 A very good evening friends, I welcome you all to the Hindu Newspaper Analysis brought to you by the Shankara AIS Academy. Today's date is 28th October 2023. Before getting into discussion, I have an important announcement to make. We know that current affairs are playing key role in our UPSC preparation. It will be a constant companion in all the three stages of examination. So, to cover them holistically, Shankara AIS Academy has started Chakra Initiative. This initiative features 50 plus current affairs session, 9 total tests and 5 rapid revision sessions. This will cover the current affairs holistically for both preliminary and mains perspective. The first session starts from 1st November 2023. To get various other details about the program, I am attaching a link below. Can we go through the program and enrich your preparation. Displayed here are the news articles which we are going to discuss today. So, let us get into discussion. Look at this news article. Recently, there is an important issue going on between India and Qatar, which you will have seen in the newspapers. See, day before yesterday, a Qatari court awarded a death penalty to eight former Indian naval personnel. Know that these personnel are arrested by the Qatari Intelligence Agency in August 2022. But the charges against these eight individuals have not been disclosed by the Qatari government. But some sources are saying that they were arrested for espionage charges, that is, spying charges. Let us see a brief about this burning issue. See, all the eight sentences to Indians had previously worked for a private firm in Qatar. Know that this firm earlier provided logistics, training and maintenance services to the Qatari naval forces. In this juncture, in 2021, Qatar made a secretive deal with Italy to procure high-tech submarines. These Italian submarines are said to be coated with meta-materials. Actually, the specialty of these materials is that it makes the detection of these submarines very difficult. So, the news report says that these eight Indians were spying on the Qatar secretive program while working in a private firm. So, they were arrested last year and recently, they were awarded death penalty. In response to this sentence, many experts in India have said that India must pursue all efforts, including political appeals at the highest levels, to ensure that these naval veterans are brought back to India. This is all about this important issue. See, I have discussed this issue just for an understanding of a current geopolitical event. Now, let us have a discussion about some of the important points on India-Katar relationship from our exam perspective. First of all, the formal diplomatic relations between India and Qatar were established in 1973. Currently, both the countries are celebrating 50th year of diplomatic relationship. This relationship, which was started in 1973, grew well and now both the countries are having a strong and substantiative relationship. Moreover, understand that over 8 lakh Indian citizens are currently residing in Qatar and this makes the Indian community a large non-native community of Qatar. These Indians are doing various professions like medicine, engineering, education, finance, banking and sending an invaluable remittance back to our country. Know that in the financial year 2021, the inward remittances from Qatar were approximately 1200 million US dollars. With these basics about this relationship, let us see the various facets of India-Katar relationship. First of all, take economic relationship between India and Qatar. Guys, know that India's bilateral trade with Qatar stood at 18.77 billion dollars in 2022-23. In 2022, India was the second largest export destination of Qatar. See, know about the import basket of India. See, India is importing several crucial items from Qatar like liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, LPG, petrochemicals, plastics and aluminum articles. Note that Qatar is the largest supplier of LNG to India. It accounts for more than 48% of global LNG imports of India. Thus, Qatar playing a significant role in energy security of India. Now coming to India's export of Qatar. See, Qatar was the second largest export destination of India in 2022-23. The various key items of exports from India to Qatar includes cereals, copper, iron and steel, vegetable, fruits and spices, textiles, garments, precious stones and rubber. These are all about the economic relationship between India and Qatar. Let us take the second dimension that is defence relationship. Guys, know that defence cooperation is an important pillar of India-Katar relationship. See, India usually offers training to the defence personnel of several partner countries. Qatar is one among them countries where its defence personnel will receive training from Indian defence institutions. Apart from this, India also regularly participates in the Bayaniel-Doha International Maritime Defence Exhibition and Conferences that used to be held in Qatar. In this conference, both India and Qatar discuss important defence cooperation between them. In addition to this, Indian naval forces and coast guards regularly conducts bilateral cooperation and interaction agreement with Qatar for an enhanced surveillance. This is all about the defence relationship between India and Qatar. Now, finally let us see about the cultural cooperation between the countries. As I already told you, Indians are the largest non-native community in Qatar, so naturally cultural ties between India and Qatar will be deep-rooted. In 2012, Indian Qatar signed Agreement on Cultural Cooperation. Under the provisions of this agreement, both the countries are involved in regular cultural