 Good afternoon and before we start our session, and I know Mr. Secretary You will be in very good hands with my friend Tom Friedman, but allow me to be very personal It's your last Session in your official capacity here in Davos, and I want to Use this opportunity to thank you You have been such a great friend, a partner of the World Economic Forum You have been a personal mentor to me. I remember so many hours we spent in your senator's office Many years ago already you have been 11 times here and Davos so that's a opportunity to thank you from all our heart and You Mr. Secretary, I think you are an example and the role model for everybody in terms of your Engagement for world peace and I can tell you as a forum will continue to act as an ambassador and Let's say as a kind of keeper of your legacy and in order to do so I hope even if you are not anymore in office We have many opportunities to see you back. So thank you so much Class thank you, Mr. Secretary. It's a it's a treat and an honor to be able to do this with you You're at you're at the end of your term. I've had a chance to cover Four or five secretaries of state now and yours was a very consequential secretary of stateship both in what you achieved and Well, I think what you what you tried to achieve Look back for us a little bit. I want to just start where what are you most proud of? Getting here alive Since this is the last time I'll be talking to a secretary of state, I mean Well, I I Let me just begin by saying that I don't view this as an end. I'm ending a Term of being secretary of state, but I'm not stopping being and therefore given the issues that are on the table and the Challenges we face globally. I intend to be extremely active and involved and continue to Press in the same direction that we've been pressing it what I think If I have to summarize it, I mean it's and I hate doing that. I don't want to get it on the record I don't like to sort of say well, this is the biggest thing or whatever But I'm proud of the engagement of the obama administration proud of the vision that we applied to What we've tried to do and I think people need to remember the state of the economy in 2008 in the fall I mean I can remember in the senate Watching a secretary of the treasury come up literally pale and quaking and Talking to us about the imminent implosion of the global financial system And president of the united states before he was even sworn in began to weigh in with president bush And make decisions and and he made some very tough decisions I mean bailing out the auto industry doing the things he did Well today as I sit here We are the strongest economy in the world by far And the dollar is stronger than it has been in years That is not great on some Accounts in terms of emerging markets and other things, but it nevertheless is a very important factor and And we have been engaged broadly around the world In fact, I would submit to everybody here and I and I'll defend this anywhere in the world The united states of america has been more engaged on more issues with more crises simultaneously And with greater outcomes and consequence to that engagement on a global basis Then at any time in american history and I am proud Of all of the things that we've been doing simultaneously an incredible kind of juggling act if you will between the rebalanced asia Bringing china along twice to ratchet up the the sanctions with respect to north korea. Is it enough? No, not yet, but remember how long it took to build the sanctions on iran Ultimately that brought us to the table That also is an accomplishment of the obama administration But you know the south china sea we have stood up for the principle of non interference of Resolving things by rule of law. We've stood up for freedom of navigation. We've exercised on our exercises We've mobilized we've deployed Including the possibility of fad and aegis in order to defend our allies and ourselves against the potential of a nuclear weapon and a reckless young untested and and and uh You know impulsive dictator We If you all recall two christmas ago people were predicting a million people were going to die in western africa Well, the president deployed 3 000 troops and we built health care capacity and we Stopped ebola in its tracks And we not only didn't have a million people died. We saved hundreds of thousands of lives and had a minimal loss Afghanistan we had a flawed election run by the international community We had potential of no government or even civil war And i managed to negotiate a new concept of the unity government and dr. Abdullah and dr. Ghani have been working together Not always easy, but it's still there and it's held afghanistan together And we are working with various parties to reach out to the taliban and see if their engagement could produce something Uh, even with russia where we obviously have big differences We also made certain We didn't let them get in the way of the capacity to make progress. So russia was in fact integral to The efforts to create a multilateral unified front that brought about the iran Agreement and the iran agreement itself. I mean, I can't tell you now We haven't talked to iran at a high level in 35 years I met with zareef in the united nations. We forged a relationship. We built trust In a place where it's very difficult to do that And in terms of the outside forces that we're pushing in on us And the rest is history. There are now no longer 19 000 centrifuges spinning and enriching There are 5 000 which is the agreement There's no longer a 12 000 kilogram stockpile that could produce 10 to 12 bombs There's 300 kilograms Measurable every single day and you can't build a bomb with 300 kilograms They're no longer enriching at 20 percent or higher They're limited to 3.67 percent and we measure that every day So I believe this is an agreement that can endure and there is no question in my mind The world and the region are safer because a country with whom we still have differences on yemen and syria on hezbollah, etc