 Good afternoon. How is everyone? Thank you for joining us for the 11th and final lecture in our issues and national security lecture series. We greatly appreciate you turning out, especially considering how amazing the weather is. I had to actually twist some arms from our lecturers to not leave and go outside and actually show up to speak tonight. But this is an important lecture. This is a very relevant and meaningful way to end. I think what's been a fantastic year for those of you who have made many of them Been fascinating discussions throughout. I'd like to commend everyone who's attended on the really thoughtful questions You've asked our faculty and we hope you've enjoyed attending these as much as I've enjoyed hosting along with a couple of my colleagues that helped host but certainly all of the faculty thoroughly enjoy the opportunity to engage with you and The questions you asked them make them better when they go back in the classroom to teach our core students. So thank you for that. At the end of the afternoon slash early evening What I'm gonna do is come up front rather than make everybody stay I have a huge stack of certificates for those of you who got an email from me You can come up and we'll formally present you but we won't call you on the stage and and do all the formalities We'll just have you come up and grab those from me afterwards But thank you again very much for for taking part in these events Tonight is a as I said extremely meaningful and important discussion We're gonna explore Not only the consequences of conflict that are currently taking place around the world We're also gonna look at natural disasters and maybe even dive a little bit into some of the the infectious disease pandemic discussions Because we have two experts here from the Naval War College Two of my favorite people because they're on my team and I get to work with them every day and we have very diverse backgrounds So I think you're gonna be excited to engage with both of them and where they come from First is professor Brittany card. Brittany's been with us for about 15 months now She came from the humanitarian sector. She's worked for a couple of different United Nations agencies Both are a mouthful the office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs, which you'll learn about tonight As well as the world food program and then I was very fortunate to meet Brittany about eight years ago When she worked at the Harvard humanitarian initiative Which is widely recognized as one of the preeminent academic centers that engages directly with not only affected people around the world But also humanitarian organizations that are caring for them So Brittany will bring very much a humanitarian perspective Although I will say that in the 15 months that we've gotten her here. She's become an outstanding military planner With respect to humanitarian operations To Brittany's right is professor Tony Fox Tony has been at the war college a long time. We've both been here for well over a decade now Tony comes initially from a legal background in the civilian world So as you can imagine, he's very interested in international humanitarian law Also known as the law of armed conflict Be careful with the questions you ask about those because we could be here all night Talking about legal stuff just as a warning But Tony also served as an intelligence officer in the US Navy And so he has an exceptional planning background as well on military operations And he has a deep understanding of how military support Humanitarians around the world when required so with no further ado Brittany and Tony the floor is yours Okay, so thank you all for coming as Dave said Today we're going to look at The kind of things that cause human suffering human disasters whether it be natural disasters conflict We're going to look at the people in the organizations That go into those disaster areas and try to help people to alleviate suffering and to save lives So hopefully by the time we're finished you'll have an understanding both of the kind of threats that are out there But also the people who respond and also how they do that It's very Apropos that we are doing this particular lecture today because today is the 138th anniversary of the founding of the American Red Cross a group of people as you know who probably do a lot For people in the military service, but also respond to disasters not only in the United States But around the world okay, so This is the last class We had to make sure you had some kind of quiz before we let you go You aren't getting the certificates unless you get this question, right? Who can tell me the answer to this in that 30-year period U.S. Military units that were doing their normal training normal deployments were diverted X number of times to conduct humanitarian assistance and disaster relief Who thinks it's 22? Show of hands anyone No takers on 22. Okay. What am I bid for 65? Do I have any takers on 65? All right burns you will keep that. I'm watching you burn. Okay 83. Anybody want to go with 83 and Which of you guys are really willing to put it out there and go with 366? All right Guess what the right answer is? Those of you guess wrong. We're gonna have remedial work after this lecture. Please report to Brittany and I Okay, next slide This shows you The breakdown of the different Let's call them diversions And although there are only 22 combat missions there Recognize that some of these combat missions can last a long time. I can think of some that are lasted about 18 years Next slide Okay, so today we're going to talk as I discussed about the different types of incidents that cause Humanitarian response and the people who respond and how they make that response effective next slide So first we'll talk about natural disasters. Here's a sampling of some that have happened in the past nine or ten years Earthquake in Haiti over 200,000 people killed earthquake and tsunami in Japan 16,000 people killed note that The earthquake then caused a meltdown of the Fukushima nuclear reactor So that was on top of the natural disaster event How many of us remember Superstorm Sandy? I can remember watching the waves roll in down at second beach Super typhoon high-end at the time it was the most powerful storm to ever hit land The Ebola virus disease in 2014 in West Africa and today we're seeing another outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Nepal an earthquake with over 8,000 