exchanges. Note that the year 2019 was celebrated as the Indian Qatar Year of Culture. During this year, various celebrations like over 45 cultural events, including exhibitions, fashion shows, art display, dance performance, musical concerts, were organized in Qatar by the Indian Embassy. This is all about the various facets of relationship between India and Qatar. In this analysis, we saw about the burning current affairs issue going on between India and Qatar. Then we saw the various facets of cooperation between India and Qatar. Now, having completed this discussion, let us take up the next news article for discussion. Look at this article. Recently, you would have heard that Union Government has proposed three new bills. These bills will replace the age-old Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and Indian Evidence Act. The new bills are called Bharatiya Nyaya Sanjita or BNS, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanjita or BNS, and Bharatiya Shakshya or BS respectively. Note that these three new bills are now currently under the review of Parliamentary Standing Committee. Recently, there was a contention among opposition parties. They accused that sufficient time was not given to review the provisions of the bill. So, the panel's chairman has extended the time limit to review the provisions of the bill. This is all about the news article. In our discussion, we will look at the changes which are brought about by the new bills. First, let us see the changes brought about by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanjita or BNS. Note that this is going to replace the Indian Penal Code or IPC. Now, we are going to see the changes under various sub-riddings, so that you can use them effectively in your answer. The first important issue is sedition. As you all know that sedition was brought under the British period in 1870. Even though it was brought under the British period, it got continued even after independence. Let us see the definition of sedition. As per the section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, it defines sedition as an act that brings or attempts to bring hatred or contempt or disaffection towards the government. According to IPC, sedition is punishable with imprisonment up to three years or life imprisonment. See, the sedition was often criticized by the civil society due to many unnecessary cases which were filed by various governments. So, to overcome this lacune, BNS bill removes this provision altogether. Instead of sedition, the bill introduces new offenses such as attempting to excite cessation, armed rebellion or subversive activities. The second offense is encouraging feelings of separatist activities. Thirdly, endangering the sovereignty or unity and integrity of India. See, these three new offenses will be replacing sedition. These offenses will be punishable with imprisonment up to seven years or life imprisonment. Let us see the second subverting. The second issue is regarding terrorism. Know that for the first time, BNS bill introduces a comprehensive definition of terrorism. It defines a terrorist as an individual who commits acts within India or abroad that are threatening the national unity, integrity, security of India. Terrorism is also an act which intimidate the public or disturb public order. The third change is regarding the defamation. The BNS bill redefines the offenses of defamation and it also alters the penalties for it. Under the BNS bill, defamation will be punished by an imprisonment up to two years or community services. The next change is about organized crime. The BNS bill tries to give a proper definition of organized crime. Moreover, attempting or committing organized crime will be punishable with death sentence or life imprisonment if the offenses result in the death of a person and it will lead to imprisonment of five years in any other cases. The fifth change is about an important issue of mob lynching. For the first time, capital punishment has been introduced for an offense of mob lynching. In addition to this, the mob lynching is also made punishable with seven years of imprisonment or life imprisonment. The next change is regarding the punishment for rape. IPC allows death penalty for gang rape of a woman below 12 years. This bill allows a death penalty for a gang rape of a woman below 18 years of age. Thus, it increases the age by six years. Finally, the BNS has also incorporated Supreme Court's ruling in Joseph Schein v. Union of India and Navdej Singh's Joker v. Union of India. Thus, it excludes any punishment for unnatural sexual offenses against men. That is section 377 and it altogether omitted the provisions of adult tree. That is section 497. Now, we saw about some important changes which will be brought about by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanjitha or BNS bill. Now, let us take the second bill that is Bharatiya Nagrik Swarkshya Sanjitha, BNSS. Know that this bill will replace the Criminal Procedure Code or CRPC. Let us see the provisions of the bill. The first change is about the mandatory registration of cognizable offenses. That is, this bill has an explicit provision stating that the cognizable offenses must be registered in any police station, regardless of the place where the crime has been committed. That is, this bill aims to reduce the plight of the people in filing the FIR. The next important change is regarding handcuffing. The BNSS follows for handcuffing of a person who are accused of serious offenses like terrorist attack, murder, rape or acid attack. It also has a provision stating that the arrested individual should not be subjected to greater restraint than what is necessary to