 Despite remarkable progress against polio in Nigeria, two cases were reported in August 2016, ending a two-year streak without cases. Our study found that geographical disparities in child vaccination against polio exist in Nigeria, with a higher risk of spread and exportation to neighboring states and countries. Only one-third of children had received all recommended doses, and non-vaccinated children were more likely to have an uneducated mother, live in poorer households, and reside in neighborhoods with high maternal illiteracy rates.