people killed In 2016 hurricane Matthew Hitting Haiti and the United States and then of course Who can forget the 2017 succession of hurricanes that battered Houston the Caribbean Islands, Florida and much of the East Coast One thing that I want to just point out here, too Is we chose these examples for you because they all involved the use of militaries in the response either the US military Assisting our domestic or international militaries and this is something we'll dive deeper into So in this 10-year period 265 million people were displaced that means they had to leave their homes due to natural disasters as You can see whether related incidents are by far the most numerous Floods and storms are the most dangerous and By comparison things like volcanic eruptions the kind of things movies are made about are comparatively Minor and not as big a threat as long as you don't live right next to it a Big part of this as as the years are going by and as we think of things like that 2017 hurricane season is climate change and how that's affecting all of this right now Scientists are developing better technologies and methodologies to enable them to assess What weather events are actually influenced perhaps caused by climate change and in? 2017 they identified at least 15 and among those were The big heat wave that swept across Europe in the summer of 2017 and These scientists estimate that those types of events those heat waves are now twice as likely to happen as they were in 1950 They also estimate that Catastrophic floods are twice as likely to happen in Bangladesh and China as they were in 1950 Climate change is bringing a lot of this about one of the biggest problems is The warming of the ocean and the rising of the seas so for those of us who are operating on or near the oceans This is a prime consideration and concern So what Tony just described for us the natural disaster side of the humanitarian landscape It's met with the side of humanitarian response. That is relating to armed conflict in other homes of violence One trend we wanted to just show you show you is that in the post World War two period We have seen the number of conflicts increase 2017 was actually the most violent year on record since the end of the Cold War in Two two trends stick out to us It's that internal conflicts are more numerous and also the involvement of International forces in external in internal conflicts. This is very important, especially for Humanitarians because internationalized conflicts last longer. They are more violent and they are much more difficult to solve The majority of humanitarian need in the world is driven by conflict and this is something that we cannot forget One major results of this of this phenomena is the movement of people Tony told us how 265 million people have been displaced by natural disasters in the last ten years That is actually a number that often gets forgotten in the humanitarian context narrative Often we think of refugees and internally displaced people people who have been forced to flee their home due to conflict Generalized situations of violence or other forms of insecurity We've provided some definitions here on the bottom for you because it's just important to realize that we are talking about two different types of populations Refugees are those that have been forced to flee their home and they actually cross an international border They leave their country and they seek refuge somewhere else and that is supposed to set into motion a series of International legal protections that have been developed since the end of World War two to help them on the other hand You have internally displaced populations. These are people again forced to flee their home, but they remain within their own country's borders Looking at the numbers 1945 High about 50 million people displaced due to the conflict We are now seeing an insurgence in these numbers since the mid 1990s This is directly coupled with this trending conflict that we looked at on the previous slide If we look at this year or last year, I guess 2018 There were 68.5 million people who were forced to flee their home due to conflict So this number is continuing to rise. We should know about next month what the latest figures are When we look at this breakdown even further Something that gets left out of the narrative about 25 million people of this group are refugees That may not match the narrative that we hear in the news about the movement of refugee populations however 40 million people are displaced within their own borders and that means it is on Their own sovereign nation to provide resources for them to be able to return back home because we cannot forget that sovereignty is Responsibility a country must take care of its own populations so humanitarians are trying to work within this context of protracted conflict Protracted displacement because in reality the average length of displacement is 26 years. That means generations live They die they are born in situations of displacement and the international community is trying to figure out how to work with states To make this so that way people can resettle into communities Now look at this also within the context of urbanization Okay, when people are displaced due to conflict or due to natural disasters They often move towards cities because that is where they can access resources But also most of the world those of us who do not find ourselves in these extreme circumstances We are also moving towards cities. It is estimated that by 2050 Six billion people will live in cities. This means you have more people moving in an expansion of infrastructure complex systems No one actually knows what that means for humanitarian response the future the questions We need to ask ourselves or what does humanitarian response look like in an urban context because we do not know What even when we look at medium cities large cities and mega cities so about 1 million people to over 10 million people I Think this graph gives us a great idea of Trends in where these cities are popping up What I told you about warming seas and rising sea levels most of these cities you'll see are a long coastal area another driver for this urbanization is Again climate change because drought is killing agricultural fields Make it impossible to grow food and many of the displaced farmers who now seek work Go into cities in order to find some new opportunity one of the things to keep in mind