prevent their escape. That is, the police official must only handcuff the accused person, only if there is a chance of escape. The third important point is regarding the forensics. The new code mandates the presence of a forensic expert at the crime scene and the collection of evidence. See, this guy has got mandatory for offenses which can attract sentences exceeding 7 years. So, this will ensure the timely collection of evidence. The fourth one is regarding the use of audiovisual media to record the investigation. See, the BNSS promotes the utilization of audiovisual modes to record different stages of investigations, including search procedures. This is getting aligned with the Supreme Court directive in the case of Safi Muhammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh. See, the last one is regarding the police custody. The CRPC places a limit of 15 days on police custody. The BNSS removes this limitation. According to BNSS, if the police discover additional evidence during the investigation, then the 15-day limit can be extended. This decision regarding the extension must be taken by the judiciary. See, these are all some of the major changes brought about by the BNSS bill. Finally, let us see the changes brought about by Bharati Shaksha or BS bill. Know that this bill aims to replace the Indian Evidence Act. Let us see the changes. The first change is regarding the admissibility of electronic or digital records as an evidence. The BS bill provides that electronic or digital records will have the same legal effect as the paper records. This bill also adds that any information given electronically can also be considered as an oral evidence. Then, the BS bill also made changes regarding the secondary evidence. Here, what do you mean by secondary evidence? Here, secondary evidence can include copies, duplicates or any other form of evidence that is not the original document or object. Know that according to the bill, secondary evidence may be required if the genuineness of the original document itself in question. See, these are some of the major changes brought about by the BS bill. In this discussion, we saw about the comprehensive changes brought about in the criminal justice system of India. These will be very important from our example perspective once they have made us in law. So, keep revising these notes for better conceptual clarity. With this, we can finish this topic and take the next one for discussion. Look at this news article. Yesterday, the enforcement directorate ED has arrested West Bengal minister related to a case. This case is related to the irregularities in the public distribution system or PDS of a state. This is the crux of the article. So, in this news article discussion, let us quickly go through the enforcement directorate, the basics and some of the functions of the ED. First of all, enforcement directorate or directorate of enforcement is a specialized financial investigation agency under the Department of Revenue Ministry of Finance. Know that the ED enforces two important acts. They are Foreign Exchange Management Act or FEMA Act of 1999 and Prevention of Moneylandering Act or PMLA of 2002. Let us see the nuances of the act to understand the concept better. Firstly, Foreign Exchange Management Act or FEMA is a civil law. It provides quasi-judicial powers to the enforcement directorate. This act impoverishes the officers to conduct investigation into the suspected violations of foreign exchange laws and regulations. Know that ED also gives power to adjudicate them and imposes penalties. Let us see the second one. The second act is Prevention of Moneylandering Act. Know that this act is a criminal act. It impoverishes the officers to conduct investigation and trace the assets. Know that these assets were derived out of the proceeds of the crime. Moreover, it impoverishes the ED to provisionally attach or confiscate that assets. Know that this act authorizes the ED to arrest and prosecute the offenders who are found to be involved in money laundering. See, these are all the basics of ED. Now, let us see the main functions of ED. The first function, as we saw already, their function is to investigate the various contraventions of the FEMA Act. Know that these contraventions will be dealt by a designated officer or authority of the enforcement directorate. Moreover, the penalties up to three times the sum which was yet involved in that case will be imposed on such contraventions. Second function is to investigate the offenses of money laundering under PMLA. In such cases, ED will take actions like attachment and confiscation of the properties. This usually not happens in every case. This will happen in some cases. Know that this will happen only when the said property is obtained by the proceeds of the crime, which is directly derived from the scheduled offenses of the PMLA Act. For your understanding, know that there are 156 offenses under 28 statutes which are scheduled offenses under this act. Moreover, it will prosecute the persons involved in the offenses of money laundering. The next function is processing the cases of fugitives from India under Fugitive Economic Affundice Act 2018. Know that the objective of the act is to provide deterrence to fugitive economic offenders from evading the process of law from India. See, fugitives usually evade the Indian jurisdiction by staying outside the jurisdiction of Indian courts. Overall, this helps to preserve the sanctity of rule of law of India. Fourth function, it gives cooperation to the agencies of the foreign countries in matters related to money laundering or fugitive offenders. It also seeks cooperation from other agencies in such matters. These