Is not hurtling towards A nuclear weapon and all of the tensions that that would create We are on the cusp of having the first generation of children born aids free in africa Why because we plused up that program worked with the gates foundation worked with mgo's and have done a I think an extraordinary job of Of changing life for people and Not just there but elsewhere in the world who face this scourge and so In paris we had a trifecta if we just did paris That would have been an enormous accomplishment But we not and by the way the reason paris was able to get done frankly I mean just speaking handedly at the end here Is because we went to china I went there within six weeks of my being sworn in seven weeks and the second trip I made and We we we built off of the failure of copenhagen and said we can't do this We have to find a way forward the world depends on it And so we set up a working group with the intention of being able to announce our intended reductions in emissions Within a year and guess what president she and president obama Stood up together and announced those reductions and that galvanized the rest of the world to say hey The two biggest emitters in the world are on board. They're serious and the world changed and we moved towards a signal to the market Even though we know We are not holding the rise of our temperature to the two degrees centigrade that we need to hold it to We sent a signal to the marketplace about the largest market in the history of humankind So, I mean I and I'm just honestly I'm scratching the surface here We we we we we have a plan for peace on yemen that's on the table now President hadi just accepted it a couple of days ago. It took longer than it should have We hope to get to kuwait the new administration will have to manage that but There is a way forward to settle the war in yemen libya. We're working with the maraudes with the with the emirates with the Egyptians to try to rein in general heftar to create a responsible Government national court that can solidify libya. I mean all of these things can be solved and the reason I believe We're where we are Is because we've been willing to try to put engagement and negotiation ahead of a rush to war And I'll just tell you I just came from vietnam I was I was in vietnam and I went back down into the mikong delter where I was as a young naval officer and It was the kota to to 40 years of work really. I mean we did not have peace in 1975 or 1980 or 1985 We were at war with ourselves after vietnam You can remember a newsweek magazine with a headline saying are there still POWs alive in vietnam. This was in the 1990s So we had to deameth, you know, we had to get at that We had to take every single shred of evidence from 1960 something on To find out if there were any prisoners live or anything happened. I spent 10 years doing that Enlisted john mccain in the effort. We went together to vietnam 16 trips And built a capacity so that president george herbert warpger bush could begin to lift the embargo Then we could move with president clinton to the to the Normalization and I went with president clinton in year 2000 to to celebrate that But then we had another number of years where we built now Something very different vietnam is now one of our strongest partners. We're we're cooperating on security We have ship visits going into danang going into camera and bay again We not only I mean I went there to quote defeat communism in the context of the post world war war two world in the 1950s and 60s And and we all learned what a terrible miscalculation of the realities it was to do that and guess what Without ak-47s and without m16s today vietnam is a raging capitalist country authoritarian one party yes but no longer communist And it is moving rapidly with facebook membership. That's quite extraordinary dialogue Labor unions other things happening. Let me let me just pick up there if I could just leave one last story We just announced and we are building the fulbright university in in ho Chi Minh city Which has been granted after much discussion pure academic freedom it will be a Integrated world-class educational institution in vietnam and it's going to make a world of difference to the future So to me that's that's the legacy. It's engagement. It's diplomacy Doesn't always work. It can fail and war is the failure of diplomacy But I'd rather be on the side of the ledger that we were on I think we've left us our country And and notwithstanding I mean And there are a lot to talk about in terms of the changes you've just written a book on it but A lot of those ills and anxieties get Thrown onto the administration and people say oh my god, you know the narrative is one of disengagement. It's it's not We're more engaged than we've ever been in the history of our country So let me pick up there if I've only been here a few hours, but If I had to write a column right now the headline there a few minutes The headline would be one of total um disorientation. We had the president of china Give a speech this morning that if you had just read me the words I would have told you I didn't know president obama came here That defending capitalism globalism free markets free trade And juxtaposed with the headlines in the paper that president like trump Is really indifferent to the fate of the european union and um things nato is obsolete so there is um There are a lot of people here mr. Secretary myself included Who are walking around with a pit in their stomach a fear that so many of the things you just articulated and achieved could be reversed In a week, I don't believe there will be I just don't believe that I mean take a round for instance If the united states were to decide suddenly and say hey, we're not going to pursue this and so forth I'll bet you I haven't talked to all of them, but I'll bet you that Our friends and allies who negotiated this with us will get together And that russia china germany france and britain will say you know what this is a good deal We're going to keep it