 This study demonstrated the potential of using DS-INA, immunofluorescence, DS-IF, as a tool to detect and monitor INA viruses in marine environments. The technique was successfully applied to heterocapsicekular squama, a dinoflagellate species which was found to produce DS-IF signals 1,000 times higher than background autofluorescence when infected with the SS-INA virus HCINAV. Furthermore, DS-IF positive cells were observed throughout the entire infection cycle, reaching up to 63% of the population. Additionally, photosynthesis and chromosome integrity remained unaltered even during peak replication, suggesting that INA virus infection does not disrupt these processes. Overall, this study provides evidence that DS-IF can be used to detect and monitor INA viruses in marine environments, thus providing a powerful tool for studying virus-driven ecosystem impacts. This article was authored by Samantha Arcoi, Boudi Utama, James W. Sperling and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.