 Having discussed the goal congruent emotions that was happiness, love and pride, today we are going to talk about the goal incongruent emotions. So, in the beginning know we did talk about the fact that goal congruent emotions primarily consists of the positive emotions whereas, the goal incongruent emotions they are negative in their orientation. And once again we will find here that the goal and the ego involvement these two things would again play an important role. For the first three emotions that is happiness, love and pride we did find that know the relevance of the goal, the congruence of the goal. These two were important denominators and the third important denominator was involvement of the individual in the whole process. And these three things played important role in terms of appraisal of those specific emotions. So, anger, anxiety, guilt, shame, sadness, envy, jealousy and disgust. So, there is a long list of incongruent emotions and one by one we would discuss know all of them with respect to the appraisal process. And we would be primarily concentrating on the primary and the secondary appraisal criterias. So, we first come to the appraisal of anger as you can once again make out that the primary appraisal criteria will always talk about the relevance of the goal, second congruence of the goal and third would be the ego involvement. So, if there is a goal relevance then emotions know any possible emotion can be seen that includes anger also. If there is a goal incongruence then you find that only negative emotions are possible. So, this is now the first difference that we are finding with respect to the congruent and the goal incongruent emotions. And if the type of ego involvement engaged is to preserve or enhance the self or social esteem aspect of one's ego identity then the emotion possibilities include anger, anxiety and pride. Now, you see with respect to the ego involvement once again we had similar type of definition when we were talking about the appraisal of pride. So, the self esteem and the social esteem both plays important role and therefore, there is a possibility that if you are looking with respect to the self and the social esteem then there is a possibility of praising the experience as anger, as anxiety or it could even be pride. So, there is still you know goal congruence incongruence still remains there and therefore, secondary appraisal becomes important in case of anxiety. The secondary appraisal components would be that if there is blame which derives from the knowledge that someone is accountable for the harmful action and they could have been controlled then anger occurs. And very interestingly there is now an interesting proposition in psychology it is called a frustration aggression hypothesis that the very fact that you realize that harm has been caused or there is a threat of harm and then you realize that you know you are losing control over it. So, that could know instigate due sense of frustration in you which in turn will lead to anger. So, if the blame is to another the anger is directed externally and if to oneself then the direction of the anger is inward. So, basically the distinction in terms of anger anxiety and pride comes from the secondary appraisal component where you find that there is a harmful situation and this situation there could have been a possibility of manipulation wherein you could have got control over it. Your inability to control the situation might trigger anger within you and anger in after such type of secondary appraisal could be externally focused wherein you find the object of harm outside you and you therefore, your action is directed towards that individual or there could be a situation where you blame yourself for the inaction and then the anger would be directed towards the self. We are not going to that very issue, but again in psychology you will find a good amount of literature on self harming behavior of an individual which is primarily designed to harm oneself and there is again a range of all these actions. Right now we are not going to touch that issue, but I thought I will just mention that. The next secondary appraisal component, if coping potential favors attack as viable then anger is facilitated. Now, look at how the appraisal is taking place. So, if coping potential favors attack you realize that attack on the source of harm could pacify that unrest within you. So, there is a weighing mechanism now you weigh the option that if I attack the external source I can still get partial or full control over the situation I might get a possibility of further manipulating it and making it in my favor or giving it the shape of my choice then anger gets facilitated. If future expectancy is positive about the environment response to attack then again anger is facilitated means if you realize that in the future you expect you visualize you are able to you are hypothesizing that your environment would also appreciate this action on your part then your anger further gets facilitated. You could look at the anger expression of an individual in one to one setup and even people who have done a great degree of harm in terms of their aggression act aggressive act at a larger scale where a large number of people have become the victim. There also you realize that one the coping mechanism so you realize that you attacking the source of harm helps you pacify your anger and two you realize that even your environment appreciates you right now and later on when they will know once again revisit this whole episode they will further know applause that fine you are great that you did so. There are many such you know descriptions in the history of mankind where you would realize that people decide for a revengeful act and the whole of revenge primarily also has this element that when people of my caste my religion my state my nation or in smaller sections it would be my group if you know they revisit the whole process they will further admire me very good you could know had the courage of doing it otherwise know we were humiliated like anything last time. So if you look at the origin of the second world war you again you can in correlate it to this type of interpretation I am sure you know usually in boys when