and around and the rest and they will keep it And we'll have made ourselves the odd person out. We'll have injured our own credibility in conceivably a reputable way Not irreparable things time and yeah, that's just too dramatic, but But we will have done great entry to ourselves and it will hurt for the endurance of You know a year two years, whatever wildly administration is there But it's unnecessary What these people these people have dirty minds I told you I was going to be active No, I just honestly I NATO the european union. Um, what you know I a question that's been posed to me here and and we can both only speculate is You know, is the president like putting these things out as a negotiate employer Do they really believe some of this somebody knows and I can't I'm not going to guess I can't come here venture, but I didn't completely answer the other question when I was talking about if you just did Paris and this is let's talk about each one because I want to bring this into this issue of going backwards. Yeah um If you just did paris, it'd be one thing, but we did, uh Ikeo The airlines industry we brought the airlines industry together the airline industry put together represents The 12th largest emitter in the world if there's a country would be the 12th largest emitter They were not included in paris. So we brought the airline industry to the table and have an agreement We also in kigali With a lot of work. I'll tell you I mean I was on the phone to the Saudis who needed high ambient Concerns being addressed and other countries that needed it But we managed to work out a way to satisfy their needs But still bring the world to a place where we are going to reduce our dependency on hfc's hydrofluorocarbons, which are a thousand times more damaging than carbon dioxide and and Just what we accomplished in kigali has the potential of keeping the warming of the earth Half a degree half by half a degree centigrade restraining it. So those are three then we got russia again russia cooperated And putin I talked to him personally about it and he said i'll evaluate it and he did and guess what they came out And they agreed to do it So we have the marine protected area of the rashi and that are the greatest marine protected area in the world So I just you know what you're saying is there's a lot of um constraints There's a lot of structural constraints on versing some of these things There are structural constraints, but there are also possibilities Tom that I think when I hear this narrative, which is a false narrative that the u.s Wants to vote now. I don't know what's going to happen in the days ahead But we certainly didn't want to pull that we we we've stayed Deeply engaged in those ways. I mean we created the the ian international series support group I did that personally we pulled people together to vienna. We had two Meetings in a month during which we had iran and russia at the table And we got everybody to sign off on a solution to syria, which is you have a A new constitution you have political process Call it transitional process whatever you want to call it where people are working on the new constitution and how people are going to participate And then you have an election now the parties are going to have to sit down and debate What a side's role will be or won't be but getting to the table has proven to be so difficult because of the A number of dynamics inside syria itself, but when it is solved and I predict it will be I believe that the parties are now reaching a state of exhaustion, you know near exhaustion that they understand that the dynamics have shifted and that did the day that putin went in And you've got to be honest about that And and therefore I think there is a way to get to An end game here And I regret that you know, we won't be there to do that, but I'm confident can be done I'm no doubt about it And I think that people are shifting on sort of how that can happen because they realize they've got to focus more on isle more on others and and but The bottom line is that I think that You know we have been able to Deal with some of these issues in ways that some people didn't like but guess what they were effective. Let me give examples Ukraine There was a big debate. Oh, you got to arm them. You got to give them lethal weapons. You got to do all this stuff Well, you know They were stopped Look at russia today making any of you when you do this. I know An economic analysis of russia not not pretty but the analysis In terms of the ruble in terms of debt in terms of the investment in the future Massive numbers of old people the demographics. I mean, there are a lot of reasons to have serious concerns Not about where they're going. So it was a focus on this westward stuff But where they're going to go in the long run and what kind of What that really represents The sanctions worked and we worked Unbelievably hard to keep europe united around those sanctions And they have been and so they didn't get lifted And and mince I regret has not been fully implemented obviously But I think it it it it had an impact. We also engaged in the front line state reassurance program for you know, poland, lithuania, latvia, etc and and We put 3.4 billion dollars, which is a quadrupling of what was being spent Into this reassurance program and in the last few days you all have seen images of cold war with troops Going to these countries in order to provide a framework structure to make it clear Article five is meaningful and nato is meaningful now I don't know where the new administration is going But my Message to my friends in europe and they are friends and I loved working with my 28 colleagues In the EU who who are all thoughtful and and engaged folks My message is europe's got to believe in itself europe's got to remember what we why we Have been on this 70 year journey Which nobody should devalue and people are devaluing it for you know, for lack of Definition and perhaps even for lack of leadership to some degree But europe needs to recognize that