 Mr Goeke, can you first tell us about how can we protect content online and what role should different members of society play? I think that it's very, very important to protect content online because we can't take advantage of this enormous power of new information communication technologies unless we have something to share on it. That means we have to find a means of rewarding creators, rewarding performers and rewarding in other words the content providers. How do we do that? Usually by protecting intellectual property, by protecting the copyright system. There are certain security measures that in addition one can use. I think what is the different role of all the members of society, what we have to do here is ensure that everyone has a consciousness that what is at stake here really is the question of financing culture in the 21st century and in the digital environment. We all want books, we all want music, we all want films and in order to get them however we have to be paying somehow the creators. Working in the field of content protection, what challenges are you currently facing? The biggest challenge is of course putting it in the broadest basis in technological obsolescence of the legal model. The legal model that we had worked very well for the analog world where you had a book or a CD or a DVD which was a convenient vehicle for collecting a royalty to return to the creators. Now in the containerless world of the internet we have a bigger difficulty and I think the world is still experimenting with various models that will work, usually subscription models whereby they make available a whole library of content for a relatively small per unit per capita price. Do you think that ICT with the booming use of ICT can it reinforce content protection or it is actually a threat to it? I think we have to work together. I think the content providers have to work together with the technologists, those who are developing the information communications technologies. It is very very important to see this partnership because it is in the interest of both. It is in the interest of the content providers to have the much greater distributional possibilities that the new technologies provide and it is also in the interest of those providing the ICTs information communication technologies to ensure that they have a very rich content to be able to distribute. Okay, with pirated content being downloadable for free for most of the time is usually cheap. So how can you address teenagers and get them to use copyrighted material and refrain away from pirated content? Well, I don't think you can compete with free, that's the problem. And for as long as it's free there is no means of competing with that and nothing is returned to the creators and the performers. So this is not a model that works. We have to pay for content. But people are prepared to pay for content. People pay subscriptions for television for different sorts of television services and they're used to that. I think it's just that we had an intervening period of 10 or 15 years in which music, for example, was downloaded free and we have to educate the public to a point where they understand that it is in their long-term interest to pay something to ensure a vibrant musical culture. And the panel you mentioned that we need to achieve a balance between the incentivisation of content creation and the diffusion of it. Can you highlight on this, please? Sure. I mean I think that we've seen as a result of ICT it's really a lowering of price of the availability of content and that's very, very good. And that has been brought about in part because the audience is enlarged by so much as now the whole world is the audience and that enables us to lower the unit cost, if you like. It's very important content providers take advantage of that because if they charge prices that are too high we are going to see a situation in which there will be you destroying the incentive for people to participate in payment of the creators. Okay, final question. How do you view content protecting copyright in the light of social media and social networking which is really booming today? So how do you view this? Well, same problem. I mean I think subscription models are one way of doing it. That's very, very important. I think making available content on terms that reasonable and sure widespread diffusion is another way of doing it. I think I'm rather partial to the notion that libraries become available but against payment. Thank you so much. David, can you please first tell us about what is your definition of green ICT? What are the requirements for technology so that it can be green? Okay, well I think you need to look at this in two separate aspects. The first is making sure that the carbon footprint, the pollution that is actually produced as part of the manufacture and use of the ICT equipment is minimized and the more and more of the products that are in use obviously unless the average energy consumption and therefore pollution of each product goes down the numbers are just going to keep adding up and up and up. The second half is what ICT can do for other sectors. In other words, the way that smart applications of information technology, of communications and so forth can actually reduce the pollution, the energy consumption of a whole variety of other sectors from energy supply through to transportation. Plenty of occasions where people have no particular need to consume as much energy as they do at the moment and if they knew more about it or if they had smart systems which were available to them to control they would take that control. Okay, so mentioned carbon footprint, what can broadband, how can it be impacting carbon footprint and how can it lessen, can you just tell us more about that? Well the problem of course is that effectively the blood of the band, the higher the energy use that is not I'm glad to say a fixed relationship and all sorts of impressive achievements have been made by the use of different equipment, by the use of different techniques which has meant that actually the graph does not go up at the same rate as the use of broadband would suggest. Nevertheless, it's like running up a downward escalator. You have to keep on finding ways of improving the energy consumption through different techniques, through different pieces of hardware, characteristics of different hardware. If you are going to catch up with the increases that would otherwise be used simply by essentially the development and use of the product across the world. Okay, so what role can governments play in encouraging the use of green ICT? I think that governments firstly have to draw attention to the problem. It is undeniable that ICT has the