 Thank you very much. I think this is working. Yes, you can hear me. I prefer to Not that I used to be on stage, but I prefer to walk a little bit So I don't get too nervous. I was very happy with the last presentation Because that is somehow turned us to Cities that are doing what they're not supposed to do Exactly as Edgar was saying that he was supposed to do a lot health-wise. He's not doing it and he's feeling quite good and The last presentation It appears to have at least the last presentation was somehow living up to that people are doing something that they're not supposed to do and I Have worked now for almost 30 years in Africa. I live 10 years in Mozambique. I still live there and I have done research and have done Activism and have been worked in in been working in the in the formal system and I've been working with the city of Maputo, which has somehow 2.5 million inhabitants Maputo is in the background and this is the Maputo that you if you visit Maputo This is where you come people like you you never go here but here 2 million people are living so for me. This is the city. This is my puto This is my puto. This is this is just downtown now and most living in formal settlements and What is very surprisingly and which is quite different to other development countries is that in the case of Mozambique people have a very high sense of security of tenure and That means that they invest in their homes. This is not the case in in the neighboring countries This is not the case in South Africa where Edgar was speaking about this is not the case in Ghana while I'll be working Here people they feel secure. They invest in their homes What does that mean that that means that these are not shacks These are homes People do not consider this as slums Another thing is that these people are urban people Some of them may have come from the rural areas, but they are urban people and they are there to stay But still certainly many problems certainly sanitation a huge problem water provision a huge problem in the case of Mozambique many many households are female headed as Many men are migrants working in when Zimbabwe was doing good in Zimbabwe now in South Africa now this is an unplanned settlement an Informal settlement It is not in my perception. It is not a slum in 2003 The UN habitat issued the challenge of slums Introducing five indicators Due to those indicators, this is a slum. I think this is stick. This is a stick number Stigmatizing these inhabitants. These are not slum dwellers. These are city builders These are homemakers these people are building their homes each and every day all in permanent materials I repeat it is not shacks water provision as Standpipes or individual some few individual connections But and this is a huge problem. There's no sewer So these people all have pit latrines Pit latrine as you may know Basically is a hole in the ground as simple as that It does create Health problems, but basically it works some also have septic tanks All have electricity But trainees is very poor. There are very few schools There are very few health institutions, but as you see on the plots People have trees people are nursing their homes. They're nursing their plots But when you go down and you go into this is what it looks like when I come there I Live in this kind of Settlements when I do my research in Maputo This is this is this is my access to my to my place Very few roads you cannot you cannot reach it by car some you can't reach by car some you cannot Public spaces are few and some houses you have to cross the neighbor's plot meaning that there must be some social Negotiations otherwise it can't work Surprisingly enough maybe to some of you it works. It was not supposed to work, but it works Water proficient many people are making small businesses selling water this Young man here. He has a water connection with the with the With the city supplier and he is then selling water as a small business and It's much cheaper to wash your car in the rich area than to buy the water here for cooking The unit prices in the informal settlements are much higher Because many people resale so they make a small profit So this is the pitless rain this is the so-called improved pitless rain and That is actually a success story. It was introduced in the early ages by the UN and They are now hundreds of thousands of these improved pitless wins in the entire country in Mozambique It's simply a slap. It's a bit of a simple technology without Pharaoh in Portuguese Pharaoh was there iron. It's not reinforced. It's not reinforced It's it's it's pitch like this. So it can just sustain the weight of people so if you again go down how do people survive we heard that this morning also and I I think this is very important to say this is this this is these are Housing areas for ordinary people for civil servants in ties. They come they're clean They have nice shoes. They come to work. They sit on the computers, but they live here Because two million people are living like that and The five hundred five hundred thousand in the city could not survive without these two million people But still many of course they work in the informal sector many engaged in petty trade and As we also heard the food preparation is very normal Executed by women and many do survive simply by reselling food and of course as you can imagine This was not grown by this Woman here. She bought it and then she is reselling. So the profit is absolutely minimal Absolutely minimal and the same here these are Secondhand from Europe. This is probably from Denmark or from England. So they're just reselling So it doesn't create places of employment and places of employment is a huge problem. I think Estimates are not very reliable, but something like 60% are unemployed in this kind of unplanned settlements Then when you go into the courtyards This is a private domain, which is very important for people because this is this is here