 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. We are studying Aksandhi or verbal Sandhi. And currently, we are focused on the second classification of Aksandhi, namely Dvisthanika Ekadesha. Two substituents and one substitute. We are emphasizing on this particular aspect again and again in these lectures, mainly because this is a very fundamental part of Sandhi. And this particular aspect is reflected in several other types of operations as well, notably the accent operations. So, when you have two vowels as substituents, obviously they have one accent each. So, there are two accents as substituents and there is only one substitute. And so there are rules stating this one accent. We will see this aspect later on in the course. It is important therefore to get this part extremely clear in our own minds, Dvisthanika Ekadesha. And that is why we are spending some time at the beginning of each and every lecture on highlighting and emphasizing on this particular classification of the verbal Sandhi. The first classification we said was Ekasthanika Ekadesha, where you have one substituent and one substitute, Ekasthani and Ekadesha. We saw that there are two instances of this Ekasthanika Ekadesha, namely Yen Sandhi and Ayavaya Sandhi. Yen Sandhi is stated by the Sutra, Ekoyanachi and Ayavaya Sandhi is stated by the Sutra, Hoyavaya Vaha. We have studied these instances along with the examples, etc., in detail earlier in this course. Currently we are focused on this Dvisthanika Ekadesha, which is the second classification. This is stated by the Adhikara Sutra, Ekah Purva Parayoho, which means one substitute takes place in place of two sounds previous that is Purva and latter that is Parah. Ekah Purva Parayoho, 6184, this is an Adhikara Sutra. This Dvisthanika Ekadesha can be shown diagrammatically in this particular manner, where you have A plus B in close proximity in the Samhita mode. And so one of the Sutras in this section that begins with 6184 and goes up to 61112, one of the Sutras applies and then in place of both of them C substitute is stated. A comes immediately before B and B comes immediately after A. This is how the Samhita and the environment gets expressed in this particular section. So A plus B is the input and the rule applies and the output is generated in the form of one substitute C. There are five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha. Guna Sandhi, stated by the Sutra Adhgunaha, 6187. Second is Vruddhi Sandhi, stated by the Sutra Vruddhirachi, 6188. The third one is Pararupa Sandhi, which we are currently studying, stated by the Sutra Engi Pararupam, 6194. The fourth one is Savarnadirga Sandhi, stated by the Sutra Akasavarnedirgaha, 61101. And finally Purvarupa Sandhi, stated by the Sutra Amipurbaha onwards, that is 61107 onwards. Amongst these five, currently we are focused on the third Pararupa Sandhi. And this Pararupa Sandhi is stated primarily by the Sutra Engi Pararupam, 6194. And we have studied this Sutra in detail. What this Sutra means is immediately before a verbal root that begins with A-ing and immediately after a proverb that ends in short or long a, in place of both, one substitute in the form of latter, that is Pararupa, takes place. So you have Purr plus Ajatay, where a appears at the end of this proverb and a appears at the beginning of this verbal root Ajatay. And so they are in close proximity, a plus a is the situation. And in this limited environment, which is by default the environment for Rudhirechi to apply, but that gets cancelled and 6194 applies because of these limited environments and you have pr-e and jatay, pre-jatay as the generated output. In this lecture, we shall study some more Sutras stating the Pararupa Sandhi. And these Sutras are stated on this particular slide. Omangostha 6195, Usya Padantat 6196, Atogune 6197, Avyattana Karanasyata Itau 6198, Namredita Shantyasya Tuva 6199 and Nityam Namredite Dachi 61100. Let us study these Sutras one by one. First, let us take Omangostha 6195 for our consideration. Omangostha has got two words, omangoh and ch. Omangoh is 7 slash 2 of omang. Omang has got two constituent, om and ang. Ang is a preverb and upasarga. So, omangoh means immediately before omang. Ch means end. Words continued are aath 5 slash 1 of aah, short or long. And so aath means immediately after aah, short or long. Pararupam 1 slash 1 of pararupa that is latter form. So, the sutra means and immediately before om and ang, immediately after aah, short or long. In place of both aah and o and aah is substituted the latter form. In this case, o as well as aah. Here are the examples. Shivaya om namaha, this is a sentence. In this sentence, you have aah coming at the end of this padha followed by om over here. And so, in place of both of them, now this om will be substituted as one substitute. So, the output generated by 6 from 95 would be shivaya om and namaha. When we join it together, we get shivaya om namaha. Then also we have shiva plus aah plus eah. And now aah plus eah in the samhita mode, 6187 will apply and the output generated would be shiva, aah and heah. Now this aah over here and this aah, they will become the input for 6195 to apply and then the output generated would be shiv, aah and heah. When we join them together, it becomes shivaya heah. This aah is considered as aah because aah has substituted aah and a special rule to this effect is created namely anthadi vachcha. What it means is that this one substitute stated by 6184 acts as final of the previous element and also initial of the latter element. So, this aah comes in place of aah as well as eah. So, this aah can be considered as eah or aah can be considered as aah. Considering aah as aah, now we have shiva plus eah and this aah is aah. So, now omangoscha applies and there is pararoopasandhi. So, we get the form shivaya heah. Let us go to the next sutra, usya padantata. This is 6196. This has got two words usi and apadantata. Usi is 7 slash 1 of us. Us is a verbal suffix. Usi means immediately before us. Apadantata is 5 slash 1 of apadanta. Apadanta means not at the end of a pada. So, apadantata