are all the various functions of enforcement directorates. In our analysis, we saw about the structure of enforcement directorates, the various acts enforced by it, and we also saw about the functions of enforcement directorates. So, with these learned points, let us quickly take up the next article for discussion. Take a look at this editorial article. This editorial article talks about two important phenomenons which are the order of today's world. Firstly, it talks about the ongoing crisis in the world. Secondly, it highlights the need for a formation of global community of shared future. Further, the author points out that the primary factors that are required to achieve the formation of a global community vision are open economic globalization, peaceful development, fostering new international relations, practicing true multilateralism, and promoting the common values of peace and security. According to this article, China and India are ideal counterparts in achieving this vision. With their significant population, both China and India can work together to show the global South's commitment in creating a prosperous and peaceful world. This is the summary of the news article. Now, as usual, let us try to understand this topic using our main question. Let us see the question. The question is, despite differences at various level, India and China relations are critical to realize an Asian century. In the light of this statement, analyze the various issues in the India-China relations and the benefits of working together. This question was asked for 15 marks and the world limit given is 250. Now, this question can ask within a GS paper too under the syllabus of India and its neighborhood relations. Let us answer this question. This question is a very straightforward question. The question starts by quoting a statement. Despite differences at various level, India-China relations are critical to realize the Asian century. So, in the introduction, you have to substantiate the statement by giving some facts. For example, you can start by explaining what is Asian century? See, the Asian century is the projected dominance of Asian politics, its culture, its economics in the whole of 21st century. The idea is, Asia will define the or redefine the 21st century international order similar to how US defined in 20th century and Europe did in 19th century. The only way to attain the Asian century is to emphasize on unity and developing a progressive relationship between India and China. Know that China and India represent 40% of the world population and they are at the center of growth of Asia. Thus, the relationship between them is paramount to realize the vision of Asian century. In this way, you can write the introduction. Moving on, to write the main body of the answer, you can split the question into two parts. In the first part, you can write some important issues and challenges in the Indo-China relations. And in the second part, you can list some of the advantages of them working together. Now, let us see the issues. The first issue is with territorial disputes. See, both the countries share a 3500 kilometer international border. So, naturally, they would have shared the common cultural and religious heritage. However, there are various border disputes, particularly in the regions of Akshay Chin and Arunachal Pradesh have been prevailing between them. These issues have led to the periodical military standoffs and tensions which are revolving around them. So, resolving these disputes remains a significant challenge in the Indo-China relationship. Second issue is with economic competition. See, both the countries are major players in global economy and their economic interests often compete with each other, especially in the sectors like technology, trade and investment. Know that there is also a growing power gap between China and India. In 2022, China's GDP was 18 trillion dollars while India was nearly 4 trillion dollars. So, China's economy is five times larger than India. The third issue is security concerns. Know that India and China have different security priorities and alliances which led to a strategic competition and mistrust among them. Chinese policies like Sting of Poles, CPC Corridor and other parts of China and Belt and Road initiatives is seen as a threat to India's national security. India has also raised the voice for the illegal encroachment of China in the South China Sea. Fourthly, there are political differences between India and China. Both of the countries are different in their political systems, values, ideologies. This can also hinder the cooperation between them on various issues, particularly India is against the depth-trapped diplomacy of China. Finally, there are various partnerships with each other's enemy nations. For example, India's active participation in the Quad is seen as a direct threat by Chinese authorities. Finally, there exists a water dispute between the two countries. Currently, both of them do not have a water sharing agreement. So, the construction of various dams along the Brahmaputra on the Chinese side has become a repeated cause of concern for India. Guys, you can write this point in issues or challenges in India-China relationship. With this, we have completed the first part of our body. Now, let us move on to the second part of body. Here, you have to write about the benefits of both the countries working together. Firstly, you can write about the economic opportunities. See, both India and China are fast-going economies. While China has the largest economy in Asia with a nominal GDP of 20,000 billion dollars in 2023, India has the second largest in Asia with a GDP of 272 lakh crores. So, if