when you look at this is Jakarta the capital of wealth right now the capital of Indonesia is subject to annual floods and Those floods have gotten so bad that the country of Indonesia is now going to move its capital out of Jakarta So take everything we have just talked about already a daunting landscape and now we start thinking about the spread of infectious disease we have people moving for Economic reasons to flee violence to survive natural disasters We have urban centers growing people are living more closely together our lives are more intertwined I can travel to the other side of the world and be there in 12 hours When we think about that in the context of pandemics and infectious disease it poses great challenges for states governments Militaries humanitarian actors and how we would respond to an outbreak and we were confronted by this in 2014 like Tony highlighted earlier with the Ebola outbreak in West Africa where you had three nations in West Africa have Thousands of people dead millions of people displaced from their home Because of this outbreak in the US military actually responded as part of their response there for the first time a disease driven foreign humanitarian assistance mission As Brittany mentioned about Flight and jet travel think too about how Ebola back then reached the United States and other countries It was people traveling on planes who weren't even aware. They were sick when they got on the plane But we're carrying the disease with them. So that's a little bit of what the landscape looks like a little bleak We don't want you to be too scared Because the world has actually organized itself very well to respond to these challenges and that's what we're going to look at next So we're going to think in the context of a natural disaster response We have a tsunami hit Japan tomorrow. This is how the international system would respond At the top the primacy is the affected state and that is because it is the role of the affected state to Help its population and respond to a disaster within its own borders Many states have built up very robust natural disaster management offices and also National militaries can be a first responder within their own borders We have a colleague on our team from Chile and the reason it is so beneficial to have him with us is that in Chile the military is a first responder to natural disasters in their own country something very different from us in the United States The affected state often the local population Community national governments they have the resources and the capabilities and the capacities to respond Help themselves recover and build back, but sometimes that is not enough a natural disaster can overwhelm that National capacity and that is when you will have the international humanitarian sector called into action in Many countries around the world the United Nations has built up a very robust humanitarian country team close relationships with the national government with different embassies and When they are called into action the UN can mobilize the international community whether that be with other UN agencies the Red Cross which we'll talk about in a moment or Thousands of national governmental organizations that have sprung up to respond in this system However, that still may not be enough a disaster can be so bad that it overwhelms this side on the right and That is when we see militaries plug-in Very often once you have this mobilization this call for international assistance The humanitarian sector Will come NGOs will start coming into a country all at the request or acceptance of the national government Because they remain in charge But then you will also have other states have bilateral agreements say the United States in Japan We would have our embassy coordinate with their national government What is the proper role for the State Department the US agency for international development The Department of Defense possibly and that is where you will see this more robust system come into place When we have this term up here country team that is the members of the embassy in that country So the ambassador and all his staff the consul that sort of thing defense attache's all those people who work in the embassy comprise the country team So we have this larger green circle up on this slide here just to highlight to you is that often you will have operation centers form in which Foreign militaries can work in the same space as the national military They probably have pre-existing strong relationships practice exercise trainings But then they can mobilize and work together in these settings to provide humanitarian assistance Now this is a very neat picture Right step by step gives us a good idea in reality the humanitarian system looks more like this And I know you can't read it. That's part of the point But on the right here, we have NGOs. We have the military. We have national governments But we also need to think about the private sector the public sector donors the media each of these Actors fits into the ecosystem and they all work to provide us information Mobilized resources provide funding. I mean It's amazing how many people can come together to work within these settings to make things happen in the private sector for instance, there is one in particular international package delivery company that has a wealth of information on Airports around the world that they provide to humanitarian responders who are going into a different country to Respond to an event like this. Also, you see up here the media and the media can do a lot to drive the response They can call attention to certain NGOs as opposed to others which will affect the donations they get they can be very critical of the government or other Parties that are intervening and can really shape the way a response occurs So to now just touch on a couple different types of NGOs or intergovernmental Organizations that often respond in these situations at the top. We have this labeled as a special category They're not really NGOs. They're not government. They have a special status in the humanitarian sector on the left We have the International Committee of the Red Cross and Red Crescent the ICRC works to protect and provide resources to victims of armed conflict and violence They work with states to make sure that they are respecting and acting according to international humanitarian law They want states to fight warfare in a legal way in order