 Thank you very much Simone for kindly introducing me. This is Makoto Yokohari speaking from Tokyo. First of all, I would like to appreciate Simone Mikeda and all the organizers of this wonderful session and also the wonderful conference. I'm really, really happy to be here to give some experiences which we have in Japan. Okay, so from here on, I would like to share my slide. Here we go. Oops, excuse me. It's coming about this. Yep. Maybe you can go full screen. Yep. Can you see it now? Okay. Well, today I would like to talk about cooler cities and feel cooler cities. No. First of all, you may already have seen this graph, but this graph was illustrated by the World Economic Forum back in 2019, just before this COVID pandemic started. And in this graph, the World Economic Forum has been explaining what kind of a risks waiting for human beings in the future in the world. And the interesting story about this graph is that, as you can see, the spread of an infected disease has been listed this corner, which is not so high in likelihood. And also the impact of this spread of infected disease has been counted a little higher than the average, but not that high. Then, when it comes to this corner here, where the likelihood is very high and also the impact is also very high. What you can find in this corner are, as you can see, extreme weather events or natural disasters or failure of the climate change mitigation and adaptation or biodiversity laws and ecosystem collapse, which means that many of them are coming from kind of a global climate change, and which means in other words, even more serious risks than COVID will be coming to us, mainly caused by the global climate change in the future. So which means that, well, cities in the world need to mitigate or adapt to such kind of changes in the future. Well, when we talk about cooler cities, well, or in other words, how to face with this kind of a reality. Well, first, in terms of mitigation, one approach we can make is to make city physically cooler. You know, simply making the city's physical cooler. That will be one of the approaches. On the other hand, when it comes to adaptation to these warmer climate, I will say that make people feel cooler will be another approach that we can take. When it comes to make cities physically cooler, that means that it's a sort of a story to make gray fabrics. Well, gray fabrics means that it's a fabrics made out of concrete or asphalt and so on, the buildings and roads and so on. Make those green fabrics cooler by greens. Well, that could be one of the ways that we can achieve, or we can face with that kind of the disasters. That provide green cool spots to people to enjoy physically in cooler environment. And also the third one where I can nominate is that make people feel psychologically cooler by greens as well. So that today I would like to, I would like to refer to three approaches which are listed here. 123. So, first of all, I'd like to start with the story of a make gray fabrics cooler by greens. Now when it comes to major cities in the world. Many of the cities in the world are having some sort of big patch of green in the city. This is one of the examples center park in New York City. As you know this huge patch of green is sitting in the midst of Manhattan. And, of course, I know that when it comes to Bangkok, you have, which you call green lung for Bangkok, which is called the bank Rachel. And, and of course, when it comes to Tokyo, there are several big patches, but in the heart of Tokyo we have this huge green, which is in para palace. Before we talk about cooling down the whole city, we tend to think that Oh, these major green big patches will be the place, which will be functioning to cool down the surrounding great fabrics. But I have to say, even though that is expected. But the reality is that, for example, when I take the Tokyo as an example, the temperature of Tokyo is becoming higher and higher. Within about 130 years or so, the average temperature of Tokyo has raised about 3.5 degrees Celsius. And this 3.5 degrees Celsius increase means that if you compare the average temperature of Tokyo 130 years ago, the average temperature of Tokyo was almost equivalent to the city of Sendai up north from Tokyo. And when the temperature of Tokyo started to increase, it's almost like Tokyo started to travel south, like this way. And today, the temperature of every temperature of Tokyo is almost equivalent to that of city of Oita, which is all the way down in south. I mean that it took about 100 years for Tokyo to come over to here. And then within 30 years, it traveled all the way down to Kyushu area within 30 years or so. So that's how the temperature of Tokyo has been rising within these 130 years or so. And under this kind of climate, as you know, this summer, Tokyo hosted Olympic Games. And being one of the committee members of the Olympic committee myself, we, the experts has been warning that, you know, don't try to have Olympic Games in summer, in mid-summer, because summer Tokyo is too hot to host Olympic Games. And we have been doing all different kind of research works and trying to convince the organizer we have to change the season, maybe in October, maybe in November will be ideal. But unfortunately, that was not taken by the organizing committee and also it was not taken by the Olympic committee in the world. And constantly the Olympic Games was held during the summer of this 2021. It was delayed for one year because of the COVID. But anyway, this summer we hosted Olympic Games. And what happened? Well, you may have heard about this story. Oops, the Novak Djagovic, the top tennis player, was complaining that Tokyo in summer is simply too hot. And he said, we can play tennis under this kind of climate. And it was not only tennis, but also there were some other games where players fainted or got in a very serious condition because of this heat. And again, before the Olympic Games was held, we have been measuring the air temperature of Tokyo. And out of this research, we have been, once again, a warning the committee that Tokyo is not ideal place to have only games in mid-summer. The research we have conducted was to identify the air temperature and also the human comfort along the marathon course, which was planned to have in Tokyo, as you can see in this map. Well, actually, this marathon was moved to a different city up north of Japan, which is Sapporo. But first, the plan was to have this marathon in Tokyo in the mid-summer during the daytime. So we measured not only air temperature, but also humidity and also sun and also wind speed and wind direction, all of those microcommit along this proposed marathon course by having this kind of instruments. And as you can see, we have been measuring temperature, humidity, solar