somewhere around class 7th 8th when there is a tendency of peer group formation 4 5 6 students know they will form small groups when we will come to aggression at that time also we will refer to such processes that in early adolescent stage this is one of the characteristics of adolescence that you tend to form peer groups and these groups usually their sizes are know not more than 6 the reason being that the moment the size goes beyond this the loyalty of the members towards the group decreases therefore you realize that know in schools the gangs are of very small sizes 4 5 6 but there is great degree of loyalty towards the group and there are also chances where you engage in some type of an aggressive retaliation with the other group because you want to prove your superiority many such cases but that we would know once again touch when we come to aggression because right now we are only interested in looking at a pressure of emotions and we are trying to finally relate in emotion to adjustment little later we will relate emotion to health physical and psychological both that is the primary emphasis here but once again just after this module we will come to aggression and there we would once again touch upon all these issues that would also be the time when if you are interested we will have our first self-assessment session where you will assess your own anger how angry you are how do you reflect your anger and what how do you express it so this whole thing so this is all about anger anger very interestingly it plays know certain interesting role in terms of our adjustment some form of anger because know it does if you look at the secondary appraisal process is does say that if you are expecting that in future your own environment would appreciate your action then your anger is further fueled internally if you realize that your aggressive retaliation pacifies that sense of unrest within you then you feel know showing your anger this means that anger from these two points of view it does help you adjust little better and usually society the part of the society which is at unrest would usually admire aggressive behavior compared to society which has attained certain degree of stability and hence peace and tranquility is promoted there that unevenness you would find in many countries there could be cases of say economic disparities say if you are an adolescent who is living in family where the neighborhood know is also say business class service class so they have certain engagements in this world they also have certain income that is generated out of that engagement and there is know certain peaceful trajectory on which these families move and you realize that your people in your environment they also move in the same fashion and therefore greater and greater degree of non aggressive behavior is anticipated in that type of situation where you realize that there is no point you and me struggling against each other we might be know competing against each other but that know competition is a healthy competition say for example if you and the other friend in your own wing if both of you are competing for a good grade there is no harm in competing against each other because you are not this competition is not know flavored with that aggressive act but if you involve in other type of activities say if you decide to harm your friend in all possible manners so that he or she is know deviated from the focus on the studies then this becomes a cause of concern but if you look at say children of your own age group who are growing up in the slump for example where you need to struggle very hard to earn minimal so there is a disproportionate know response that you get out of your entire effort effort might be more return might be less and there you realize that there is far more know aggressive type of behavior that is shown by large number of people because you know that the resources are limited and there is also a possibility of grabbing a higher chunk to grab higher chunk you become more aggressive and the more aggressive you are you realize that people start surrendering to you and therefore the secondary derivative becomes little higher so these are interesting interpretations in case of appraisal of anger but it does help know in terms of striking certain degree of balance both within the individual and it also know facilitates the balance in the environment where people would either maintain a distance from you or they would know not encounter you on certain issues they would know try to check you those who are very closer to you on certain accounts so it gets know involved in the whole process of adjustment then we come to another important goal incongruent emotion that is fright once again if there is a goal relevance then fright can come forward if there is goal incongruence which is a threat to bodily integrity by a sudden concrete harm then only negative emotions are possible which also includes fright and ego involvement is typically not relevant for the generation of fright so basically it is a sudden threat that you consider that exists in your environment that could be harmful for your own existence you could know have some mutilation to your body part and therefore you realize that there is a possibility of absconding from such type of situation secondary appraisal no secondary appraisal components are essential blame is irrelevant coping potential is uncertain and therefore even future expectancy is no not visualize so all you decide is that this could be dangerous situation and therefore run away from this situation escape this situation because the threat that you perceive is much higher again if you perceive that the threat is higher and then you decide to run away it facilitates your adjustment now we come to anxiety if there is goal relevance of course no there are multiple possibilities including anxiety if there is goal incongruence then no only negative emotions are possible which includes anxiety and if the type of ego involvement is put is now protection of personal meaning or ego identity against existential threat then emotion possibilities they gradually narrow down to anxiety now goal relevance goal incongruence common no across these negative emotions but when it