we have currently because whenever people they design something for floods they use to consider only the river flood but suppose I am in a places where I am in a coastal area there is a coastal flood okay we have a periodic flood we have a flash flood so particular area there is a cloud bus because of that the heavy rainfall in a particular day you have a flood that is nothing but the cloud bus because of the climate change nowadays what we are getting is flash floods okay and we have a river floods because of the normal you know heavy rainfall overflowing of the water we have a river floods coastal floods generally which happen when there is a cyclone occurs we have a coastal floods in seasonal flood again this is due to the rain every season you have a you know monsoon season means you have a rainfall because of that you will have a flood water okay so my you know uh uh uh suggestion would be like you know depending upon your location okay depending upon your location the assessment will be different okay suppose I am in a places like velour okay palar there is a river in velour palar this river may not get you know inundated much okay so I do not need to much worry about the the the river flood over here maybe it may be in 100 years ones or 200 years ones but what I need to understand is I need to understand where is the low lying areas okay so in that low lying area only I need to concentrate on so how to do the mitigation measures so like that you know for each area you have to identify what kind of flood you are going to expose okay and based on that you have to work and another one major challenge is urban flood so when urban flood happened if you have a high you know uh vegetation there is only a 10 percent of runoff here if keep on going more and more number of buildings so the infiltration capacity will be reduced here it is 25 percent of infiltration here it is only 5 percent of infiltration so the surface will be impervious so the water cannot able to go inside the ground so that's why you have a heavy runoff okay so in those kind of areas what we need to identify is what is the carrying capacity of the water in the drainage system that you need to understand and depending upon that you need to drain the water so again you have to recheck all these areas where it is prone to urban flood so again you have to revamp all these old structures and check whether it is safe for flood or not okay so the first thing what we need to identify in uh you know flood prone areas wherever you are posted okay if you want to identify right you know the prioritize the areas okay you need to identify are you prone to flood where you are suppose I am here so this is the river I am here am I prone to flood or not that I need to understand first and there I am so suppose I am in a flood main channel area or I am in a base flood elevation area or I am in a maximum you know flow depth area or I am in a regulatory water flood so because these are all the areas there you have 100 year floodway and 100 year floodplain you should not construct any houses on those areas if you do if you are permitting 100 year floodplain because 100 year floodplain once it means like 100 year once only you will have a such kind of bigger floods will happen but most of the cases our urban planners what they do they go for only 20 years or 25 years you know planning because you know they they check only last 25 years flood based on that only they plan but in case of a developmental activity you have to go for at least 50 years you know flood water area so 100 year flood water area you should not go for any construction in 100 year floodway that is more safe okay but 100 year flood fringe area or flood fill area you can you know you know approve some kind of settlements that is one thing okay and you can go for a mitigation aspects you can see in the right hand side so this is the building which is before flood level and this is the race of the bottom of the building so the the level will be increased the BFE is nothing but the base flood elevation level is increased so this kind of you know simple structures if it is possible you can do this kind of area so that the level will be elevated so that the flood water may not come inside so these are all some kind of flood mitigation aspects you can go for mainly you have to regulate the flood prone area so that the avoid of you know the water level the increase the flood water inundation in a settlement area may be you know avoided okay so these kind of maps can be generated you have a probability of flooding in this area so 100 years probability 50 years probability 5 percent probability so in a particular year how much probability of you know water will inundate that you have to calculate based on that you can identify the areas so if you have these kind of maps it will give an idea like you know how to plan yourself for a flood prone area okay so what we have currently for flood warning flood warning so our government of India already they are doing this the central water commission they have a flood warning system so they are monitoring you can see this dot all these dots are nothing but the different you know dams all over the India this they are monitoring the flood water in this area in this dams actually so this is based on the artificial intelligence they have a threshold value if this is the full reservoir the a local line is the full reservoir level when the water level reaches over the flood water you know full reservoir limit automatically it will give a alert say example this orange area is are under danger currently so so like that you can identify you can just go search for central water commission flood warning so that you can or the this is the website link I have given in the bottom you can just click over there so that you can go for the you know flood water flood warning system what is currently going on so you can be able to understand okay and what what other things what we have currently we have a detailed vulnerable areas also already in for example this is in one of the Talukshin Vellu district actually so the the district authorities already they have done this kind of exercises most of the districts in you know all over India these practices already undergoing so they have already identified vulnerable areas so which are all the areas is prone to flood and where we have the nearby you know shelter and these are all the information already they have given okay so who is the in charge who is the you know sub collector in charge who is the special collector in charge in that particular area whom you have to inform so these are all kind of preparedness but preparedness you know charts are already available in you know in particularly in Tamil Nadu it is already available it is there in a you know app also it is very much available so I think most of the states they have this kind of you know information okay so we have the other disaster what we have is landslide generally landslide which happened in hilly areas actually what again I want to