to minimize civilian harm and civilian risk on The right-hand side the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent That is made up of national societies every country in the world has one We have the American Red Cross whose birthday is today and those national societies are very often made up of The affected community and that is because the local community is a first responder. They will Help their family. They will help their neighbor and that's something that does often get overlooked And it needs to make sure that their voice Has a seat at the table within this broader ecosystem, and that's what the IFRC works to ensure In the middle row, we have the specialized United Nations agencies each one has a specific focus area and a mission The name alone. I think will give you a good indication Starting on the left. We have the UN Refugee Agency the international Organization for migration the world health organization the world food program and the office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs Each of these is a leader in its field It develops technical standards provides trainings and it works with the NGOs in a response to make sure that all resources are brought to bear This bottom category the NGOs the non-governmental organizations Some of these you may recognize you may give money to them you may volunteer for them But these are professional organizations each with a specific mission and that mission will tell you what their focus area is If you are out in the field and you meet someone who works for an NGO Ask them what is your mission and they should be able to tell you if they can't you know They're not very serious about their work Another important thing to highlight is that NGOs greatly vary in size. They can be one person They can be thousands of people One dollar budget Billion dollar budget. I mean there is immense power and networks behind these NGOs and they often work together to complement one another Thinking about you know when militaries plug in Each of these NGOs also has a very different relationship with the military Some may want to work closely with them like world division They are not shy about that and some may want to keep their distance like doctors without borders and the reason for that It's not arbitrary It's because of the humanitarian principles So the humanitarian principles were developed Based on a book and an experience by a French businessman named Henry do not He was walking down the road and he saw a battle in 1859 and he could not believe the carnage The battle had more casualties than Gettysburg Wounded were being left on the battlefield Untreated and so he went into the town and he mobilized Local people to come out and help these people who had been left to die for no reason wounds that could be treated Based on this experience He wrote a book called the memory of soul farino and that book really sparked a grassroots campaign And it started a campaign saying we need an organization That can fill these gaps when militaries and states are fighting one another We need to prevent unnecessary suffering and harm And we need someone to help do that and that is how the International Committee of the Red Cross was actually created And how international humanitarian law was created But fast forward us to the present day that has also given us the humanitarian principles So starting from the top humanity Kind of the basic principle of humanitarian action It tells us that Humanitarians will address human suffering wherever it is found. It's very important Does not matter where people are located where they're from What their races their religion? But humanitarians really wanted to articulate this and so they said we will also be impartial We will provide humanitarian assistance based on need Not according to anything else So thinking back to that battle of soul farino It means that if I'm out on a battlefield I'm not helping one side over another based on advancing a military objective or Trying to advance along an end state. I will look at who needs my help wherever they are In those two principles they tell us What is good humanitarian action? The second two principles Neutrality and independence they tell us how can we actually achieve good humanitarian action? Because it's much more difficult to put into practice Neutrality says we as humanitarians we will not take sides Again tying it back to we will use need as our metric And we will remain independent We will be separate autonomous from political military economic objectives Now one question we always get on the independence is a lot of NGOs received their money from Governments, so how can they do that and still be independent? The US is actually the largest donor in the world for NGOs in humanitarian funding Despite some decreases in the last year. There are some NGOs that get 90% of their budget from the national government In the reason that humanitarians can remain independent even with this financial nature of its of its existence is that they will do the same type of programming No matter where in the world Based on the money they get they the money cannot dictate what type of programming They deliver they will use it to make their own decisions about what type of programming Based on need based on neutrality, and that is how it will be executed another thing that often comes up and We've asked some of our students this and they're in the room So I won't call them out But if we see these principles then can can military actors be humanitarians if these are the principles by which Humanitarian action the professional international humanitarian sector Governs itself and regulates itself Can militaries be humanitarians in this calculus they cannot Independence alone because even when we have the US military Assisting typhoon high on in the Philippines and natural disaster response. They may be on a humanitarian mission They may be providing life-saving assistance to populations But within the broader ecosystem of all the other people that they're interacting with They can never be independent because the US military and the government will still tell them where to go and what to do so with this very Disperate and fragmented system working to govern itself and set frameworks Another answer that came up in the 1990s was we do need some type of centralized body to help us Because there are so many different actors in this space And that is why the