radiation, surface temperature, air speed and direction and so on. And then we put all of these data into the formula, which is Kodokonfa, which has been developed by Professor Robert Brown, who will be giving the talk during the panel discussion today. And we came up with the conclusion and how dangerous it will be to have the Olympic Games in the summer, especially the marathon. And this is the conclusion we reached. As you can see, if you'll be having this marathon in mid-summer and during the daytime in Tokyo, then the athletes, the runners will be in an extreme danger of heat stress. That was our conclusion. So we shared this data with committees and so on, and told them that this is impossible, we should not do this, and so on and on. But the interesting point of this outcome is that when you look at that this corner where the temperature, the number becomes the highest as a peak. This is in front of the Empire Palace, which means that runners will be going through this area, which you see is somehow covered by green or right next to a massive green of Empire Palace. But still, according to our research, our survey, we came up with the conclusion that this is the most dangerous part of the marathon. The marathon runners will be exposed to extremely high temperature and also is going to be very, very dangerous for them to run through this area. So, so why? So why so hot and uncomfortable in this area even though it's green? Well, of course, the surface temperature of greens are significantly lower than gray fabrics, as you can see here. When it comes to green patches in mid-summer, the surface temperature of greens will be something around 30 degrees Celsius to 35 or so. But when it comes to gray fabrics as buildings and roads and so on made by concrete and asphalt, the temperature will become easily over 40 degrees and sometimes it's going to be like 50 or 60 degrees as well. So, when you take a look at this reality, you might think that the green patches, the air in the green patches will be much, much cooler than the surrounding gray fabrics. And if this cool air will be spreading out into the gray fabrics, then these places might have some sort of function to cool down the city. You might think so. But the reality is, unfortunately, for example, like this one here, the cool air from green open space will be blocked by an aerial building surrounding these greens. So even though that the cool air will be coming from the greens, but that cool air will be blocked by the sort of the wall of the tall buildings. And if you want to guide those cool breeze cool air into the green, the green fabrics, then what you should do is to, for example, greening the rooftops of the building, as you can see on the left, or widening the streets and have the street trees along those roads. You can do this. Well, somehow you might be able to guide the cool air into gray fabrics. And also the other thing that has been discussed in Japan, or especially in Tokyo, is that because the cool breeze from ocean, you know, this is much cooler than the air in the gray fabrics. So there has been a plan to guide this cool breeze from ocean towards the city, like you can see here. And we have a bay Tokyo Bay down here, and the cool breeze from Tokyo Bay can be guided into the green grave fabrics, as you can see. And to achieve this, for example, which has been done for the Tokyo Central Station, which is sitting in the heart of Tokyo. There used to be a building like this in front of the Tokyo Station. Well, as you can see, there used to be a building like this in front of the station, and you see the station behind here. But what we have done was to turn down this building and made a twin tower in both sides, and we made it like this way so that the cool breeze will be going through the station towards the Empire Palace. And this kind of trial has also been taken in some parts of Japan, including some parts of Tokyo as well. But even though that we're trying to do these different kinds of a project, but I have to say that, well, unfortunately, cool air from green open space can reach only around 150 to 200 meters from the edge of the open spaces. And here this study has been conducted by my students and myself. And here we measured how their temperature along the streets from the greens will be changing. And as you can see from these graphs, up until 150 meters to 200 meters, somehow it's under the influence of this green patch. Beyond that, the temperature becomes stabilized, which means that you will be no longer enjoying the cool air, which will be flowing from the green patch. So even though that you have those huge greens in the center of the city like a center park of New York City, or a bank or tell in Bangkok, or in parapols in Tokyo, even though you have that kind of huge big patch of green. The places, the gray, the gray fabrics, which will be somehow in joining that kind of cool air will be limited only about 150 to 200 meters from the edge of those greens. So, I know that some of the Chinese cities are now planning to have like this, like a jungle city. And this is one of the illustration illustrated by Italian architect whose name is Stefano Borrelli. And if this is something that you can achieve, then maybe, yes, the whole city might become cooler by these greens. Yes, if this is possible, then that might be a wonderful story. I'm afraid that for many of the cities in the world, including Tokyo and New York City and also Bangkok as well, I'm afraid that making gray fabrics cooler by the greens may not be an easy task. And I'm afraid that many other cities in the world are in a kind of similar kind of situation. So, even though that, yes, well, this mitigation story sounds wonderful, but when it comes to the reality, well, this may not be what we can achieve in the future for most of the cities in the world. So if that is the case, why don't we move on to the second one to provide green cool spots to people to enjoy physically cooler environment. Well, when it, of course, you know, when it comes to downtown Tokyo, we do have parks and public open spaces developed on public lands. Yes, there are. Well, even though the number of the parks are pretty much limited and much much smaller than other European cities and American cities like London, Paris, New York City, so on and on our parks and public open spaces and that that enough. But still we do have some public parks and public open spaces in the downtown Tokyo, but at the same time with what characterizes the greens and downtown of Japan, Japanese cities are the green spots mostly developed by private sectors on lands owned by private sectors, which you can see on your right hand. So these are may not be, you know, huge green patches. Sometimes it's smaller than 1000 square meters or so on. But