highlight is landslide in settlement area play a major role and landslide in road cuts so if you are posted in a hilly area again so where you need to be very very you know stubborn or very very you know cautious on approving the new road cuts that is one thing because people for example the right hand side image is the Marappalam landslide so there was a bus which was standing over here so it washed away by the landslide somewhere around 53 people they died in Nilgiris actually so this is the one of the area where we have a road cut actually these kind of road cuts they destabilize the slope and it created problem and this is another area in the left hand side again in Nilgiris again this is also based on the road cut only because you need to maintain the slope in a particular angle otherwise you know it will be a problem so most of the landslides in particularly in India we have a rainfall induced landslides okay so that we can you know we need to consider and we have a different types of landslides and mostly I am not again going into detail on these types you don't need to worry much about the details but what I need to you know emphasize is like you know most of the landslides in India we have debris flows so why debris flows the debris flows will have a soil and rock so it will hit it will kill the people easily that is one thing and second thing is the rescuing is the major challenge in you know landslides you might have heard about this recently Rajamala landslide in Petimudi so it kills somewhere around 92 people there you know most of the people like you know they buried immediately they died because of this landslide because this fully of you know soil and rock material heated over and it killed people so you don't have chance to breathe so that is the very very important thing and I'm just giving you another example like you know again like earthquake hazard donation we have a landslide hazard donation map is already available the government of India they have published this map and also now we are going in a higher scale actually so this is what we have done it in 1 to 6 million scale so what is important in that is we are very clearly you know told in this maps if suppose if this is a red color area which severe to very high landslide prone area the area is well known for danger of landslide and for the perennial threat of life and property restriction of all new construction and adaptation of improved land use and management practices deserve to be encouraged okay investment on landslide remediation measures to be emphasized and public education and landslide early warning system to be you know strictly indicated in the same so it is already there so like this maps are available for all over the India even higher scale maps in a detailed scale which is available suppose if you are posted in a hilly area you need to study this map and before going for any approval any new construction practices just you know you know understand you know that particular area whether it is prone to landslide whether you can whether you can go for a particular uproar so you have to reconsider that and another one is this is another example the best example I told like you know then generally you know if you have a this is the area when there is a landslide happening 1011 2009 in this area somewhere around in Nilgri's we have 1150 landslide which is occurred in the past okay so this is mainly due to you know the natural and plus man made what I can say is plus man made because people they have given permission to construct houses in the top of the slope it gives added weight on the slope and this is the road cut you can just imagine the road cut there is a small lorry is standing and there is a pocline so generally a lorry are a pocline the height of the lorry are a pocline will be around 1.5 to 2 meters height so the the slope height is 2 to 3 times more but the road width is only 1 and 1.5 to 2 meters only with width is very small road width but the slope height is very high so here they are not maintaining the equilibrium as well as the slope so that's why the slope is failed so in this area seven people they have died in this particular location there was a house seven people another one is there was a original river which is flowing over here people they have diverted this nalla in the other area you can see this two kind of you know some you know man made structures are available so people they have diverted the natural river channel it created in fact so what I want to highlight is so nature it will follow its own course so if we cannot you know do you know everything on our own so we have to be very very careful when we are going for a any kind of you know you know developmental activities ok so you may ask a question sir everywhere there is a disaster landslides so what we have to do so we have a lot of the remediation measures are available you can go for a sheet piling you can go for a geogrid there is a drainage system so that you can remove the water from the slope so that the the slope will be stabilized there is a terracing and benching techniques are available there is a biotechnical slope stabilizers and you just put only the you know local plan material so that you can safeguard the slope and we have a friction files methods are also these are all some of the remedial measures are already available to safeguard the you know landslides zone areas so I am just giving one best example is slope stabilizers using soil bioengineering so maybe you know if you are posted in hilly any hilly area you may think on that so to give a you know direction to the officers because in this actually soil bioengineering is nothing but the planting of natural you know plantation in the same area using some you know engineering structures ok so what we can do this are the six function so if you are planting a tree it will work as a catching support armor and reinforce and anchoring you know functions so when you planted tree initially the strength of the plant will be very less but when you are keep on going the years the plant will grow the strength will increase if you are going to construct a you know engineering structure like a gabion wall or any breast wall so initially the strength of the wall will be high then keep on going years it will be decreasing so what you can do is in this area suppose if you want to stabilize the slope you can use this technique go for a engineering structures partially and go with a bioengineering structure so that the slope will be fully stabilized so where you have to use this technique only when you are having a very big landslide you want to slope you know if the landslide is activity continuously it's moving then you can use this technique to stabilize the slope ok so what we have currently for landslide we have a landslide monitoring techniques are available so we have installed the sensors over there in the slope so that based on that now we have a IOT maybe somebody from your you know computer science people may be there electronics people may