office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs was created at the UN Their primary mission is to coordinate. It is to build consensus and to facilitate to be a broker There is no command and control Another thing our military students have a hard time with so they can't tell anyone what to do But they work to advance policy information sharing Mobilizing money so that way everyone can get on the same page Pairing gaps and available resources within a crisis For our purposes We're very interested in Ocha because civil military coordination is an inherent part of this mission So thinking about what coordination looks like it takes many different forms But one way is the cluster system. And so Ocha sits at the middle. You have a natural disaster Everyone comes together. They're in a country. They're trying to figure out what to do So we stand up the cluster system And the cluster system has been a functional division of humanitarian response Organizations realize that we need to work with partners who have similar missions and similar mandates We all may not have the same capabilities and resources But we can still work together to get our arrows moving in the same direction And so looking around the wheel just to give a few examples. It's everything from Logistics to education to health to food security in each of these sectors is led by a UN agency Or an NGO and they were kind of as the herder for these people When they're in a cluster meeting together We actually give you an example on the left here. This is in the Philippines Everybody sitting together in a room Talking to each other sharing their needs assessment What do you have? What do you need? Trying to move this situation forward so that way they can get the response going Just a paper map in the middle of the room with a bunch of sticky notes. I think we've all done there So thinking back to this sieve mill coordination It also can take many different forms and it's very context driven So we've talked a lot about natural disaster response And that would be more in the green zone on the left end cooperation It means In a relatively benign environment, you can have militaries. You can have humanitarians Sit in the same room together Like in the Philippines that picture we showed you on the previous slide Canadian military sitting in the back quietly but listening And it means that there's an environment where Humanitarians and militaries can sit together and they know that each of their principles Will not be negatively affected due to their physical proximity However The coexistence the other opposite end the red That is unfortunately more of the reality That is our Syria's Yemen Iraq Afghanistan Venezuela Unfortunately Most humanitarian action takes place in a conflict setting And in those cases you cannot have militaries and humanitarians Sit in the same room together because humanitarians They want to protect those humanitarian principles because it's what keeps them alive They do not have guns. They do not have security It is people seeing them as independent and neutral. That's what keeps them alive Two instances instances of Ebola outbreaks in 2014 Ebola breaks out in Sierra Leone, Liberia The doctors without borders contingent there that is starting to treat the patients Realizes they are being overwhelmed Even though doctors without borders almost never works with international military forces In a humanitarian response they requested international militaries to come in and assist With the effort to stem that Ebola outbreak So there you're really looking at cooperation A few years later we now have Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Unlike Liberia unlike Sierra Leone There's conflict going on in DRC It is not a benign environment Aid workers are being attacked even those who are trying to provide medical assistance to Ebola patients So there you're going to see something more at this end of the spectrum probably And in those cases the UN Ocha or another body can act as a go-between Between the humanitarian and the military side because what people are increasingly coming To to bear with is we may not want to sit in the same room But it can be a matter of life or death and we need to know where the other is operating and what they are doing Okay, Dave warned you that I was going to talk about international humanitarian law And I'm going to give you the second quiz of the night When the military of one country goes into another country without that country's consent What do we call that an invasion? Yes, that's the correct term So the first time the u.s. Navy tried to respond to a natural disaster in another country Was in 1907 an earthquake and tsunami hit kingston jamaica Destroyed about 80 of the buildings killed about a thousand people Two u.s. Navy battleships and a torpedo destroyer left guantanamo bay loaded with medical supplies and food And arrived a couple days later in jamaica The british governor general in jamaica looked out his window Saw these warships and said what is going on? Nobody had asked him if they could arrive and help out He said thank you for your offer of assistance, but no, thank you. Please leave So we've all learned our lesson and now international militaries will only assist in humanitarian Responses when the affected nation makes the request Next the militaries can provide many services but in the interest of making sure that the affected nation government is Running the the response and the responses always going to be driven by and run by the affected nation That national disaster management agency Or some other government agency that britney mentioned earlier So international militaries that are responding They will typically provide indirect assistance that is They will provide assistance that's at least one step removed from the population of the affected nation Now this doesn't always happen, but this is the way it's supposed to work so Helicopters leave a u.s. Navy ship bringing water and medical supplies they go to a Base occupied by the affected nation's military or where their national defense Disaster management agency is located they turn over the medical supplies and water And it's those people from the affected nation who then distribute it To the people who are in need Actually giving the medical assistance The supplies to the affected people is called direct assistance. We try not to do that in foreign countries However, we might sometimes provide