 Since we were talking about the components of informed consent, there are some additional element of informed consent which may be required by certain statutory bodies. For instance, depending upon the nature of the research and the risk involved, institutional review boards may evoke additional regulatory requirements and they could be, for instance, a statement that any significant new findings that might relate to participants' willingness to take part in the study will be provided to them. For example, the question is, what will be the effectiveness of the study? By participating in the study, what will be the benefit of the participant personally? What can be the possible gains in the research that he or she can participate in? So, the choice of the institutional review board is that it can be added to inform consent to ask this question. Then, a description of a cost that a participant might incur, for example, transportation to support group or child care cost. Now, if we are doing any research in which we have involved a special population and, let's say, we have brought some children from a special education center, we have to make a part of some activity, then there is some cost involved. So, whether a participant is bearing a cost or their institution is bearing a cost and if he is doing it, then he or she should be spelled out in the form of informed consent. A statement that may be foreseeable risk, for example, the research involving medical treatment and procedures, primarily for biomedical researchers. This is not necessary true for social sciences researcher, but for biomedical researcher, there are certain situations in which biomedical treatment can be applied and the description of that can be given in the form of consent is very important. A description of consequences of participant's decision to withdraw from the study. Let's say, if he withdraws and we are giving him a compensation, then either that compensation is going to be effected. If we are telling him a very highlighted significance of that study, then maybe the significance of that research would be at risk, at cost because one of the important potential participants is withdrawing from the research. So, some researches are such that the sample is very limited, very secure, it is available in a very small size and one of those participants can go there and cause a lot of trouble for you. So, that is very important to see that if there is a sensitive participant and he is withdrawing, then this counseling, this guidance, this information should be given to him that he will incur losses for withdrawal research. If an institution uses a participant's pool of students, the participants will need to know under what circumstances they will receive partial payment and in case of withdrawal form study. Sometimes, some funded projects are like this where some specialized population is being taken and some compensated amount is given to them. So, in those kinds of researches where any kind of compensation would be assured to be given to the participants, it is very important to tell them about the loss in withdrawal in advance in their form consent. Then, exceptions to informed consent, which we will talk about, the participants is incapacitated, life-threatening emergency with inadequate time to obtain consent, it is very important, voluntary waived consent, it is also very important. Now, where do we see these situations? Let's say that you see that when we talk in a social network, then there could be different kind of conditions where we are doing research. You see that the question of food preferences is asked by people in a normal scenario where people are available to eat and drink in routine and there is no issue that they can tell you about the extreme condition of hunger in any of the questions. But if you are doing the same question in a war fair, maybe you are doing it in an area where people are very badly infected from the war zone and there are many injuries. To ask this question, its intensity, its nature and its background will be different. If you ask this question in Somalia, then its perspective will be very different and at times it will be difficult. So we have to see that in certain situations, maybe for certain questionnaires, there is no need to take informed consent or we can exempt them there. Then children and informed consent. So at times when we are talking about under 17, they cannot provide you informed consent on their own. So we are talking about informed consent not informed permission because parents must permit any kind of participation, any kind of treatment intervention that are going to be used in research. So when we take any information on the behalf of the parents, we take consent from the children that is only called informed permission. So these are the various ways in which we can go through that process very easily and smoothly and can decide that in certain situations what exemptions we can provide and either we are going to take informed consent to the elders and in what situations the children are involved in, they are going to give informed permission.