be there so you know like you know you can integrate your you know IOT with you know software then so that you can go for a you know landslide monitoring techniques are available so what it will do actually for example this was done by me the next one I have developed a methodology called IOT based early warning system for landslide generally we can use this for shallow landslides maybe a few meter thickness soil then wherever you have this you can use this technique so whenever there is a heavy rainfall happens so we have a rainfall threshold so based on the rainfall threshold it will automatically detect the particular area whether it is prone to landslide or not ok it will give a trigger information to the particular district authorities ok so this is based on the because we have a sensor in the slope the sensor will activate and automatically when there is any movement in the slope the sensor will give information to the you know data analytics central you know station from the central station so if any threshold is crossing that particular location so it will automatically give information to the particular district collector so that can be done now this technique is already available in many other places people they started working on it ok and again cyclone and rainfall monitoring we have IMD is the nodal agency what we are doing currently they are you know monitoring cyclones we have a very good you know system in IMD actually if you go to this place like you know you can find it out daily rainfall forecasts are available if you are posted as a collector in any district you can monitor yourself you don't need to worry about anyone like you know everything is available in the internet you can just check like you know next to five days what is the warning you can find it out from this website and I am not again going into detail on tropical cyclones so this is the structure of the cyclone i i wall spiral band and the cirrus canopy this is very very important because i is the main central part of the cyclone and the i wall is the next one then after that you have a spiral bands so why it is important because again the the size of the i and i wall and the spiral band you have the heavy rainfall in your area okay so suppose the size of the cyclone is very big then it will you will have a rain in the you know in most part of the area okay so cyclone also have a different categories again you know we have a 120 to 150 kilometer per speed we have a minimal damage and 150 to 180 kilometer per hour we have a moderate damage 180 to 210 we have extensive damage and like that you know we have a different you know classification what we have currently is low pressure area less than 31 kilometer per hour depression means 31 to 41 49 kilometer per hour deep depression will be 49 to 69 61 and cyclonic storm 6 to 100 so when there is a depression so that is why we have very good warning we have so when there is a depression low pressure start itself we can able to identify and whether it can go as a depression or deep depression or a cyclonic storm so currently we are able to predict so what time it is going to mature and when we are going to get the cyclone everything we can able to predict now the technology is available so these are the four stages of the cyclonic life one is formative stage it looks like this then immature stage then mature cyclone will be fully you know you can see eye eyeball and the spiral band and the serious canopy and the decay stage you are not able to see the eye so mature stage only your cyclone will cross the you know coastal area so that you can easily identify so how much area is going to inundate and how much impact it is going to happen now the technique is very much available again we have a cyclone warning system is available in India and this is also world metrological so many many softwares are available many live programs are available you can see in this actually this is called zoom earth if you type in google you can get it zoom earth you can uh day wise every hour they are mounting say august 21st to august 25th when it is a deem is depression yes yes means storm yes a cyclonic storm and t is uh you know again it's a decaying position so like that you can have okay t-phone t is t-foom okay so like that you can identify whether it is storm or a cyclonic storm or a you know t-foom so they called us a t-foom in the other part of the world we call it as a cyclone so everything can be monitored through these websites are available so each and every location when it's moved the eye portion is moving they monitor and they say like you know which direction is moving now it is very much possible and also you can find it out the wind speed also here so how much wind it is prediction also we can do so past also we can see from this like that in India also we have a IMD network is there you can monitor the cyclonic storm every hour okay so as you all know tsunami tsunami is nothing but if you have a earthquake in offshore we'll call it as a tsunami okay so what you need to understand tsunami all earthquakes cannot generate a tsunami okay what we need to have minimum at least seven magnitude earthquake in a ocean can only generate tsunami that is one thing but even you have a seven magnitude earthquake all seven magnitude cannot generate a tsunami unless you have a strike slip movement suppose if you have a strike slip movement you won't have a tsunami but suppose if you have a deep slip movement so it is nothing but one you know seabed is moving to another like you know if you have a up and down movement then only there is a chances of tsunami okay so it maybe happened due to an earthquake or in a subsurface of ocean there is a landslide because of that also there is a chances of tsunami if there is a volcanic eruption in the offshore because of that also you can have a tsunami or if you have a high velocity impact happen due to some moment of the you know landslide in a subsurface because of that also you'll have a tsunami so mostly in our India we don't have you know volcanic you know islands over there in India that's why we are not much discussing about the volcanoes within India but in offshore we have some volcanoes but mostly most of the tsunamis what we have currently is only because of the earthquakes and not much because of the other activities okay so tsunami mitigation particularly we have we can go for tsunami walls or we can go for offshore breaking walls so offshore breaking walls nothing but you can reduce the tsunami waves so that can be possible and you can identify the evacuation routes in the higher ground so all these things you can go for a tsunami mitigation tsunami warning currently we have so INCOIS is the one agency in Andhra Pradesh they have Indian National Centre for Ocean Informatics Services so they are continuously mounting the tsunami they have a bio-ice this bio-ice already floating in the sea so based on that you can identify where you have the tsunami so it will give information to the through satellite so it will