means immediately after a sound that does not occur at the end of a pada. Words continued are adh 5 slash 1 of aah short or long and this means immediately after aah short or long and of course pararoopam 1 slash 1 of pararoopa later form. So, now this sutra means immediately before the suffix us and immediately after aah short or long that does not appear at the end of a pada in place of both substitute the later form that is ooo. I repeat immediately before the suffix us immediately before the suffix us and immediately after aah short or long that does not appear at the end of a pada in place of both substitute the later form that is ooo. So, now here is the derivation process. So, we are deriving the form adhu which means we are deriving the form adhu which means they gave. This is derived in this particular fashion. We have the verbal root da to which is added long then we add aah to it aah daah long then we add the suffix chli in the next step then we delete this chli by the sutra 2477 aah daah 0 and long then this long gets replaced by g aah daah 0 g and then we replace this g by us and now we have aah daah 0 and us. Now, here we notice that this aah which is the long variety of aah is not appearing at the end of a pada it is very much inside within a pada followed by the suffix us and so now this has scope of application for 6196 and so now in place of this aah and this ooo pararoo prasandhi takes place and ooo as one substitute replaces both of them aah and ooo. So, we have aah daah ooo sir when we join them together we get adus or aduho meaning they gave in this case this aah and this ooo this is the environment aah is not appearing at the end of a pada and so both of them get substituted by this letter form ooo over here this is what is usya padaantaat let us proceed further and study the next sutra this is ato gunay ato gunay has got two words ataha five slash one of at meaning immediately after short aah remember this is at at stands for short aah and gunay is seven slash one of gunay meaning immediately before gunay and gunay is aah and ooo defined by one one two aah the words continued are aah padaantaat five slash one of aah padaantaat meaning not at the end of aah pada so aah padaantaat means immediately after a sound that does not occur at the end of a pada pararupa means one slash one of pararupa that is letter form all this put together this sutra means immediately before gunay that is aah ooo and immediately after short aah that appears not at the end of a pada in place of both is substituted the letter that is gunay in place of both is substituted the letter pararupa in this case it is the gunay so we have two examples one is patharup one is patharup one is patharup one is patharup one is patharup one is patharup one is patharup one is patharup two are three examples one is pathanti they read and the second one is labhay that is I obtain pathanti is derived after the verbal root patha and the suffix lutt being added to it so patha plus lutt then this lutt gets substituted by jhi and then this jhi gets substituted by ante and at this stage patha plus ante we have the suffix aah that comes in between So, patha plus ar plus anthi, now here ar is within a padha followed by another ar, so this ar can be called guna, so we have the environment where ar not occurring at the end of a padha is immediately followed by a guna sound and so in case in place of both of these sounds, we have para rupa that is this ar being the substitute. So, then the next step is derived patha anthi, when we join them together we get the form patha anthi which means they read. So, here we have ar plus ar and both these especially this one latter one can be termed as guna to satisfy the condition for ato guna to apply and para rupa sandhi takes place. Similarly, if we look at the derivation of labha, we have labha followed by the suffix lutt vartamane, then this lutt gets substituted by e then this e gets substituted by a, then we have the vikaranapratya ar coming in between. Now, we have ar which is not at the end of a padha which is in between a padha followed immediately by a, all this is in the samhita mode. Now, in this case ar plus a the by default rules would apply and the buddhi would be the substitute that does not happen over here because of this particular sutra which says that when ar occurs not at the end of a padha and if a guna sound appears immediately after it then in place of both of them plays the latter that is the para rupa that is this a in this particular case. So, then the next step would be labha plus a this a is the substitute in place of this ar as well as this a. So, we have labha plus a labha which means I obtain this is ato guna. Let us go ahead and look at this next sutra avyaktanukaranasyataitau 6.198 and there are three words in the sutra. The first one is avyaktanukaranasyat 6.1 of avyaktanukaran. Avyaktanukaran means avyakt means unexpressed speech. Anukaran is imitation. So, avyaktanukaran means part of imitation word of unexpressed speech. This is the meaning of avyaktanukaranasyat. Part of imitation word of unexpressed speech. What is an unexpressed speech? So, the sounds that happen in the nature they gets get imitated by human beings. Such a sound is called avyaktanukaran. So, part of it is getting operated by this sutra. Ataha is 6 slash 1 which means in place of at and at here is not short a. At refers to its own form that is at. Itau is 7 slash 1 of iti which means immediately before iti. Pararupam is continued from the previous sutras, latter form and the meaning of the sutra is immediately before iti when at appears as part of an unexpressed imitation. Then in place of both of them, latter form in this case e takes place as the one substitute. And I repeat immediately before iti when at appears as part of an unexpressed imitation. Then in place of both of them, latter form that is e takes place as the one substitute. Here are the examples. We have the word patat. Patat is an imitation. This kind of sound naturally occurs in the nature. And so, in order to imitate it, we say patat. Now patat is