 Well my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic in hand is machine tools during industrial revolution. Dear students, as a matter of fact, a machine tool is a machine tool for handling rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing or other forms of deformation. Dear students, machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. Moreover, my dear students, all machine tools have some means of constraining the workpiece and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine in the manufacturing process. My dear students, thus the relative movement between the workpiece and the cutting tool is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent rather than being entirely offhand or freehand. Furthermore, I would like to tell you that machine tools are power driven metal cutting machines which assist in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material. My dear students, let's discuss the precise definition of the term machine tool. The precise definition of the term machine tool varies among users. While all machine tools are machines that help people to make things, not all factory machines are machine tools. My dear students, today machine tools are typically powered other than by human muscles. For example, electrically, vertically or wire line shaft. All these are made to use manufacturing parts in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation. Now let's move on to discuss with Prussian that with their inherent prussian machine tools enabled the economical production of interchangeable parts. Dear students, machine tools are very important tools and their invention has played a very important role in cutting, shaping and fabrication. These tools have helped people to invent bigger machines. My dear students, many historians of technology considered that true machine tools were born when the tool path first became guided by the machine itself. In some ways, at least to some extent so that direct freehand human guidance of the tool path was no longer the only guidance used in. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.