still, today, many of these skyscrapers in central business districts, they're having these green patches at the foot of those skyscrapers. And I will say that, yes, of these places will become a good, good cool spots for people who are working in these places were simply fitting to these places, especially during the mid hot summer days. And also, there has been some other new trials which has been happening in Japan, including the story of this model know g street park. Now this street, this street here, of course, this is a public street, which goes through the center of business district of Tokyo is when the street is called the model know g knock on dirty. And although this is a public street, and this is open to the public on a day to day basis, but but once in the year. The premise sector, the real estate company in this area, turns the street into something like a park. As you can see, the lawn will be the carpet of long will be there. And then you have benches and some trees abroad, and then you have street vendors and so on. And constantly will become something like a park. So that, once again, this is a, of course, it's a public road, but this kind of a new venture has been happening in many parts of Tokyo these days to increase greens green spots, which will become a sort of a cool spot for people who are working in those of us in these areas. Makoto five five minutes to go. Okay, got it. Oh, I should be quick then. Okay, I will do that. So that's that application, and I think that similar kind of occasion will be reported by my group purpose of our crime on T afterwards. But what we have been developing in this area is a sort of application to guide you to a green cool spots by shaded root, which means that you will be going to those places by the shaded route because we have the in the GIS database for topography and buildings and also we have a GS data for green cover. And also we have some measurement microclimate measurement systems, which covers the downtown area of Japan. So that by connecting all of these information, the application we have developed is that that will be telling you what will be the shortest route to achieve I'll go to the green spot your value, or what will be the most comfortable way to reach to the cool spot by going through the shaded route. So that this application will be telling you that you're here and the nearest green green oasis is here. And if you take the route nearest, then take the blue one, but if you want to take the maximum shaded route, then take the red one. So that kind of application has been being developed, and this application will be guiding you through this kind of place and take you to these green spots. Okay, so finally the third one, make people feel psychologically cooler. Well, in terms of this story, let's look back the history of Japan, and especially Tokyo, which was called Edo in future years. And it was a city where had, which had a very, very high population density, and the population density of Edo was about to fly to six times higher than today, when it comes to citizens neighborhood. And it was super crowded, but, and of course it was very hot in summer, but people somehow trying to make them themselves feel cooler by having various kinds of greens as you can see. And every summer, even today, these festivals are held so that people will be able to buy morning groceries or Chinese center fruit and hang it at their window or so to make them psychologically feel cool. And this is still happening in downtown Tokyo some places, where when it comes to this downtown area which you can see from the sky, as you can see there, it looks like there's no green at all but once you're in a neighborhood, this is what you find. And, of course, you know these greens will make you feel cooler, psychologically cooler. So now I'm going to be summarizing my presentation. So once again, cities in the world need to mitigate or adapt to the changes that will be waiting for us in the future, the simply the cities in the world will become hotter and hotter. And also, I have to say that cities in the world would become larger and larger simply because that urban population will be growing and growing in the future, especially when it comes to developing countries. And cities like Tokyo where the population is starting to decrease. Well, the urban fabrics or gray fabrics is expanding simply because that people are demanding more rooms and more spaces, so that even though the population is decreasing, the heat island is coming larger and larger. And this graph shows that how the temperature has been changing in the suburbs of Tokyo and this shows that while simply the heat island Tokyo is becoming larger due to the loss of greens in the suburbs. So if this is a reality, once again, number one, we may not be able to take this. And we certainly have to focus on two options number two and three. But these two and three, that means that when it comes to number two option, what we have to do is to renovate regulations to enhance joint ventures by public and private sectors to increase privately owned and owned, but publicly used green open spaces, as I showed you in the slide today. Or digital technologies, the applications on the cell phones will be developed to properly guide people to green spots. And this that kind of technologies, or the technology should be given to the citizens as well to guide those people. And when it comes to a third point, well, we have to regenerate traditional and vernacular knowledge to let fit into modern lifestyles and work styles. So as far as these will be something that we have to do as a conclusion. Oops, I will say that development, develop modern regulations and technologies by regenerating traditional and vernacular knowledge is will be something that we have to think about to make the city's cooler in our future. Well, thank you very much for your kind attention. This is it really. Thank you very much Makoto sorry to pressure you but it's okay. But I think everybody appreciates some very good comments in the chat. Everybody thinks your application is cool, which is the whole point right. There was one quick question on what has been the uptake I mean how many people have actually downloaded the application. Well, we are still in a kind of experiment phase and it has been about 2000 to 3000 people who downloaded this application is mostly people who are working in that center business district. But this is still in a sort of experimental phase and the full version will be a problem. I think we'll be achieving the full version in the next summer. Okay, thank you Makoto well let us know when it happens and so we can see if we can copy it into other cities. Oh sure definitely. There's no credit here so. Okay. Okay, thank you very much Makoto so now.