they unite together, there will be a synergy with huge economic opportunities and it will ultimately millions of people out of poverty. The second benefit is reaping the demographic dividend. See, recently a Pew survey estimates that current median Indian age is 28 as compared to China's 39. It is suggesting that India will continue to enjoy the demographic advantage up to the end of this century. So, if the technology from China and human resource from India, if they got united together, they will definitely reap the combined demographic dividend and the pay of the way for Asian century. Thirdly, engagement in investments. See, India and China relations has not reached full potential due to the lack of bilateral investments. But China can provide market for India to invest in its pharmaceutical industries, agricultural industries, software industries. India has a market for China for its technological industries. Apart from this, the credit-giving institutions like NDB or New Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and ADB would fail without the active cooperation between New Delhi and Beijing. Fourthly, success of new organizations like Shanghai Cooperation Organization and economic deals like Trans-Pacific Partnership and RCEP are indicator of Asia emerging as a center of geopolitics and geoeconomics. These platforms as a center of Asian century would be successful only when the two great engines of Asia that is India and China work together. Fifthly, Asian century cannot be realized under the threat of terrorism. See, terrorism has impacted regional structures in South Asia in a negative way. So, it is very important for these countries to stand together against the terrorism to promote stability in the region. Regional stability would ensure mutual growth. You can write these points in the second part of your answer. Moving on to the conclusion part, in conclusion, you can write like this. India and China share a complex relationship with numerous challenges between them. But they also have a lot to gain from working together. Their cooperation is critical not only for regional stability but also for shaping and reshaping the future of Asia and addressing the pressing challenges of global order. So, finding common ground and mutually beneficial solutions to their differences is very essential for releasing the potential of the Asian century. This is how you can finish your answer. That's all about this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about what is Asian century and the benefits of India and China working together. That's all about this discussion. Now, let us take the next news article for discussion. Look at this news article. Yesterday, our President, Draupadi Murmur, presided over the eighth convocation of Indian Maritime University, IMU Chennai. In her address, the President called for operational efficiency of Indian ports. She said that Indian maritime sector, particularly the ports, are facing infrastructural and operational challenges. The President called for addressing these issues in a time-bound manner. See, this is the crux of the article. So, in our discussion, let us understand some points about the Indian ports. Know that India has nine coastal states. They are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Antapratish, Odisha and West Bengal. Each of these states have numerous seaports. In India, the seaports are classified into three types, namely major ports, intermediate ports and minor ports. See, if you take major ports, there are 12 major ports in this country. Now, look at the map here. The 12 major ports and their respective locations are displayed in this map. If you look carefully, Tamil Nadu has three major ports, namely Chennai port, Ennur port and Tutukarin port. So, Tamil Nadu has the largest number of major ports in India. Then, Maharashtra has two major ports, namely Mumbai port and JNPT. Now, let us see the other major ports according to their geographic location. Let us see the ports in the Arabian Sea. They are Kandla port of Gujarat, Marmugawa port of Goa, New Mangalore port of Karnataka, Kochin port of Kerala. Let us see the ports in the Bay of Bengal section. They are Vizagapatnam port of Andhra Pradesh, Paradeep port of Odisha, and finally, Kolkata port of West Bengal. Now, having seen all the major ports of India, let us see some important facts about the major ports. See, in West Bengal, there is also another major port named Haldia port. But, Kolkata port and Haldia port together referred as the single major port and called by single name Kolkata port. Note that, in earlier in 2010, port blares located in Andaman and Nicobar were also notified as a major port. But, later it got removed from the list due to less container traffic. So, 13 minus 1. As of now, there are 12 major ports in this country. Note that, the major ports of India are administered by Union Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. Moreover, India has also constituted Indian Ports Association IPA in 1966 under the Societies Registration Act. This association is responsible for fostering growth and development of all major ports across the country. Guys, this is all about the major ports of India. Now, let us come to intermediate and minor ports. There are more than 200 intermediate ports and minor ports operating in 9 coastal states of India. See, these ports are administered by the respective ministries of the state government. See, that's all about this news discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the 12 major ports of India, their distribution and the various facts of major ports which are very related to our examination. With this learned points, let us move to the next article for discussion. Look at this news article. Yesterday, our Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the 7th India Mobile Congress at Delhi. In his address, he hailed the Telecom operators of India for spreading 5G revolution in the Indian cities. The PM noted that over 80 percentage of India's urban population now having access to high-speed 5G technology. He also said that India is moving towards becoming a leader in the field of 6G technology. This is the crux of the article. In this discussion, let us understand some points about 5G technology. First of all, let us see about 5G. 5G stands for 5th generation mobile network. 