 Rhaid o'r unig yw Nick Evans, rhai o'r unig ym Mhwysliad Ysbytyd yng nghymru yn Ysbytyd. Rhaid o'r unig yw Agnieszka Energiog, ac rhaid o'r unig ym Mhwysliad Ysbytyd yn Ysbytyd. Rhaid o'r unig yw'r ysbyt yw ddweud yn rhoi'r ysbyt yw'r syniadau cyfnodol yn rhywbethau cyd-fantydig ac yw'r ysbyt yw ddweud ym mhwyaf i'ch cyfnod o'r banyddol ar hyn o'r hyn o'r bwysiad ymlaen. Actually have ref otro ultima of the fact, because there are more martyrdom (# get more time in Hospital One-er.) Populations are increasing in their average ages. It means that fractures are more likely. In many cases bone fractures will fail to heal sufficiently or within a shorting of timeframe, so there hypothesis aimed to increase the speed of bone fracture healing are really important. We've been trying to do this by using stem cells and by trying to stimulate them with the WINT signaling pathway ages. So skeletal stem cells Ond, mae'r risau i ddweud yn hollu'r teimlo'r rhai yn cymorth. Yn y rhai yn cyfnod, mae'r risau i ddweud yng Nghylch yn rhai yn ôl iawn i'r tyffano ar gyfer ffractiwr, sy'n ystafell i'r ffractiwr gwych yn ffractiwr. Ond, mae'r risau i ddweud hynny, ychydig i ddweud yng Nghymru, mae'r risau i ddweud yng nghymru gwyllt. Mae'r risau i gynedig, mae'r risau i'r rhai. Mae'n ddweud o'r risau i ddweud yn gwyllt. As I said, there's lots of stem cells present in the bone and it's thought that it may regulate the proliferation of these cells or their differentiation and we thought that perhaps it was the timing so the stage at which a stem cell or an osteoblast receive a wind signal which is very important in how that particular cell responds to it. And obviously that's important therapeutically because if you want to use wind stimulation to try and improve bone fracture healing you have to know at what time to deliver it. So we work with the hypothesis that early transient stimulation of uncommitted cells could increase their proliferation and lead to their subsequent osteoblastic differentiation whereas inappropriate stimulation could actually inhibit that process. So we've characterized bone marrow cell populations by facts and we've also measured the intrinsic marker, wind signal marker levels in these populations after wind stimulation and without it. And what we've noticed is that skeletal stem cells have intrinsically elevated levels of wind signalling and the cells are also responsive to wind stimulation. With the use of facts and also colony forming assays we've noticed that this transient stimulation of bone marrow isolates increased the population of skeletal stem cells and osteoprogenitors. With the use of QPCR and also measurement of protein expression characteristic for bone as well as calcium deposition we've noticed that this transient wind stimulation increased osteogenic differentiation of our stem and progenitor cells were surprisingly prolonged over stimulation abrogated this effect and osteogenic differentiation was inhibited. So in summary we've seen that this transient wind stimulation increased the number of osteoprogenitors and increased their differentiation towards bone whereas prolonged over stimulation of the pathway inhibited this osteodifferentiation. So based on our findings it's very important clearly that the timing and site of activation is really important in having a good outcome in terms of what bone stem cells and osteoblasts do. So we think that future therapies that work by agonising wind signalling will have to function in the correct spatiotemporal manner. For instance there are lots of monoclonal antibodies being developed which agonise wind signalling which have had good effects in osteoporosis but have yet to have been shown to have efficacy in bone fracture healing. So we think that approaches where you deliver compounds which elevate wind signalling will have to take into account that context. Bone fracture healing is a very complex series of overlapping events in appropriate wind stimulation at the wrong stage of fracture healing could have negative effects on fracture healing. So we think that a better understanding of when you stimulate wind signalling during fracture healing is very important for the development of these drugs which eventually we hope to use in people in the clinic.