come to the ground level you can monitor so continuously they are monitoring so we have a 60,000 model or available so wherever in any part of you know in Indian Ocean or Bay of Bengal if any earthquake happened immediately we can able to tell what time you have a tsunami it is going to hit your coast so any the bulletin will be available so you can easily identify so currently we are able to identify the tsunami very well that is already available okay so many things are available in India I am just highlighting like some of the very very important things currently what we have is throw they have launched called Bhuvan so Bhuvan is one important website in that they have a disaster management support services in that they have very clearly identified the vulnerable areas which are all the areas is prone to flood they have already identified these are all the information already available in the internet you can make use of it and these are all another you know part of is Bhuvan website you can find it out the very clear information about how much area we have a runoff and even national flood vulnerability assessment system also they have made in India all over India which area is prone to which kind of flood they have clearly mentioned so these information can be used for you know during any emergency situations also we have national database for emergency management what we called is NDEM okay NDEM is the you know national database for emergency management in that if you have become a you know collector or a DRO so you can get a login ID password over here so if you go inside you can get a lot of information on that so all nearby facilities so where you have to have the shelters where you have to have the critical facilities where you have to go for you know temporary subsistence everything will be available in the portal so that is very good information what we have currently by NDEM it is available so you can make use it up another important thing what we have in Tamil Nadu is TN smart so this is a mobile application you can download anyone can download this application called TN smart so you can go inside and check you know you can have daily weather forecast observed rainfall satellite images vulnerable locations everything and you can find it out this so recently it is updated by the government of Tamil Nadu under the Rhymes project it is also already available so many people they are already using this technique and another one is Indra Majra is the another app you can able to identify 15 minutes before which location there is going to be a lightning is to strike so because lightning that's also but is very very important in recent days so government they have idea you know made this app so you can make use of this app so next 15 minutes where there is going to be a you know lightning so that also you can identify okay so another boon nowadays is social media actually I'm just giving an example like what I have done during your Nepal earthquake actually so what we do is we collect satellite data and it has come as a raw data we can able to analyze the data by using remote sensing and GIS and based on that we convey this message to the our people you know throughout the world we have a different area people they are working so we disseminate this knowledge and actually during Nepal earthquake actually we have a people called crisis group in that group we posted this information so which are all the area got high damage low damage everything we can identify from the satellite emission and that information can be disseminated during the emergency so that it is easy to evacuate people during the operation actually this is the 26 Nepal earthquake we continuously started monitoring earthquake after that and these are all high resolution satellite image we get it this is the pre-image and this is the post-image immediately after the earthquake so we can identify so which area got totally damaged how to reach this area suppose in this area you know which are all the building are totally damaged so which is the area we have totally destroyed moderate damage all this information we can easily collect from the satellite image and so this is the image actually in the right hand side you can see 23, 29, 4, 2015, 27, 4 so all this immediately after the earthquake we collected all this satellite live data and we have helped Nepal people during that time so which are all the area totally damaged so that people they can go to that particular area and do the rescue operation and relief operation immediately so it's it's expedited the air people and these are all some of the area where it is totally collapsed so that you know whether you are really vehicle whether it can go in that particular area or not even that we can identify I am not you know that time I am sitting in velour I can able to do this exercise with the help of other you know you know crisis mapper group people actually so this is another area is totally you know damage you can easily identify how many you know how to reach this place whether if this road is blocked how to go for you know alternate route everything we can identify from satellite image and this is another thing like you know this is called hulchok stadium in Nepal actually so even we have identified how many you know shelters can be accommodated in this you know I can design over there sitting from the area I can map over there in you know from sitting in velour I can do this exercise and this is what we have done during Nepal uptake actually which are these are all the shelters they have put it over there we have calculated in from here how many how much area they can go for you know shelter in this particular location how to reach this shelter all this information can be given to through satellite images and this is another one what we have it's a new emerging area called social media listening is also very very important in nowadays like you know because everybody they are posting in social media so this also can be you know taken as a very serious and we can generate the heat maps what we call this heat maps is nothing but in a particular place huge number of people they post through social media so that can be taken as a consideration and say for example these are all the key influences this has happened in kerala plot 2018 jitesh play nirmala sitaraman sashi tarot tino charian shiva haror virendra sevak these are all the people the key influence top mentioned cmo kerala pmo of kerala and nirmala sitaraman adjp and daniyara gendran is a journalist indian navy so these people whatever they post so we identified these areas by using artificial intelligence actually one of my friend from later in view analytics he used this technique and based on this hashtag we collect all this information from hashtag which location people they get stuck we can identify and we can go for the for the evaluation so we have done this kind of exercise during kerala flood so which are all the area got inundated how much road got you know flooded over there so based on the