infrastructure support and that is Something where the military can really come in and provide Usually in a very quick response capabilities that might not Be present or might not be present for some time in the affected nation So things like getting airfields up and running again after an earthquake Getting a seaport up and running again after an earthquake or tsunami Providing weather information setting up communications networks Opening up roads Clearing and repairing bridges that sort of thing Next slide the infrastructure support it confronts the principle of last resort Which is something that's often thrown around in the humanitarian community that military should only be brought in As a last resort Well, the learning and from our own experience is that actually we need to appreciate the unique capabilities that militaries can provide That are essential in the first 24 to 72 hours That's a first priority That is what can help the civilian response really get up and running to its maximum capacity Once they're mobilized and tony's going to talk about some specifics in a few more slides But that's also when you're most likely to see that International military providing the direct support the u.s. Navy helicopter landing outside a village that's been affected by a typhoon And medical supplies and water being hand and food being handed out to the people in that village that sort of thing right after The disaster happened and there's nobody else able to respond So what are the kind of things that the militaries can do? Um Brittany gave you a very good explanation of the cluster system and the kind of things Different clusters address the different issues such as food security protection healthcare These are the kind of things that militaries can often bring In such a response as well So you see that there is an awful lot of overlap between what the military can provide And what the NGOs and international organizations can do I would say that US militaries tends to stay away from something like this Tends to stay away from protection Other than protection of their own people And our own equipment You have actually had the philippines Reorganize its entire national disaster Structure and agency according to the cluster system So that way when the international humanitarian community comes they can just plug right in an overlay And so now the question is how do we have militaries fit into this as well so navies are especially suited to respond to international disasters because Not only the u.s. Navy, but other navies are often forward deployed They have ships out all over the world. They're able to respond quickly Here you see a u.s. Navy amphibious ship alongside a very wonderful Chilean amphibious ship And two u.s. Marine Corps mv-22 ospreys which are aircraft with Engines that tilt like this so they can take off and land like a helicopter or fly like an airplane Those are wonderful in responding to A disaster because they can carry a lot of stuff They can go pretty far and they can go pretty fast compared to a regular helicopter next slide And there you see a wonderful mv-22 osprey operated by the u.s. Marines in the philippines during the response to typhoon hyann And you see here a u.s. Marine officer and a philippine soldier bringing aid Packages out of that aircraft and over to the philippine military or philippine Disaster management agency personnel for it to be distributed then to needy philippine Brittany and I Work for the war colleges civil military humanitarian response program that was started late in 2015 The director is none other than the illustrious david pilotti who you Uh Saw earlier tonight We also have on our staff dr. Hank brightman who is sitting over there as well as Ben davies who couldn't be here tonight and our chilean naval commander sergio gomez who is enjoying 90 some degrees in florida right now with his family But this is what we do And these are some of the people we work with on a regular basis So as you can see we work with a lot of different schools Ngo's other organizations both international and u.s. Organizations All in an effort to try and make sure that U.s. Military and all militaries can do a better job coordinating the response to natural disasters and work better alongside ngo's in conflict zones such as Iraq syria afghanistan right now Just want to say that you know the material that we showed you today This is material that we have shown to students here at the naval war college to leading universities And also we recently went to guam and worked with pacific partnership mission staff getting ready to go out on one of their One of their deployments and so I think that for us It shows that this material it not only helps humanitarians understand militaries But it also helps militaries understand humanitarians and that's because Humanitarian response in civil military coordination. It really comes down to relationships And so we want to not only be a resource for you all and for the naval war college about how to get in touch with the Different actors who are involved in this ecosystem who are likely to respond Because we would really like to build up the relationships now So that way when we get in country somewhere, we all know each other and it makes it easier to work together So Thank you all very much and do you have any questions? Yes, it was about conflict This one could you describe this for sure? Um, so this is from prio This is from their conflict mapping database So Interstate would be between two states Interest state is what they call internal conflict internationalized they classify that as A country is involved in a way that they have troops directly involved in country So so siri is a great example of an internationalized Internal or in trust state conflict in other words In syria, you basically have a civil war going on and russia has intervened. We now have u.s forces in in the country And others as well all taken part in this What is legally still defined as an internal? Essentially civil war. Yeah, so this this graph Has a very specific right meaning that a state has troops But internationalized can also mean unfortunately proxy support. So right now people are very concerned about Yemen becoming more internationalized with backings of iran to the houthi rebels So you can have that take different types of manifestations, but for this graph that is specifically what they mean And by the numbers and by that definition