 What I was doing was going through the imposers, right. So, wait, wait, so that's what we did first the imposers, and we ended with middle Chinese. Yeah, and then we did the transposers and I basically only did chase on series, because I'm going to skip. I'm going to wear on a mastic glasses as I advertised very early on. And I'm also going to skip tone job, even though I've just mentioned them, because they turned out to be too hard for me to prepare in the time I had to be up. Yeah. So then we go straight to middle Chinese transposers, which is function and the rhyme books. Click on it to get it to go. Okay, so what is fun chair. Traditionally, it's the invention of fun chair is credit to Mr Sun Yang, but it looks like actually this name show and used it before he did. So that's just to tell you, or the point I want to make it fun chair is older than the rhyme books, but it only gets truly systematic when we get to the rhyme books. Here's a fun check. So we have our sort of head word character. And then we have two characters that spell it. And then we have this character fun, which is there to tell you that what you're looking at is a spelling of this character because if you just saw this, you would say that's very hard to make sense of, right. So when you see three characters and it's fun, you know, oh, I'm looking at a fan chase spelling of the first character. And then you say, Well, why do we put a fun chair. Well, you can also put chair, and it doesn't matter. You can either put fun or you can. So, here I give me a romanization of it. So, is equal to talk plus. And I like to, you know, take this example, phone is equal to fake plus long. And I'm doing that, you know, because if I said, you know, phone is equal to know if I was if I said like, phone is equal to bake plus long, you would say, Yeah, I can see there's a B on both sides. Yeah. But in this case, but oh, you are getting some information, the information you're getting the pH in English makes the F sound. Okay, so, so that was it for fun chair introducing to me in principle, it's a way of spelling Chinese characters by giving their initials and giving their rhymes. And turn to the rhyme books. Okay. So the first round we still have, although we don't have it so let me try and make that one precise. So the first rhyme book that we have a layer version of that's complete is the chairman, which was written in 601, and it's by Mr fun and and the story of it is very fun, which is that his father was a great poet and the gentlemen and he had a bunch of poet gentlemen over for dinner and wine, and then they started talking about poetry and how to rhyme properly. And then they got into an argument that oh should you run and they should run like that. And then he listened as a boy to this conversation he thought all these are great wise men so then he wrote down the book to guide you to use correct rhyme. And as this group of gentlemen would have agreed. Now, of course, he wrote the book, you know, years and years later as an adult so I think this is a nice example of confusion feel applied right but don't don't anything good I've done you can tell my father at his dinner party that's where it comes up. Now, the first complete the instance of this book that we have kind of future edition is this, can you put you to him, really in 706 by long and shoot, and I gave that to you. You remember that, like, I gave you a bunch of PDFs, and then like, I don't know, once later, I gave you one more. Yeah, so that one more I gave you is the complete manuscript of this right. Okay. Then, the one you was published in 1070 away under imperial patronage, and it's the sort of the big rhyme book. Yeah, and generally speaking when people do Chinese historical theology, and they say the children, they're actually talking about the one and part of that and the one who has lots of characters. Okay, so there's an excellent parallel edition of these various fragments because because we have some fragments between we don't have I don't think we have anything you know from the 602 autograph but we have some fragments from the long and come quite close. And there's various bits involved. Well, it's not really, but all sorts of rhyme book related resources are are available at this link. And you have the slides so you can click on them there. Okay, so here is a fragmentation build on. So if you like, this is the, the original change in all the slightly afterwards. And now you can see what's what the rhyme book looks like. So the first thing I will point out is that it says. Is this channel. Anyhow, the volumes of the book are my tone. So the first piece of information is tone just by which volume of the book there's four volumes. Five volumes. Yeah, for for the four tones and one because in general it's too big. So they had to be two volumes. Now, this is my transcription of that page. Yeah. So, so this is where it's saying there are 54 level tone lines. And then this is the kind of table of contents for the volume of the in rhymes. And then you see it's just, it's just a spine check for different rhymes. So you remember this one. Plus. So that's the opening page. So the initial is different on the left and the lines in the right. Yeah, that's because I'm making it easy for you. Right. If you look at it. Actually, it's ready this way. And then you actually get the phone chair here with the number and then the and then the headword. And then this is a home phone group from the new to chair you which is to say these characters are all announced, the headwords are all passed the same way. Yeah, that's the minimal unit of the of the rival is