satellite data as well as the you know informations like you know which location it has got inundated and also it helps to give a quick you know relief also to the people so that how much area got you know inundated due to how much you know crop pattern got you know damaged during this flood so that even it will give a quick idea like you know to calculate how much resources you have to give how much you know mainly this is for PDNA what we call this like you know post disaster need assessment of you know disasters and this we have done during chennai flood actually so chennai kadlu all this area which are all the area got inundated this map also we have prepared and we have given to the district collectors so that they are able to identify and mobilize the resources so I can take another 15 minutes and complete this talk actually so what you can do so the for you as a administrator is important thing this hazard vulnerability and risk assessment you can go with that you know analysis suppose if you are posted as a collector then this is your job actually your your district disaster management plan should include all these things I have done for velu district actually velu district disaster management plan so what you need to include in your disaster management plan first the profile of the district number of revenue number of revenue deductions taluks number of circus number of corporation municipalities how many people absolute number of people in that location males and female population decadent population growth and population density and literate illiterate so all this information you can include and also the educational institution because educational institutions are the major one when you are going for a shelter so you need to identify how many educational institutions you can use it as a resource information and hazard vulnerability analysis you can go for a score value suppose if you are in a district so you have to prioritize the district which disaster in your district is you know very high so based on because suppose if you have 10 disaster in your district you have to prioritize the disaster you have to go for the analysis and based on that you can say like you know in my district flood is number one earthquake is number two drought is number three like that you can prioritize your area and you can go for the ranking so for example I have done for some exercise for our value district flood means my ranking will be four drought ranking will be nine and earthquake is six fire is nine so in my area so fire and you know drought is major so my area the high priority should be given to the drought so you have to prioritize the disaster in your district and which disaster is number one you can try to avoid in next year disaster management plan you can say like if you have identified some you know 10,000 square kilometer area is prone to drought in the next year you can say like you know in my area out of 10,000 I have eradicated some thousand square kilometer area from drought so like that if you have a vulnerable location for flood if you have identified 100 areas in last year so next year you can say out of 100 years I have eradicated some you know 10 to 15 you know vulnerable locations based on that I have done some flood mitigation measures so that I can say like this area is free from flood so like that you can you know identify and prioritize the area so again you need to go for detailed investigation of different disasters in your area cyclone earthquakes so whatever I have shown earlier is the state level maps what we need to do is the district level detail maps should be prepared for different disasters and you have to seasonal device also you have to prepare because you know each and every district will have a probable months so flood will happen only in supposing value district flood will happen in September October November so why it is important suppose I have a you know chart like this so I can prepare for flood in the June July August itself so earthquake may happen in any time drought generally for me it is April May June July so I can work from January March so that I can you know mitigate the drought in my district so that is the main agenda of this you know hazard seasonality mapping so that you can able to prepare for any kind of disaster if you have a kind of you know a chart flow chart like this and resource capacity analysis this is also another important what you have in your district that you have to identify suppose I am in Villour how many fire and fire fire rescue services are there there we have a fire stations and fire fasting equipment how much we have hospitals how many we have number of hospital private hospital Ayurvedic hospital dispensers for these kind of information for example Covid time so where you have the cylinders where you have the oxygen cylinders where you have which are all the hospitals with the cylinders all this information if you have already planned so it will be very very easy when there is a disaster occurs so a health department transport red road network railway length closest to airport closest to helipad closest to seaport and communication system police bank nearest to NDR of office and NGOs how many NGOs in your district that is also very very important so everything cannot be done by government so you need to contact with the NGOs so all this information you should have in a in your packet so that you will be very very useful and river so that you can take water in case upon a fire event or if you have a drought situation that you want to collect the water all this information can be collected and put it in the website and these kind of maps are very very important so where in your district which road leads to where and how to reach all these locations these are all some of the locations of post offices and location of water bodies where we have and severe device we have to you know we can modify like you know we can prioritize the disaster based on the severity and these are all some of the quick which is happened so all this information history you should have how much area got damaged okay so all this information you should collect and so that you will have an idea like you know which year you have more damage when it has happened so all this information climatology so that if you have information on this then it is easy to prepare yourself on your district so these are all some of the road accidents so this what I told the high vulnerable area vulnerable area moderate vulnerable area low vulnerable area so we have 90 vulnerable areas totally so for those areas how to you know prepare you know preparedness or mitigation measures all this information and mitigation plan also you can do and incident response system who is the incident responder in that particular area so all these things and hazard specific action plan you have to do you have to define a scenario based on that you can go for a precautionary measures where you are the impact area you have to identify you have to identify the resources so