then the us actually has is involved in the most internationalized Conflicts in the world. They count seven So iraq afghanistan molly syria, etc Any other questions? We run this over to you Thank you for the presentation. It helps us understand a lot more of how it all works um as military families Obviously, we're moving all the time and I noticed that there's more Natural disasters more storms more flooding more of a lot So we're going into an area and when we get there I might actually start to flood or start anything So what's the best way that as the families not necessary active duty, but as the families the spouses Can plug in to help What's the best way? What's the most? You know, this is Yeah, it's a great question And I think one that really gets to the fact that Local communities are first responders. And so I think we're very fortunate here in the u.s If you're moving somewhere, you know, you can reach out to your municipal or state emergency management agency So thinking about the road island example Pima the providence emergency management agency. They actually have Communities some of our co-workers are in it. You can volunteer get access to trainings resources or become a volunteer To mobilize when a disaster happens to help your own community The red cross and I think there are a lot of international variants of that In terms of the humanitarian sector where you can either volunteer or gain access To resources, but you are right that flooding and storms especially in the u.s The midwest big cause for concern where there are very large military installations and something we're grappling with right now And the number one thing they say is give cash To to organizations that you look up and figure out that they spend the money in a meaningful way with very little overhead Yeah, most of the time they don't want donations of clothes and things like that But money is very helpful as you might imagine In situations like the tsunami and earthquake in japan when you have a lot of military us military families there Do you have to wait for permission to go in and rescue those families whereas it assumed That because we're already there We have the right to go in and Help them Well in a case like that first of all it depends on what the status of forces agreement says But the particulars in a case like that are generally going to be we already have forces there We have the right to take care of Of our dependents who are right right there in the country So that's generally what will happen just like In the case of like a non-combatant evacuation operation where like it typically an embassy is threatened There's something that's one of the instances call it a mini invasion where Military forces will go in to extract those embassy members With or without the permission of the host nation See i've been working in some of these legal terms Well my question first of all thanks a lot for the lecture it was very interesting Me and my family might be moving to a high risk area And it will be at the naval base So if there are practices that you mentioned about the training On the naval basis outside of the u.s. That I can take for example Because my wife she's a civilian duty So I don't know how we are going to be involved into that whole navy base and i'm Ukrainian So I don't know like if there any Think you know that on the naval basis outside overseas A lot of times there's actually some red cross representatives on the base Even overseas and they might be a good source for giving you that kind of information Also the command of the base should have disaster response plans in place and they should have People you can talk to to get answers to that question If you were going to get stationed at Norfolk, Virginia My first advice would be make sure you know how to swim I have a question you had a chart it had these little hot spot looking It had the world map I was just curious because Exactly this one when we listened to the talk on ferrule cities And he talked about how india because I had asked my husband, where's india? And he said it's covered by all the circles So Is that something that you're kind of keeping an eye on like what types of new things Do you imagine will be something that we need to respond to in a humanitarian nature? specifically thinking of india or Yes, I would say that is right now. That's really the cause For concern in terms of urbanization, especially because urban centers are not only becoming more interconnected by Roadways and other routes, but urban sprawl Where does the city begin and where does it end becomes very difficult to answer? Especially in the case of india, right when we look at this map And so when we think about the context of humanitarian response, we know that Natural does that ranging from natural disaster to a conflict setting the impact is going to be much more severe more people affected difficulty accessing basic services moving around and so It's really how can we get ahead of some of these trends that we know we can't stop But we can have plans in place and really work to understand when all of these factors Converge climate change conflict urbanization. What does that mean for us? And people are really trying to wrangle that right now So one of the problems with this rapid urbanization is the resilience of the cities And how well they're constructed to withstand those kind of disasters. So in chile, for instance, uh, there've been huge Hugely powerful earthquakes that have not caused lots of casualties have not destroyed a lot of buildings because In chile the cities are built to withstand those types of shocks a much less powerful earthquake was the one that hit Haiti and Killed hundreds of thousands of people because they weren't as well prepared and so in countries where They're People are aggregating quickly. You might not necessarily have the best building standards when people are coming in rapidly Those are the areas where you really see a threat in your opinion Is the u.s. Military better equipped and better at Responding domestically in a dom's mission such as a sandy or something like that or internationally in many of the areas you've You've described Well, as i'm sure you know Uh in response to sandy for instance the first uniform wearing people to respond Are the state national guards and the States that have been affected. So they are generally one of the first lines of defense against natural disasters within