a home phone group. So you have basically the volumes with the tone, then you have a few like the chapters, which are the rhyme category. And then you have the, the home phone group. So let's, and then this is, you know, yeah, I'm going to read this. Okay. So here's a translation of it. So, so this is the headword of the home phone group. So it means all of these characters are not yet. Then it gives the function for that game. This is a note, you know, also pronounced yet, and there's a bunch of the check in the global right, a total of nine characters have pronunciation yet. Now, it is not saying that all nine have those two pronunciations this is a comment that only pertains to the head, right. So the headword, both functions as the headword and as an entry. So that's just one thing to pay attention to. And then we get a quick remark about the meaning. So this guy is the name of a precious stone. This game means the right of course, this game like a crow, but with three heads and six tails. So this guy is the ghost of the small child. And then you hit some notes also pronounced yet with the high phone and then there's a bunch of for that. Right. Okay, so this is just to give you the feel of one home phone group. So what is the phonetic information in the right tables. There's a tone, which is by volume. There's the right category, which is the chapter if you like. And I just showing you those. Yeah, that's the, that's the information is explicitly given in the right. But then there's also phonetic information implicit in the right book. That's the right category again so the right categories were done that we reported once explicitly and once implicitly. They were done by chains of conscious fellas right chains. And then the onset are only implicitly given, whereas they were explicit in the tables, they're only implicit in the books, right, and that is again by onset change or by a bunch of chains. So we have divisions, which I'm not quite sure I'll get to this is the equivalent of the ranks of the right tables. So let's look at function chains. Okay, I'm a little bit worried that there will be an awkward stopping point today. Sorry about that. So, so we choose a character character and then we look it up which means we just find, you know we somehow somehow we find it in the, in the book. Okay, here it is. Okay, then we look it up, and we get it's fun sharing. Right. So we look up, it's fun chair and you find it's fun chair. Yeah. So now we can do this, we can say, oh, this one has the same initial as this one has the same right as this one. Okay, now we can look up the fun sharing for both of those. So we can look up the fun sharing for the initial stellar of the one we started with, and the initial stellar of the line seller of the one we started with. And we find this is the fun journey with it, and then we can add that to our network. And here's what we guess. So, who gets the idea. Let me see if I can do it some more. And at some point, we can send our okay. So, this is where I think I'm going to stop. But everyone on board with what we're doing here. Yeah. Okay, so the, the blue lines are initial chains, and the red lines are rhyme chains. Okay, now let's just focus in, because it's starting from a mess, we focus in on one or the other. Yeah, so, yeah, so change the function on the colors that specify a series of characters that have the same onset and change a bunch of rhymes fellas by a chain of characters that share. Yeah. So this is how this information is implicit in these sources. So, so far, we have these onset chains, just, you know, I'm just ignoring the red lines and we have in the evidence we've so far looked at, we have these for onset chain. And then in the evidence we've so far looked at we have these three. We have these, you know, rhyme chains and now I just, you know, maybe this is, this is me over here, but it looks like why on earth did I put it in that weird position, but it's because it's the same as this right like, I just either we ignore the red ones to look at the blue ones or we ignore the blue ones, look at the red ones in terms of chains. Yeah, I mean turns to the links. Yeah. So, now let's expand an onset chain. Okay, so, look at our first initial chain to the native of these two characters. And, and we got into a little loop there right. Okay. So now, if I start with this or I start with this I'm not in this in the loop and I won't get anywhere. But if I just start kind of got those where, yeah, some of those chains will lead back to these two. And that's what I've done here is I've just, you know, in principle gone to the whole book and looked for what like, like, so, so to give you an example. And this character has as a sponge a onset fellow this character, right, and this character has a function of this character. So I had to look through the whole book, asking myself, Okay, what characters have this one as their function on this and I can expand my fun to onset chain. All right. Now there are a total of 51 such onset chains in the chair, and I'll set change we call a family. Do we think middle Chinese had 51 distinct onset consonants. Well, you'll remember that the, the line tables only distinguish 36 initials. Maybe middle, early middle Chinese had 51 initials, and maybe the, the, you know, number rapidly reduced, or maybe it's a kind of artists of this document as a sort of logical artist that some fun chains happen not to be late. But how are we going to figure this out. Yeah, this is just saying that divisions. I am not going to talk about it right now. It's too complicated. And, and what I mean by that is, right now