5G is the next generation cellular technology that provides faster and more reliable communication with ultra low latency. In this juncture, let us see what is latency. Latency is the time delay between a user's action and a web publication response to that particular action. Let us simplify this with an example. Let us say you are searching for UPSC notification in the Chrome browser from your phone. And let us assume that it is taking around 10 seconds to display the relevant web stage. This 10 second is what is termed as latency. So to put it simply, latency is the total time period that system takes to give your required output. Generally, load latency is preferred because it will give you the output very faster. Okay, now coming back to our discussion. 5G offers ultra low latency network. It provides faster communication. Sources are saying that 5G network is able to provide a peak data speed in the range of 2 to 20 GB per second. Note that the peak network data speed of 4G is in the range of 6 to 7 Mbps. So the speed of 5G will be at least 900% faster than the maximum 4G speed. Now let us come into the benefits of 5G technology. Firstly, 5G technology will help the mobile user to download the very heavy data content such as HD videos, movies, games in a few seconds. Secondly, 5G technology will also reduce the power consumption of mobile phones by about 90%. Note that mostly our phone consumes huge power due to fluctuations and low speed in the networks. As 5G is providing a network with ultra low latency, it will help us to save power consumption in phones. Thirdly, with high speed communication, 5G will revolutionize the emerging technologies such as Internet of Things, machine learning, machine to machine communication, etc. This in turn will support a wide variety of applications and services such as daily surgery, driverless vehicles and real-time data analytics. Fourthly, 5G technology will boost the use of sensor technology on forming. With the help of 5G technology, we will be able to connect and monitor a large number of sensors in forming lens. It will in turn speed up the monitoring of soil moisture. Thus it will lead to the improvement of crop yields while using less water. These are all some of the benefits of 5G technology. So in our discussion, we saw about the basic futures of 5G technology like latency, etc. On continuing our discussion, we saw about the various benefits of 5G technology. That's all about the news discussion. With this, let us move on to the next part of our video that is preliminary practice questions. Today, we are having four preliminary questions. Let us solve it one by one. See the first question. The question is, consider the following countries. Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen, Qatar, Iran. How many of the above mentioned countries share border with the Persian Gulf? See, eight countries share border with the Persian Gulf. They include Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman and Iran. So, of the five countries which are given, only Yemen does not share border with the Persian Gulf. So, the correct option is option C. See the second question. Consider the following statements with reference to the enforcement directorate. The first statement, it is mandated with the task of enforcing the provisions of FEMA and PMLA Act. See, from our discussion, we can easily say that the statement one is correct. See the second statement. It is a statutory body. See, the statement second is incorrect because ED is not a statutory body. It is an agency under Ministry of Finance. See the third statement. Like CVI, ED can also register a case on its own. Statement three is incorrect. ED cannot register a case on its own. It is required by the agencies such as CVI or state police to register a case. Based on that, only ED will come into picture. So, the first statement alone is correct. Second and third statements are incorrect. So, the correct option is option A. Let us see the third question. Which of the following options best to describe the main objective of Sagarmala program? See, out of the four options given, let us see the third option. The third option is it is a flagship scheme that aims to promote a poor led development in India and thereby reducing the logistical cost. See, this statement is correct because Sagarmala is a flagship programming of the Ministry of Shipping with the objective which is given in this question. So, the correct statement is option C. Let us see the final question of the day. The question is how many of the following are the benefits of using 5G technology? The first benefit is ultra low latency. Second is real time data analytics. Third is power efficiency in smart devices. See, all of the given options are the benefits of 5G technology. So, the correct option is option C. See, the main question based on today's discussion is listed here. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding the UPC preparation, subscribe to Shankar IS Academy. Thank you for listening. Thank you.