the reason people came together was not just economic in fact, it wasn't even principally economic It was to stop Europeans from killing europeans It was to stop the carnage that came out of world war one and world war two And you know going back in history the 30 years war and so on and so forth and It's worked folks It's been the most literally on the face of the planet No region No assembly of countries has grown as significantly and as powerfully as europe has Where the standard of living has gone up remarkably where security has been stronger where trade is taking place And there's been amazing progress and then all of a sudden the anxieties that you described so effectively in your book and have from years Which many of us have been talking about are Targeting certain people In political life to blame the wrong target Trade is not The most culpable entity for the loss of jobs 85 of job loss the united states of america is because of technology And i can't wait to see how the incoming administration deals with ai that's coming down the road And a bunch of other issues Uh, that's the reality of where the challenges how are people going to work? What are they going to work at how you do it and you're not going to solve it by running away from this You've got to see the strength in unity and i think there is strength in unity and this current Process i think is very very risky and i think it emboldens people who would love to see europe divided against itself So i think we have to stop and think hard about Where we're heading you know one issue that um you devoted so much time to and i think came up with um One of the most creative security plans for was to preserve the two-state solution you you gave, uh Uh Really quite remarkable speech on the history of that whole diplomatic process um, you took enormous grief uh from it from some quarters Is it over uh, it's um Not from this quarter, but um uh President elect trump Says he's going to sign his son-in-law to the peace process His expertise seems to be that he once went to jewish summer camp and um, uh Um, i'm just curious Um Is the two-state solution over jim. No no it's not over Which is the point that i was really trying to make and i will try to emphasize here today Um, i am a passionate supporter of israel. I believe in israel believe in the dream of uh The jewish people having a homeland of their own and i supported it Completely and totally as a united state senator and as a secretary of state I have defended israel in morphora and prevented resolutions that were one-sided or Delegitimizing Just plain unfair and we as an administration have done that president obama vetoed Many efforts to try to delegitimize or to move the bds or go to the icc or all these kinds of things But our credibility is important too We're a nation the united states of america's sovereignty and our policies and our morality also matter And we have republican and democrat administration alike for years for decades been opposed to settlements Now i've had Well more than three hundred and seventy five hours of conversations with the prime minister of israel whom i've worked with closely and you know we've had Many personal moments and real exchanges and and we've considered ourselves friends But in almost all those conversations i've said look, you know, you're affecting the ability to make peace You're changing the peace map and you're doing it unilaterally and if you continue to do that You're gonna have trouble also with us because our credibility is on the line We can't say we're against settlements and then turn around and turn away From an effort to try to do something about it when you continue to build So what's happened is and people don't know this in the world and it's a hard thing to be the messenger of of truth Because it quickly gets distorted into one sentence or one attack But but the reality is that in 1993 under oslo Area c Which is 60 of the west bank was supposed to be turned back over to the palestinians and it didn't happen for a number of different reasons And palestinians weren't faultless and all that but The concept is still something everybody signed up to and that matters Because you have to build capacity among the palestinians to be able to be a state I mean it takes time And none of us are said not not me not president obama None of us are suggesting that you're going to pull out and suddenly turn it over in three years five years That's going to be Gaza next week. Of course not. You can't do that Israel's security is a paramount consideration as a final status issue But we saw a process taking place whereby The west bank is slowly and steadily being eaten up where Where municipal boundaries of settlements are expanded well beyond The settlement buildings themselves and if you take all the concentric circles of the municipal boundaries around these Settlements, you actually see that most of the west bank has been reserved for the exclusive use of israel That's not a palestinian state You see 11 000 demolition orders for palestinian homes Right now and they're taking place at an increased rate You see the 110 000 Settlers that were there in 1993 when oslo was signed is now 385 000 and growing And 70 000 of them are east of the separation barrier, which israel itself decided Where it would put it and and build So It's impossible to say that every person you add isn't a complication when you decide What kind of state you're going to have and if you keep building in the corridors Where you could have a contiguity between that state, you no longer have a contiguous palestinian state so you know It really was important for us to Make a statement and and frankly ignited debate and i think that debate is now on Let me say to my friends in israel that uh You cannot be a unitary state And be democratic And jewish at the same time it's you can't do it and already today The population between the mediterranean and the jordan river valley Of non-jews is greater than jews So you and the questions i raised in my