whom is the in charge for example I have given action plan for a tangent co so whom who will alert the alert raise the alert who will assess the information then prioritize the area who will mobilize search and rescue operation who will do relief operation who will do so all this information you have to do like this you will have a detailed action plan you know you may not need to do this actually everything but you can tell the people like you know in different you know line departments they have to do like this action plan so that for every disasters if they have like this then it will be useful for them okay and like you know important contact numbers you should have list of fire stations medical ambulance services selected NGOs and their contact details and the important thing is you have to do the mock exercises also time to time so disaster mock exercises will have a different you know thing like most of the times we do drill and demo so drill and demo will not be helpful so you have to go for the full-scale test with the tabletop exercises so drill and demo is nothing but somebody will give a demonstration people will see so this this what generally people they do but they don't practice so you have to practice so generally in any district the collector should have a tabletop exercises so you can have a you know kind of scenario based on that you can do this exercise call all line departments you have to give assessment like each and every department what they have to do you have to give the exercise then based on that you can do the disaster mock exercise and in that incident command system should be there we call triage triage is nothing but that to sort by priorities so you have to conduct the triage so red means immediately you have to in a in a in a mock drill or in a real-time situation if people they get you know impact if there is earthquake situation or a flood situation how many people got died how many people got injured how many people got very severe injured all these things you can suppose if we are in a area 100 people got injured okay so whom you have to give first aid first so like that you have to prioritize red immediate area people who have severe bleeding severe shock open chest abdominal wounds so this aid these people get be you know has to be considered first and then yellow people then green people green people is nothing but they can able to walk and yellow people they are delayed patient but they are you know having some problem but you can delay with them but green people are they can able to walk black people obviously they have died and the last five minutes I can finish it up and the one important thing is disaster is transferring traditional and indigenous knowledge this is very very important so this is a song called smong in in Indonesia people they lot of people they get saved because of this song they call smong smong this song is nothing but the smong smong actually so if the this is practiced by year and year like you know the grandparents they used to tell their parents parents they used to tell their children's so like that they know say everybody in Indonesia they know most of the people about this song it means when they say smong smong then you have to go to the elevated area it means the when there is a water goes inside the sea it means there is going to be a tsunami so that you have to go to the higher level so this is a very very good you know indigenous knowledge people they have in Indonesia because of that during 2004 tsunami lot of people they get saved and this is another one like you know earthquake resistant design which has happened in Japan actually actually in this 1300 years old temple they have a pakora structure actually each you know floor they have wooden balls there were thousands of cyclone cast over this temple the temple will shake but it won't damage such a way that the temple architecture they have done actually so basically in 1300 years before the architect who came to India he learned this technique he go back to Japan he constructed there you know this kind of temple in Japan so but what we have currently in India we don't have such kind of technique but the technique is originally originated by Indian people but we don't follow in you know currently and this is another one called bobob tree bobob tree actually it has a very big trunk so if this tree started drying means the whole area is undergoing some drought so people in those days they the indigenous people they see if the bobob tree is drying means that area is undergoing drought they can easily able to understand another thing is this is called amla akho bird in swassiland so if the board is shifting the nest from bottom to top it means there is going to be a flood in that area so a board can easily understand and you can you know identify based on the climate and other you know parameters there is going to be a flood in that particular area so it is shifting the house so when the bird is shifting the house means the local people will see so there is going to be a flood so they evacuate themselves and this is another called flood protection actually they generally reverse they have a meandering one one side they have erosion other side they have a deposition wherever they have a erosional features in that area they construct this kind of you know vaju plantation so that in that the flood water cannot inside enter inside the you know area another one is called mangrove forest so generally in tsunami prone area this mangrove forest will have a very good impact actually because if you plant this mangrove forest tsunami water cannot you know come inside because the mangroves roots are in a spindly nature so that the velocity of the tsunami will be you know reduced because of this and another big best example what we called in in this is we have in tamilla do this called sangukal mandavam sanghu i think many of them you know sanghu means conch conch actually what they do actually they have a conch over here in those days our kings so they put this kind of structure over there in middle of the river when the flood water increase through the conch the the wind velocity increase then it will give a warning there is a sound will come so it will flow then when water recedes the the the sound will reduce people will come back so like that you know in those days our kings they have constructed this kind of structures and this is my native place actually this area is prone to flood and drought actually so in a drought prone area what you need to more is food and water so our kings are very very clever actually they have constructed this you know small pond over there even if you go now 365 days you can able to see the water over there so what they have done they have collected this water such a way that they have diverted all this river channel nallas over there from the nearby area they collected in this pond so all 365 days you will have a water and there is a small structure nearby in that structure they store you know food in those days so the kings