avyaktanukaran. And now when we quoted patat iti. So, we have at over here followed by e and now by the application of 6, 1, 98 this at and this e get the pararupa sandhi. That means this e remains and in place of this and this. So, the output generated is patat is gone and e and t. Joining them together, we get patiti. Similarly, ghatat iti and this at and e, they both have the sandhi effect ghat e and t the resultant form would be ghat iti. So, the substitutions are at and e and in place of both of them we have e as the substitute. Now there is a vartika on this particular sutra which says that anekacha iti vaktavyam. It says that this substitute takes place only if the unexpressed imitation word contains more than one bobble like patat and ghatat. When it contains only one bobble like shrat. So, we have shrat plus iti. Here this operation does not take place. This at and this e is not replaced by this e. It remains as it is and that is shraditi. There is no change brought about at all. This context of avyaktanukaranam continues in the next two sutras. The first one being naam redhitas yantyas yatuva. Now let us look at the next sutra. Naam redhitas yantyas yatuva. This sutra consists of two sentences. The first one being naam redhitas yantyas yatuva. And the second one is antyas yatuva. Let us look at them one by one. So, the first word is naam which is negation which means not. Amredhitas yantyas yatuva is six slash one of amredhita meaning part of amredhita. Antyas yantyas yatuva is six slash one of antya which means in place of final sound. Tu means but va means optionally. Amredhita is the second part of the doubled element stated by 812 tasya param amredhitaam. Words continued are pararupam one slash one of pararupa avyaktanukaranasya from the previous sutra which means part of imitation word of unexpressed speech atah six slash one in place of at and itau seven slash one of iti immediately before iti. So, the meaning of the sutra stated in the two sutra, two sentences is this. One substitute in the form of the latter form does not take place in place of ii in iti and at which is part of the unexpressed imitation when it is re-duplicated. And the second sentence is but the substitute in the form of the latter form does take place in place of the final tu and ii in iti that too optionally. So, not this entire at is replaced but only this tu is replaced. So, we have this patat and patat when it is uttered twice the second part patat this is called amredhita and this is what is getting operationalized. So, patat is one imitation of the unexpressed sound in the nature when it is re-duplicated because of 814 miktvibh sayohu we have patat patat followed by iti. Now, in this case this at and this ii this does not get ii as the substitute but because of this sutra only this final d and this ii they get the substitute pararupa which is ii in this case. So, we have patat remaining as it is this the and ii is replaced by ii. So, we get patat pataditi this is one output generated where there is no sandi effect taking place because this is an optional application. So, patat pataditi is one form and the second optional form is patat pata this is pata and then the d and ii get substituted by ii. So, we have patat pata ii and ti and finally patat patati by the application of the guna sutra we get the output patat patati. Let us look at the next sutra nityam amredhita dachi this is 61100 there are 3 words in the sutra nityam 11 of nitya which means always or without optionality amredhita is 7 slash 1 of amredhita which means immediately before the second part of the reduplicated unexpressed imitation dachi is 7 slash 1 of dach a suffix stated by 5457 words continued are pararupam 1 slash 1 of pararupa avyaktanu karanasya 6 slash 1 of avyaktanu karana meaning part of imitation word of unexpressed speech ataha is 6 slash 1 of at meaning in place of at anthya siya is 6 slash 1 of anthya that is in place of final sound to put this together we get the meaning namely immediately before the amredhita which comes before the suffix dach dach final ta inat and the initial of the amredhita they both always without optionality get substituted by the latter form that is the initial of the amredhita when it is part of an unexpressed imitation I repeat immediately before the amredhita which comes before the suffix dach that means dach suffix is added after the amredhita final ta inat and the initial of this amredhita they both always without optionality get substituted by the latter form that is the initial sound of the amredhita when it is part of an unexpressed imitation so patak-patak we know is unexpressed imitation and after this is the suffix dach that is attached to it in fact when this dach suffix is added to patak then patak gets re duplicated because of this statement dachi bahulam dve bhavataha and so we get patak-patak plus dach in this case this is the amredhita and this is the sound pur at the beginning of this amredhita and here we have the at the end of this first part which comes immediately before the amredhita now this amredhita is coming immediately before this suffix dach so the conditions for 61100 to apply are fulfilled and so now the first step is because of this dh this at gets deleted patad-pat-ah afterwards this dh and this pur they get the pararupasandhi and so in place of both the and pur only pur remains as the substitute and so we have pata and pata pata and pata and this is what is the output that is generated pata pata this re duplication has happened because of the statement dachi bahulam dve bhavataha to summarize we have studied pararupasandhi and we noticed that pararupasandhi applies in a very restricted environment so pararupasandhi cancels applications of other by default rules like 6187 and 88 some of the rules apply only word internally like 6196 and 97 whereas the other rules only apply between two words 6195 and 98 now we study the next instance of dristhanika ekadesha namely the savarna dirghasandhi stated by the sutra akas savarna dirghaha 6 1 1 0 1 but this we will do in the next lecture thank you for your patience