I'm just trying to introduce you to the rhyme books as a source, in the same way that I think it was just yesterday. I introduced you to the right tables as a source. Now to do some kind of middle Chinese reconstruction if you want to call it that sort of philological phonetic analysis. We need to combine those two sources, but I'm not going to do that in this pds. And you really have to do that in order to get the divisions. So that's why I'm leaving them out here. And that's the end of this presentation. Okay, so that was just to give you a feel for the rhyme books. Now the next presentation is combining the rhyme tables and the right books. So you have 51 all set chains. Yeah. And how many characters are you watching me and how many characters that they use to spell all sets wrong. I mean, it's 100, 200. Well, this is one more thing. Like, this is ever represented. Yeah, it represents much. Yeah. So let's say, multiplied by six, six by 51 and you, you have the right. You have to write very early. Yeah. And, and what I should say here is of course, actually we can, I don't know. There are 90,000 characters, basically in the, in the chain. So let me just very schematically make this change. So this is not sort of the whole chain, if you like, but I'm only giving you characters that are used as onset spellings. So there are hundreds there. But they're like, and someone from all of them, right. So basically, you, you know, these are, and this is, you know, makes sense, right. Imagine you're writing a rhyme book. And, and someone says, and you have the word late in front of you, right. And you want to say, okay, late is plus cake, right, you're not going to say, you're not going to say, oh, I'm going to define late with linear. No, because linear is a weird word, whereas you're very likely to use late to define linear. Right. So these are common words, they're actually like used as fellows, whereas all these characters, you know, at the edges, they're, they're entries in the, in the book. And then they use these ones as their own onset spellings. That makes sense. That's how you, you know, because if you get if you multiply 51 by six, you get what, let's say it was just 50 by five. Then we get 250. So that's kind of the ballpark of onsets, like onset stellar characters. Yeah. They can be. It's not like it would have been nice. Yeah. Yeah, and, you know, you can actually like you wanted to, I could give you spreadsheets that just lists, you know, 9000 characters and gives you the fun to read. And then you can actually load that into a program. Like, well, you choose your favorite draft theory program, but Geffy is what I would recommend. Yeah. And then you can actually just, you know, it's to make these chains. And that's quite cool. Much easier than doing it the old fashioned way, which is to actually look up the characters in the way I've done. Yeah, because you ignore the precious. Maybe a little bit of both because you're supposed to to rhyme correctly. So if you if you're supposed to run correctly, it means that the old rhymes are in danger of being lost. The in the Imperial examination system. The chain rhymes were what we're considered. So basically, if I were the teacher, I would say, okay, right. I would be using the, the, the Sean rhyme. Now, so that would be like, and I will be, okay, you, you, now that means your poem has to have long and spawn and Sean in the rhyme position, right. And then I would take your poem, and then I would grade it and I would have to chase you and my elbow, and I would say wrong, wrong. Yeah. It's actually the, at some point it got to be so difficult to use the chain and rhyme categories, because of phonetic change in language. At first they said, there was certain, like, let's say parameters of correctness like we're basically in, they were close rhymes, but not quite right. Okay, it counts. Yeah. And then later, they said, you're allowed to bring a copy of the training with you. And then later still I don't know what happens and then of course they ended the examinations. Yeah. So, so that was how you got, you know, I mean, poetry writing was not the only thing you were tested on you were also tested on knowledge of history. But being able to write poetry in accordance with the categories. Inspired, let's say by the chain is one of the ways you became a civil servant. So, so you're asked if the current organization will not automatically the same or it was dangerous. I mean, there was. Yeah, basically already in 602 there was a danger going wrong. So certainly by 1450 there was, there was a great danger going wrong. So you can look at actually how old is perpetuation that it's not, it's, it's, it's like, you know, just a bit of course. No, no. You know, we're not dealing with like, you know, some baby tradition where they, where they memorize things or maybe it's like, it's just that, you know, Mr. Lou was inspired by the same thing you're, you know, depending on your age, or you or your parents, your grandparents are like kids today. They just don't know how to rhyme anymore. So I decided that's why he made this book. And then of course that became then became like to write your poem you have to write like it's from 602. Although actually then, as you can imagine, then some people are like, no, I'm going to break out. I'm going to write a crazy poem with phonology from 1050. And then also later people also wrote, you know, new rhyme books to say like, okay, here's a rhyme book if you want to, like for Beijing opera, Beijing opera has its own sort of special phonology. So there's rhyme books for Beijing opera and something like that.