where you have your bathroom your toilet and in some few cases you may even have have chickens and This is this is where you you wash your dishes. This is a private very very important domain very much controlled by the women and To some extent certainly the children that are there during the daytime if you go into the houses, of course They vary a lot Crowding is not overcrowding is not an issue We have made some surveys saying that there's somehow like six people at an average living in in houses like this, but of course These spaces are very multifunctional So they use it for cooking for storage and at times for sleeping And this is something that we quite often forget about That women and children they are exposed to to to smoke which is this very very serious problem very serious problem And charcoal is used throughout It is also an environmental problem Somebody has calculated the number of trucks coming in With charcoal each and every day huge trucks with charcoal. You can imagine that many people cooking every day Okay, I have to speed up an Environmental serious environmental problem and they have to go further and further and further to get that charcoal Forests are being cut down And we have problems with the location of these ones on close to landfills. I have to speed up now Now on to some few minutes on what we did in the age. This is how it is Now when I came in in the early ages to Muslim peak and It was very Muslim peak was very much the kind of the Darling in the developing world. We can do it. We can yes We can as Obama said we said that in the early ages in in in Muslim peak The president said a looter continua. He did not say yes, we can he said a looter continua Which means the fight continues the fight for a better life. I Was young. I thought I can make it and we started to saying we are not touching the informal settlements This is too complicated. So we go out ahead To be ahead of urbanization. What is happening out there at the outskirts in order to avoid The creation of informal settlements with is a this is a future informal settlement being created here so we started to lay out here small plots and Very very simple diagram of what we did 50 by 50 meters blocks with eight plots all 12 by 50 by 25 meters and then we were leaving out a block in the middle Which was supposed to be for water provision. I'm speeding up now. Now. This is 25 years later It looks like this most All buildings have been built All in and and what what we lost With some of the land reserves. I mean land grabbing is there all over even in my own country But in this part of the world land grabbing is a serious problem So some of the in the layout you saw the layouts with the blocks now when you see these blocks Most of them are not there. They've been stolen Sold money What a provision private providers? No sewer continues. No sewer, but you have the possibility Later on to make to provide the sewer no drainage, but the roads are there mini buses Some schools have been built very few tertiary Institution and Still serious problem employment Now that was a head of urbanization now Over the last two years. I have been going back into the informant settlements trying to see what can we do in In an area like this we did this based on That the existing residents should be able to stay on we were not we will not bulldoze out these existing residents It we would provide access. We would widen a little bit the streets in order to also later on be able to to improve the the drainage and the and eventually put in sewer and Some few public open spaces, but here you see this this There are plots here and this one has access there, but there are plots somewhere this yeah, this one actually Now I can't find but there are plots here where you have to cross another plot in order to access it now What what did we do we kind of Did you get that we actually acknowledged in this we are widening a little bit the streets and Then the design itself is not a road all road engineers I know when they when they design a road it should be like this We did the opposite It was very very difficult to convince the engineers that it could work at the end. We succeeded Now we lost We lost it was politically put down This is a proposal as it is now It will all all which is like this in here it shall all be demolished and The private sector shall come in and do the dirty work But that's a good story Political local resisting is building up a little bit supported by me and It's on hold now I'm over time We have to be ahead in a country like Muslim big in any developing country I assume We had to be ahead on the informal urbanization process Otherwise, we need to go back and do repair work. This is very expensive. So we have to do it before otherwise, you must be surgeons and It must be based on very simple layouts not fancy smart ideas simple layouts that can see can be simply Implemented and it must be based on local involvement if you don't have local involvement if you have resistance locally forget about it Now the upgrading Exercises is very much a political issue. It's all depending on where the land is located in the case Where we presently may succeed may not succeed Have difficulties is well located and this is the reason that it has become a very hot political issue But what is most often the problem with operating? Activities is that what do we do with this the excess population where to put them? Normally you see in documents you say in appropriate sites that the residents agree upon But you can never ever find appropriate sites. You can never find them They're always 10 or 15 or 20 kilometers out there 2025 no transport. No nothing. So this is a really really problem We have been fighting with the World Bank in order to get funds to buy land to relocate this population The keep on saying no, this is not part. This is a national issue. It must be so brother for the national government Thank you very much