are very clever they know if there is a drought situation you need flood and water food and water so they have you know put this kind of structure over there and same kind of structure is there in the other you know for in the top so there is a small pond over there in the top in the bottom of the area got flooded then our kings they use the food from the top and the water they use from the top and they say they they they live without any problem and so this is another you know thing like you know they have a three hills over there even if you go and see now in these three hills there is a line of sight you know from one hill to another hills they can have a surveillance you know place so there is a small hole in this hill from this hill you can see from the other two hills also so such a way that the safety and security also the the kings have they have maintained in those days so there there were no technology in those days but the the kings were very very you know use the indigenous knowledge they have identified all these things and this kind of architecture you can find it out in any temples in india particularly in south india if you come like you know you can see so those days you know people they used for internal command system when there is any war is coming people they used to align you know all these people they assemble the people in the area so it's like you know common point so that people they can make announcement in temples and so that everyone can hear and this is another area like everyone knows in this called Tanjavur temple this is a thousand years old temple they constructed actually i i want to tell you one thing like you know everybody know about this temple but what i want to highlight is they have this is the river they construct the cut the river they construct the temple over here but you know none of the flood water goes inside the temple that's such a way that our kings they have maintained the drainage system and this is another best example in rameshwaram there's a temple in this temple there were around thousands of cyclones that travel in this particular temple but none of the cyclones were hit over this temple because these temples are aerodynamic so you may you know know about the ambassador car when we're you know ambassador car is proof you know safe from you know accidents because it's wind proof so similarly our temples like you know they have constructed our forefathers such a way that it's aerodynamic the wind will come it will heat but it won't damage the temple so our forefathers are they're very very clever and this is another place to what we called a skull and a dam this is a thousand years old dam so still if you go there the dam is working perfectly there is no single crack were there but this dam is constructed on the you know quicksand so this this area is fully quicksand prone if you put your leg you will go inside but the kings they have constructed a dam still it is working thousand years old so what I want to convey is our kings and forefathers they have used their indigenous knowledge they they have used their traditional knowledge to safeguard people from all disasters but what we are doing currently is we are failed to understand what our forefathers has done and what I want to finally convey is we need to you know involve these things with the science and technology so that we can able to you know manage these disasters we have state emergency operation center 1070 is the number and district emergency operation center is there we have 1077 and thank you a landslide happens in many reasons one is the slope instability because of we have over steeping of the slope that is the one reason another one is you have the huge rainfall the water will go inside the slope the slope will get destabilized because of that also we'll have a landslide and what we are doing another thing is we are cutting the slope without doing any engineer measures because of that also we'll have a landslide and we have diverted the water there is a natural rain water drainage system where there in the slope that we are you know artificially monitoring you know changing because of that also we have a landslides mostly in Himalayas we have rainfall induced landslide as well as we have a rock falls also so rock falls is a little bit different from normal landslides what we have currently rock falls in rock falls we have you know major joints and patches those joints and patches may increase you know due to the different weathering conditions because of that we'll have a rock falls okay so we can able to protect the landslides that's what I told there were many methods are available so we can go for slope strengthening so we can trim the slope we can go for soil by engineering technique we can plant the trees on the slope and we can go for some kind of engineering structures like gabion wall breast walls so so that we can stabilize the slope that is one thing and other non-engineering methods like we can plant trees constructing weep holes like you know we can put a sliding pipe in the slope so that the water will dry the slope will be stabilized it's not exactly but tilt and flood these two are different actually the Chennai flood is totally different causes because it's overflowing of water and there was a sand dune form inside the river because of that water may not able to go to the sea so that's why the backwater came so water raised when the opening of reservoir suddenly the water came up because of that so flood water happened in Chennai but tilt up there it has happened but not that much so that that won't have major you know problem in disasters we are in you know top in few disasters mostly India always when you see compared with other countries seven or eight so in sometimes even in some of the disaster we are in fourth or five like you know earthquake proneness and other things okay and in case of management of course we are doing better but again still we have to go a long way actually did India lack on disaster management compared to other countries not exactly we are doing our level best when we compare like you know developed countries India also now it's well developed I'm not saying like it is a developing country but it is somewhat we just developed country only when you compared other countries for example cyclone we are doing best drug mitigation we are doing best but in in in few areas we are lacking but still I can say we are 60 to 70 percent well managing the disasters we have short period seismograph we have a broadband seismograph so apart from that we have engineering seismograph also and we have accelerograph so the short period and broadband seismograph we can use for monitoring earthquakes accelerograph we can monitor how much acceleration happened in a particular generally people they measure acceleration for building so for that purpose we can use this accelerograph it's a very good question so faults are nothing but the fractures okay any linear fractures which is associated with the geological structures what we