the united states And it's only relatively rarely that we've got called in as active duty members Um, Katrina's an example some of the hurricanes in 2017 or another example But As you saw with one of the initial quiz we gave at the start Our active component people who are deployed Are often being called on To do these responses And I really didn't mention the air force because I don't like the air force especially except when I need a ride but You know, even in conus C17's, you know large aircraft can be providing Inter theater lift in order to get You know huge amounts of supplies say from conus out to The philippines or or anywhere else really globally. So I would say for the active component. I would think it's the international response I don't know if Dave of britney have a different view warhawk The the question came from a ringer because this is ryan from the federal emergency management agency Yes So he I'd actually like to hear what he thinks based on what you've seen in your in your career and then i'll give you my opinion Obviously, I've I've mostly only observed the military do domestic work So that's why I'm most interested in comparing contrast of what I've seen domestically and what we see internationally and generally I'm thinking more title 10 forces as opposed to state national guard title 32 forces when I ask this question for me, it's it They're a great partner tremendous resource Obviously, I know you had made the comment that you know that perhaps integrating military earlier overseas is great for us I mean, it's it's It's government doctrine you guys are the last call So we have an op kind of a different view on how we look at that The approval process to go up to the secretary defense can take an insanely long amount of time And then the cost factor, you know $6,500 an hour for a blackhawk millions of dollars an hour for millions all day for a You know an offshore military platform becomes a a significant factor So I appreciate being able to see how tremendous a response capability the military has internationally And it's very interesting to be able to compare that to what I can see domestically both incredibly diverse and incapable assets used in very different mission sense That's a great answer And then I would ask everyone to look at that map again And if you look at the asia pacific region And what we call the ring of fire The u.s. Military Trains much more that the forward deployed forces that operate in the asia pacific region Tend to train much more for the international disaster response piece So tend to be much better at it in particular the u.s. Marine Corps Is um incredibly well prepared third marine expeditionary force out of okinawa And what we have seen is in recent years More of a trend of the u.s. Military preparing for domestic response because of katrina because of sandy But but generally speaking we spend much more time thinking about the international response piece because we have the national guard Who will respond in the states? Brittany any other thoughts on that? I think the only other thing i'll add which we didn't really touch on is time that you brought up So when we are talking about international militaries, especially our own military becoming involved in international humanitarian response It is for a short period of time. You have Community organizations the un humanitarian NGOs. They will be in a country for Months to years. They are there for the long term when we're talking about a military It is two weeks to 30 days because like you said it's expensive It they have other things to do. It's not their primary mission But they can bring a great deal of support and unique capability In an acute time period that can really help that civilian recovery go far So those different factors really come into play in the response to typhoon hyann in the philippines, which really devastated the central philippines The bulk of the u.s. Military presence was only there about 30 days As the old park ranger in here used to do Environmental response for department of the interior as regional environmental officer It really depends on the kind of Emergency you're talking about too if you're talking about something like an oil spill response There's actually a role for the private sector There's a role for the states to aggressively and get get involved right off the bat As opposed to doing what we call federalizing an event like that Because as you heard from our expert from FEMA as soon as you do that the costs become astronomical So the more you can contain that with local resources that are familiar with that particular issue problem set And have the resources in place to address it the better off everyone is in the end Hank isn't that why states have emergency liaison officers from the military? questions All right ladies and gentlemen, please join me in thanking britain. Thank you all very much And we'll we'll end here with with just a few admin remarks first of all Everyone turned around to the back and please thank we've had wonderful support from the fleet and family service center on base Who talk about taking care of our military personnel and their families? That's the organization that does it here in newport and they're our partner in this lecture series We simply couldn't do it without you. Thank you and everyone that came this year We look forward to partnering again with you next year if you'd be kind enough to do it with us Thank you Everyone turned around and waved to erin in the back booth from ird Our audio visual team her and dean gave us the support so we could do this this year We kept both of them late at least one night every other week So thank you And then a round of applause for for everyone in the room for coming and everyone that came this year Can't thank you enough on behalf of admiral jeff harley Thanks for coming to the issues of national security lecture series If you have any feedback whatsoever for next year, I've already had a request for a cyber lecture information warfare type of discussion Please feel free to to shoot me an email. I know everyone's got my email david Polatti and we'll take that into account and we'll let the president of the war college ultimately decide on the lineup But good luck to everyone. Enjoy the beginning of summer And if you got an email from me and qualified for a certificate If you meet me up front, I will be glad to present that to you Thanks so much and congratulations