comes to ego involvement you feel protecting no yourself against personal meaning that you attach to something or your ego identity again certain existential threat means you as Mr. X or Miss X realizes that the way people view me the way people perceive me that is under threat and then this can lead to greater source of anxiety. That example to court but let me do that say everybody knows that you are in your third or fourth year of your BTEC program at IIT Kanpur there is certain degree of ego involvement in this you return back home no family takes pride in declaring all right now he is in the third year fourth year just few semesters and done your neighbors look at you with certain sense of dignity you take pride in this till now it was all good now I am adding a bad flavor to it suddenly you realize no that you have been put under the warning category deficiency in the grades put under the warning condition and subsequent semester you are given a termination letter there is a great threat to your existence in a sense that your ego involvement tell you that find my ego identity is under great danger how will I face my parents how will I face my neighbors till now I was taking pride in what I was and suddenly you tell me you are flushed out of the system such type of situations therefore it will generate huge amount of anxiety within you because you realize that your status in your environment suddenly is at a state. So, when we say that your it creates an existential threat to your identity this is what it means again no secondary appraisal components are essential blame or coping future expectancy all these are no uncertain all you primarily focus upon is your ego involvement the fact that your ego identity is under threat and you have to safeguard it you do not know it is uncertain whether you would finally be able to successfully accomplish it or not and that is the source of anxiety now we come to the appraisal of guilt again goal relevance no can induce multiple emotions which includes guilt also and goal incongruence can lead to negative emotion including guilt again we come to the ego involvement if the type of ego involvement is to manage a moral transgression then emotion possibility is narrow to anger anxiety guilt or disgust. So, you have four options you remember the first option we discussed where we had two negative and one positive emotion there no pride was there here ego involvements gives you four possibilities but all four are negative because you realize that your involvement of your ego in the process demands that there is a possibility of a moral transgression moral transgression would be that there is a line that you have drawn that this is the final line nobody should cross it and if you happen to cross this line then this behavior is not justified and you realize that this very act is about to cross this line no so that is the transgression of the moral line that you have drawn. If you realize that your behavior is finally leading towards transgression of the line violating that ethical line that you yourself have drawn there could be a possibility of anger why am I doing that anxiety I do not know what would happen guilt worthless or complete disgust why did I do this therefore secondary appraisal will become important here because there is still with primary appraisal there are four negative possibilities. So if blame is to oneself then guilt has to come means you hold yourself responsible then guilt has to come if coping potential is favorable then guilt may be expedited by apology and or making amendments this means that you realize that no I can still cope with the situation if I beg sorry if I go and apologize then you realize that no this guilt is a manageable guilt if future expectations are also positive favorable then guilt may be mitigated or reduced if you realize that in future my apology my amended behavior modified behavior will know make the my environment happier about my behavior at that point in time and therefore this shameful act will be not repeatedly brought forward then you realize that this guilt is there is a possibility of mitigating it but the worst could be when you realize that there is no point apologizing apology means nothing or my apology is not going to fetch me the real pardon or when you realize that however best I try people are not going to forget what I did and this could lead to a great sense of guilt and usually you would therefore realize that there are several types of practices that you will find in almost all culture like in certain religious practices where you have the confession box you are supposed to go there and confess something that you cannot confess to the rest of the world. Facebook is now know one place where people are confessing several things I do not know if you have read those things somebody told me and one night I invested reading all those confessions sometime back I think two semesters back for the students of this course we had one in camera confession session where something that really perturbs you within you can share it not in front of others but it is only in front looking at the camera and saying that this is what I did and but all those are confidential outputs know so not to be shared but you realize that there is a great degree of relief that you feel after you confess it reminds me of true example minus the names I will quote it somebody who was into business a young entrepreneur who had a wife small daughter perhaps daughter or son one small child and his old mother all of them used to live in one of the metros here in our country and they also used to have a maid a adolescent maid who was primarily to take care of the cleaning of the houses and utensils also taking care of the baby the full time maid one night what happened at the wife and the child of this man they had gone to their parents house. So mother son and the maid only these three people were there in the house and he did have know some socially unexpected unjustified immoral act that he thought he visualized and then somewhere late in the night he just got out of his room and entered the room of the maid but before he could get engaged in any action he could realize that there is somebody on the door the door