called is linear man okay suppose for example in India we have many linear months okay why it is important these fractures already existing on the earth see these fractures are necessary we have a fractures these fractures are water bearing and water barren also say if you have alignment of vegetation or alignment of lakes in a particular direction that is nothing but the linear months these are all the fractures these fractures time to time reactivate if it is reactivating then we will call it as a fault if it is not reactivating we will call it as a linear month any linear structures okay why it is important if it is reactivating suppose a river it's a fracture okay it's a linear month if the river is flowing in a particular direction if it is going to change its own direction it means there is going to be a some tectonic disturbance in that area that's why we are mentioning the linear month may be a fault okay it may reactivate okay if the river direction is changing then there may be a chances of earthquake okay that's why the faults are very very important it's very simple is all our major cities drainage system designed for its own you know population of the old population not the latest one that is the main problem all our drainage system designed 50 years back 100 years back not the reason why so without doing any you know proper drainage system we have developed the area surface we have developed subsurface we are not designed our you know drainage system that is the major challenge what we have currently planting of trees I told shallow landslides shallow landslides in the sense very shallow few meters only it will impact because plant fruit will go up to very few meters it will impact so places like nilgris we have shallow landslides so the soil bioengineering planting of trees will help only in shallow landslides it won't help places like you know Himalayas in many places like you know Kerala and all we have deep landslides in those areas that planting of trees will not help okay cloudburst or you know suppose if you have you are going to have a rainfall for you know next one month okay the same rainfall next one month if you are going to have a 100 mm rainfall the same 100 mm rainfall it's supposed to rain for one month it may happen in one day itself so this is generally because of the climate change currently what we are facing what we call is extreme weather events okay we have in a particular area the cloud has popped and whole one month rainfall is going to happen in because of the cloudburst in one day itself you know 20 within 24 hours 100 mm rainfall happening so that is nothing but your cloudburst there are many schemes are there under disaster management Gopotaf India they are doing this scheme in the sense like you know we have funding for that under disaster management scheme disaster management fund is available disaster relief fund also is available disaster mitigation fund also it's available currently the district concerned district they can climb this they can do this mitigation measures we are very good in in managing disasters like cyclones and floods and drought but again in same thing in few districts like you know all our states of India is not prepared for disasters that's what I can say in pros and cons disasters which strikes frequently the places like Gujarat Orissa so they are well well prepared for disasters the other states it's not that much prepared Bihar Orissa and Gujarat these states already they have heated by many disasters that's why they are well prepared for disasters but other states we are not prepared that much but we have started working on that already you know for the reasons landslides floods so each states now started preparing yeah this is also another very good question nature it follows its own trend actually so most of the you know cyclone prediction or you know any disaster prediction what we are currently doing using artificial intelligence and the big data analytics but again it's changing it's a big challenge but we have to work on it so we should not compromise on whatever the data we have even though you have more data also so nature it's changes its own course so last time you know during Nivar cyclone we thought that cyclone will travel only all along the coast but heated over there in Vellu district so Vellur is far away from 80 85 kilometers away from the coast but we had heated by cyclone so now now the scenario is totally different but you had to face we are very much lacking of R and D in disaster mitigation because you know mostly what we are doing is you know post disaster relief and reconstruction we are certainly lack of that's why I told Japan and all they are quickly you know build back better they are quickly they are working on their reconstruction they are quickly going back to the normalcy but we are not doing because the main thing what we have in currently is population we are huge population compared to other countries that is one thing and second thing is yes still we don't have much technology to prevent this disaster at local level and still we need to make people aware so I can easily tell convey the message to people like you know you high level people you can easily grasp so I can I will tell you like you know so we used to give lot of training program and whenever we discuss all these things at collector level collector can grasp when collector go and tell the same information to the for example a monsoon preparedness collector will tell like you know you have to do the encroachment area so cleaning of all the encroachment before monsoon cleaning all the canals all the wherever you have the drainage system wherever you have the soak in you know plastic what all these things they can tell in the meeting but the information then it will go to the DRO the DRO from DRO it will go to the Tasaldar from sorry RDO from RDO it will go to the Tasaldar from Tasaldar it will go to the the the revenue officer VAO so when it reaches to the bottom the person who is going to do this exercise he may not know what he has to do properly because whatever collector says the DRO will grasp half from DRO again the RDO will grasp half from RDO again the Tasaldar will grasp only half so that's why whatever we are telling it is not going to the reach at the the grass root level so that that should be you know very very important so that's why still we are in lack of reaching to the P2P so Prime Minister to Pune level it has to reach unless it's reached at last level we are not able to mitigate this disaster any monsoon preparedness is like you know we need to again identify what kind of flood we are going to have whether it's a urban flood or a coastal flood or a you know river flood so low lying area you have to identify so you have to identify the river flood areas which are all the areas it is going to inundation whether the floodway or free or there is an encroachment so all these things you have to find it out clean those days that is the best way of preventing you and thank you everyone I'll sign off