speeches You know already you have palestinians in the west bank living under israeli military law But israeli is living in the settlements are living under israeli civil law So you already have two legal systems Being applied to people who live in an area that's supposed to be a state separate from israel What happens when those folks go down the road and start to raise questions about the future About their rights about their voting And and and where they vote what law they're under and so can you imagine in the middle? So this is not a recipe what is happening today tom and you know this very anybody you cut your chops with uh From beirut to jerusalem i mean you understand this well as anybody that That that's a recipe for permanent insurgency permanent conflict And and unfortunately the majority of the cabinet there today has already declared they don't believe in two states But the majority of israelis do believe in two states The majority of american jews believe in two states And so all we're trying to do is preserve What is the broadly accepted? Remedy for this conflict that has been accepted by people all over the world and a couple of days ago in paris 70 nations came together and said they didn't bash anybody it wasn't negative It was remarkably constructive in fact i thought But they all embraced The the the imperative of holding on to the two state solution You know just quickly on this that if if trump actually appoints his bankruptcy lawyers ambassador For the first time bb will have an ambassador from america. That's to his political right I mean we've never had an american ambassador anywhere near there and i dare say he will miss you a lot because i suspect Um, uh, he goes into many cabinet meetings saying to the far right there. Look, I do this, but john carry that He and obama. I mean i would do this of course, but they're not going to have you as an excuse anymore And um, uh, you know when the debate was around two states the debate within the american jewish community was right left You think the line should be here? I think it should be there But when it moves to one state the debate will be right wrong and when that happens You will fracture every synagogue and every jewish institution in america and I would suggest all over the world And I think we're close to that so thank you on behalf of this one person For for drawing that red line Last question You served on the senate foreign relations committee. You traveled the world. You were a soldier for america abroad And you got to be secretary of state for the united states these last four years What surprised you about the job? What what did you learn that you you couldn't see from there that you could see from here? And that if you did get a chance in it, you know In a friendly way to write your success or a letter that he should know But being the secretary of state of the united states in the early 21st century Well, first of all, it's been a remarkable privilege and a great journey and and I don't regret You know any moments of it in that regard A number of things have really struck me first of all I I Well, let me come to that at the end the beginning. I'd say to you I and I don't say this I think those of you who know me well know I say this without an ounce of chauvinism without any arrogance at all but Madeline Albright's description of the united states as the indispensable country Just comes home to me every single day And and You know because we are blessed with this powerful economy and because we have a military second to nobody on the planet And because we have the value system that we do have shared by many other people in the world We have a responsibility and and I think It's a privilege To exercise that responsibility, but you have to do it With enormous sensitivity and judgment And and apply all the wisdom in the world you can find to do it properly And we haven't no, I mean, I'm sure we've made mistakes, but But I think our intent and our our our purpose has always been The best the highest sort of you know Set of possibilities. That's number one And the power that we have to have an impact Is enormous and I I think people need to understand that The second thing is that Uh It's really dangerous to play to the lowest common denominator of american of global political life The history of the world when economies are having a hard time and There is fear and anxiety in the workplace enhanced by Religious extremism And exploitation of ethnicity and sectarianism You wind up with really bad outcomes And the last century in europe is the greatest You know Testimony to that reality and we got to be really careful here. We have been here before We have been here before and the disastrous consequences and so I find that in the arab world and elsewhere in the world in the muslim world The world of islam People are sensitive about this people You know, most of these countries Are are really tuned in to not wanting to see it exploited and not wanting to have a confrontation But there are dangerous forces out there and people who are falling into it who are Exploiting that lowest common denominator and pushing A sectarian divide that could be very dangerous for everybody and I I think I would warn against that I think it's we've got to be really careful. The final thing I'd say is this I I know some people are looking at the world and saying oh my god, you know the world that we're just coming apart and this and that No, it isn't folks And it won't You know, I'm I've been around long enough to remember walking the streets of new york in 1964 when linden johnson won a Landslide race against barry goldwater and everybody said the republican party is dead Four years later richard nixon was president of the united states And then we had watergate and we lost nixon and then we've had you know, and and I went through the assassinations of president kennedy bobby kennedy martin luther king medgar evers all of this this touched our generation And so I've seen it bad The world we're living