was open and he could sense that only three of us are here in the house this means my mother is there at the door. This man did not do anything walked out of the room had great degree of know apologetic feeling within him but since then his mother never ever talked to him on this issue and after I think a passage of couple of months may be close to an year this man know developed a great degree of guilt which was influencing affecting him psychologically that was the reason he was know made to visit a consultant psychologist and this whole issue was that see I was motivated for an action which is immoral but I did not do anything I just entered the room when I could sense that my mother was at the door I want my mother to question me and I want to apologize for this feeling but I also want to tell her that I did not do anything but my mother is not even talking to me on this issue now this is where know you realize that the whole blame has been shifted to you the first secondary appraisal criteria know that the blame is to oneself and you just you realize that I want to know apologize the second part of it which will help me cope with it but my mother is not allowing me the opportunity to confess to apologize and therefore this guilt know the feeling of guilt becomes so unsurmountable that you realize that you are getting psychologically affected out of that feeling there are know other good stories also related to such type of feeling I must have shared this with you that somebody used to travel from one location to other in Bombay after several years when he joined a job and had a consistent earning he wrote to the Indian railways that I have traveled for these many days between this and this station so tell me raise a bill saying what would be the total cost and also add interest to it because I want to have a feeling that I have paid everything to railways know so no burden on me if you talk to elderly people in the community they will tell you that usually people who are on their deathbeds when you know that death is inevitable it could be this moment or the next moment at that point you would realize that many people share certain things that they have never ever shared with others and usually there is a tendency at least in our context where these elderly people would apologize for certain acts the primary reason you want to die guilt free and that would be a peaceful type of a death that what I did was what I could not do or what I did and should not have done I apologize for it you want to get rid of the guilt I remember one thing that if you look at the psychological disorders it has a strong connection to anxiety and guilt both so extreme of anxiety if you have to live with it and extreme of guilt if you have to live with it both are unbearable type of emotions because you have to pay a heavy price for it because your psychological balance will be at stake we now come to shame once again goal relevance multiple emotions are possible shame is also one of the possibilities and it has to be a goal incongruent type of a situation coming to ego involvement if that type of ego involvement is to manage a failure you are managing a failure to live up to an ego ideal then the possible emotion narrows to anger anxiety shame and disgust now guilt is out of the picture all you want to do is you want to manage certain failure why because there is an ego ideal ego ideal means something that you think that this is what should certainly be achieved a little later we will come to something called understanding the self and there we would be talking about no three types of selves the real self the ideal self and the odd self real self you know what I am ideal self is the highest of know the self that you think of and the odd self falls in between this is where I am this is the ideal standard but minimum of this level should certainly be attained and you would be trying to attain that odd self level so you are trying to manage the failure just so that you can live to the ego ideal level and then there is a possibility of four different negative emotions and therefore secondary appraisal becomes important first secondary appraisal component if blame is to oneself then the possible emotion narrows down to shame means for failure you are responsible so great degree of shame if coping potential is favorable then shame can be mitigated by promising to readable efforts to live up to the standard so I missed my first quiz why because most of the days I used to be absent and one of the one of the days know suddenly the quiz was held so I missed it I asked if it can be compensated and I was told no so all I do is that I accept that I was responsible I blame myself for missing the first quiz and therefore I make sure that next exam onwards I will certainly be there and I will be the highest achiever in the class so that I compensate for whatever 10 percent I have missed for the first quiz so you redouble your effort in try in your attempt to compensate it and if future expectations are favorable then shame can be mitigated or reduced along with a threat or abandonment so if you are able to visualize that future is manageable if you realize know that you can manage the failure by doing something extra and that in turn can pacify this sense of shame then these are manageable shame but if you realize that know the blame is directed exclusively to yourself that then the intensity of that emotion will increase and therefore usually in the case of shame it lives for sometime and people would try to know compensate it people would try to know put their hard effort for something that they have not been able to achieve and they realize that in future I can certainly overcome it and therefore life of shame as an emotion does not last too long unlike guilt which might have a longer life then we come to sadness once again goal relevance any emotion is possible including sadness goal in congruence has to be there if there is a loss to any type of ego involvement any type of ego involvement which includes steam moral value ego ideal meaning ideas persons well being life goals if there is a loss of any of this you tend to be sad so there is a long list of items that you can lose and which can induce sadness in you if there is no blame then sadness has to come if blame is external or internal then other emotions will come up sadness would not come and those other emotions could be anxiety it could be guilt if coping potential is favorable the loss can be restored or compensated for then sadness may not occur at all because temporary state of sadness is there but then you realize that I can restore to the earlier stage I can compensate for it so I am sad that I missed 10 percent of the first quiz but the moment the instructor says that yes I can have compensatory quiz there is a broad smile sadness is gone because you know that there is a compensatory mechanism if future expectations are favorable then sadness is associated with hope and not hopelessness or depression but if future expectancies are not favorable then sadness it is intensity gets you know more and more stronger so heightened intensity of sadness would be the state of hopelessness when you lose hope usually we do not sadness is a temporary state and therefore the feeling of hopelessness that we experience in sadness does not last too long but the secondary appraisal criteria says that if you realize that the future expectancy is unfavorable this means that this state will continue for long then sadness no more remains sadness it starts converting into a state of hopelessness and if hopelessness further intensifies it might make you depressed then we come to envy of course goal relevance has to be there goal incongruence has to be there in terms of ego involvement if what is possessed by another involves a major lack in any of the six types of ego involvement the possible emotion narrows down to envy basically different types of ego involvements and if you realize that what other has you are not worried about what he has or she has what other has if that makes you realize that you do not have it then only envy will come if I do not process it if you are possessing something does not make me realize that I am deficient on that then envy is not at all going to crop in again no secondary appraisal components are essential so primarily it is the different type of ego involvement which only makes you realize that somebody has it and see poor chap you do not have it this realization will only trigger this type of an emotion then we come to jealousy once again goal relevance has to be there goal incongruence has to be there in terms of ego involvement if the desire for no another person's affection or favor which is threatened to be or has been taken by another constitutes a major threat to any of the types of six basic ego involvements then jealousy crops in this means I enjoy the favor of somebody I enjoy the affection of somebody and if I realize that you have no now got this type of involvement by the other person means the I realize that the other person who was affectionate to me is now affectionate to you if I realize the other person who was favorable to me is now favorable to you and then I realize that his affection or her affection towards you or favor towards you is a cause of concern it puts a threat to my ego involvement then jealousy will crop in so there has to be a threat perception which is with respect to somebody else's involvement in other person which you consider to be no threat for your own self now if there is an external blame then the possible emotion narrows down to jealousy means other person is responsible I am not responsible if I am responsible then it would not be jealousy then it goes towards the blame direction I did this and therefore he did not invest he is now no more favorable to me rather he is now favorable to him or her so the blame has to be external a favorable coping potential helps modestly to keep jealousy alive but not to a very crucial level a negative but not hopeless future expectation is there and basically it would be like say short live type of a phenomena where you feel the threat for certain period of time until you realize that you are able to manage that you are jealous and then we come to discussed perhaps the last one again goal relevance has to be there goal incongruence has to be there in terms of ego involvement if any of the six types of ego involvement is at risk of being contaminated by poisonous ideas then discussed might occur and no secondary operational component is involved in discussed so what we have done today is primarily we have looked at the whole set of negative emotions and primarily what we were trying to look at the fact was that ego involvement is primarily the source of all types of goal incongruent emotions according to a Lazarus because in all the case you realize that goal relevance by default remains goal incongruence by default remains it is only certain types of a variations that you feel in terms of involvement of the ego where different types of goal incongruent emotions or negative emotions crop in some negative emotions which are short lived like say anger for example anxiety for example but if this anger sustains for a longer period if this anxiety sustains for a longer period if a sense of guilt sustains for a longer period then they make you pay a heavy price for it your adjustment no more no retains that level of equilibrium there is a great dish harmony and this dish harmony you would realize is reflected in both ways when you interact with your environment then also you feel that you are not able to come forward with the desire type of responses with which earlier made you very well adjusted in a given situation so now you are not able to do that and to you pay a price for having retained these type of goal incongruent emotions for longer period of time when we meet next we would primarily be talking about the effect of emotions both goal incongruent and goal incongruent emotions on health of an individual so how our health and well being is associated with emotional states right now what we did was how emotion affects adjustment and now we are going to talk about emotion and how it influences our health both physical and mental health so we will take just one or two examples we would also look at two models which primarily describes illness and that would be the end of this module which was focusing exclusively on emotion and adjustment.