in today is filled with possibility and opportunity And yeah, there's some bad things happening like I sold that's another thing by the way A lot of people said oh you got to go invade and go after isil. Well, you know, we did we rebuilt the iraqi army And we put together a 68 nation coalition And now we have liberated to creed liberated ramadi and liberated feluja and we're about to liberate mosul And we're going to liberate raka and we are going to defeat dash And we're going to do it without losing our way of life and without Losing our values and so forth. That's not unimportant tom And I would say to people, you know, don't just rush headlong to that sort of first easy political Respect. I think that the world we're in right now is much more understandable than people are making it All the anxieties of the workplace are absolutely legitimate and a lot of us have been talking about it for a fair amount of time When I was on the super committee in the senate, I tried to get people to do a global deal So that we dealt with entitlements and we dealt with You know the healthcare all at the same time and had tax reform Tax reform simultaneously so we could repatriate two trillion dollars and have an intelligent simplified system that was fair That allowed working folks Who are not seeing the benefits of globalization earn more as they work harder and go up that didn't happen It went the other way And there's and and so I would warn you know strongly now. Obviously the new president is tapped into the anger But has he Seen the way in which this could be solved that doesn't undo your economic opportunities and it doesn't Create more barriers and more turmoil. I'm not sure we don't know the answer to that yet But I would say to everybody that Is enormous opportunity right now We have some very clear challenges The foremost of which to me beyond the sort of immediate threat of a kim jong-un or finishing dash and and dealing with violent extremism Is to get underneath that violent extremism and deal with the I talked about this in Davos last year the failed and failing states of the world Bad governance corruption the degree to which we are seeing The degree to which you you you see Young people in country after country Being deprived of legitimate sense of possibility in a world in which they're all in touch with everything else in the world And everyone else because they all have smartphones They all have access and they not only see what everybody else has they see what they don't have And that's that to me is the great challenge We have a billion and a half kids 15 years or younger And fully 350 400 million of them will not go to school That's our challenge and I think that the global community has to come together and put together a modern-day Marshall plan With all the lessons we've learned from the millennium challenge corporation and from the virtues of good Impact investing in the world and there's some good impact investing taking place And and while it's not a 7x or 5x return, which a lot of people like to try to find It's it's a one-point-something x and there is a return But there's a bigger return in what it does to help build capacity and change communities And deal with this problem that's coming at us of a world that feels disenfranchised Now I think that if you really look at the world technology has made In the end a more positive Change all over the world. I mean today a woman is less likely to die 50% less likely to die in childbirth And they were 10 15 years ago. We're below extreme poverty 10 level for the first time in human history I mentioned the AIDS virtues. We're curing diseases. We never thought we'd cure We've raised productivity. We freed people up to go do other kinds of things. I mean, they're enormous virtues to what's happening We just have to make sure that it's That it's flowing up and down the food chain in a more Get the best out of it fairer way and but I think the new administration frankly is coming to power with The wind at their back Because of the strength of our economy and because of the role that we've played being engaged with countries in sound diplomacy over the course of the last Eight years and four for me and I think that I think there are great opportunities at us if we will calm down Focus on what we know how to do unite developed and near developed countries In contributing to this pot and build do the infrastructure and other things, you know One billion dollars of infrastructure invested in the united states of america creates 25 27 000 to 35 000 jobs In america who doesn't understand that we don't need to rebuild our rail do light rail do people moving Build roads our bridges our airports. I mean we have massive infrastructure needs We could do that actually leveraging private sector dollars with a minor amount of federal input And some kind of discount rate at the federal window And you'd have a spread sufficient to be able to attract a hell of a lot of capital To the job of rebuilding the nation we could do that all over the world When there is many people who are poor as there are today There are schools to be built healthcare to be delivered clinics to be built teachers to be Educated children. I mean there's massive amount of work to do. So i'm an optimist. I believe That we will come out of this sort of you know hand-wringing and self-inflicted despair And kick ourselves into gear and get things done. Well, you know, mr. Secretary if I could just close by saying them I'm not good at much, but I'm good at naming books and I've got the title of your memoir Okay, uh, and it comes from my friend amary lovans the physicist who wants Whenever he's asked are you an optimist or a pessimist? He says i'm neither because they're just two different forms of fatalism Everything will be great. Everything will be awful Amary says, uh, I believe in applied hope and I think you believed in applied hope And I think you applied a lot of hope to your mission and as one little american. I thank you for it. Thank you, sir