capacity for providing a huge amount of assistance to attempts to deal with climate change and other environmental problems. But it has also to come clean about its own footprint, it has to understand that governments have to remind it that this is an industry like many others which is very thirsty for energy, which is very thirsty for some materials in its footprint which have environmental problems associated with it. And that means that government has to keep putting the pressure on the companies so that they understand that this is a way in which they will be judged, judged by their customers, judged by governments who could regulate if they were not able to persuade and judged by investors as well. And most importantly from my perspective, I come from the International Emissions Trading Association so I am particularly interested in the impact both as a stick and a carrot that a price of carbon imposed by government or governments can have. Once you have turned the thing that you actually want less of into if you like a cost, a factor of production then the normal economic reasons for trying to reduce that cost, reduce the usage of the factor of production, come into play and we will benefit. So what incentives can be offered for individuals or businesses to engage in green ice steep practices? I think the price alone will provide an incentive even if it's only a rather negative incentive, but if it's a trading environment then there's the possibility that a company can make enough savings to actually sell those savings to other people. We're beginning to see that approach through the European Emissions Trading Scheme, other will be others as well. What else can governments do? Governments can essentially approach the regulation of the use of appliances and products of a no longer acceptable rate of energy consumption and therefore with a major carbon footprint. So you get an approach which has been used in a number of countries whereby essentially there is a constantly moving escalator if you like of regulation so that the top 25% in terms of performance becomes the standard for the next generation and so on and so on. That's the way a smart regulation ought to work to add to the price. So final question, green ice steep for businesses, is it now a necessity or a competitive advantage possibly or a threat? I think it's all those things together. It's a necessity because frankly it's a necessity not to waste money and if you can find ways of producing what you need at a lower cost then you should be taking them and while that may be rather a dispersed sort of issue across many activities in a business if you've got a business which for example has a major footprint in terms of use of ICT so that it's got its own group of servers for example, well you start looking and it's sensible to identify the energy use of that group of servers and start saying what could we do to actually improve this. It's a threat because if you don't get that right then you are going to find that the next guy, your competitor, may have got hold of this idea quicker than you and it's an opportunity because you can appeal to all the categories of stakeholders that I mentioned before, your investors, your customers, your stakeholders more broadly by showing that you're a company which actually has a concern for the environment, has a concern for its own costs and is at the leading edge in terms of the overall profile of the industry. So Mrs. Steinman, thank you so much for your time and first we'd like to know more about Converse, what field it operates in and what are your activities? With pleasure. So Converse is a worldwide vendor of software and systems for value-added services, billing and IP communications. We are active everywhere. We have over 500 customers which are telecom service providers, FIGs, mobile cavers and any variation of these. All over the world as I said, our systems count over 2 billion subscribers worldwide. So we believe that we understand the notion of the service, the notion of the user and we can envision best what would be the future communication experiences. Great. So the first question would be, do you believe that broadband can create new business activities and if so, in what sense? So we're here for quite a while with content and skill and I think that now it's closer to truth because the handsets have such amazing display with such great resolution and color tone and if the promise of the broadband will deliver, for example, over DSL 50 megabits with home or the 4G and HSPA will deliver these great paces that they promised then near high definition content will increase usage and will make the whole experience so much nicer because performance will be click rather than click and wait 10 seconds to see something happening. Okay. What are the barriers in your opinion are there to ICT and broadband adoption? Okay. First, there needs to be a very mature infrastructure that will guarantee really superb experience. Do you remember I mentioned before that mobile internet was introduced with WAP over GPRS in 1995 but the performance and experience were very disappointing. So first, we need the infrastructure in place in order to have an adequate experience. Second, I'd say that we need content but really there are so many types of content professional content, TV content, user-generated content which is really a huge trend. So this I'm less worried about. Okay. You mentioned also in your speech the importance and integration of web models. So can you highlight this in detail? Okay. First, I think that the wisdom of the crowds or the idea that many experiences can go to many people as a long tail of experiences will end the ability from the operator to be the sole provider of services. It means that many experiences will come from developers outside the operator. Operators need to seek to think how they can deliver these services. Now operators will have to revenue share with developers services that will be downloaded whether they will be a long tail or medium tail or enterprises, this we cannot anticipate because in the telecom environment it's not that easy to develop an application and certify it and make sure that it doesn't corrupt the network and be hence it and that everything works with the reliability and availability that the audience expected to work. So there are difficulties but thinking about the new models of rewarding developers using viral marketing and rewarding people who are proliferating service to others is very important and I think that we will see it happening very soon. So final question you mentioned that to the era of silo M&S and SNS are gone or will be going. So can you highlight this and why you said that? I would like to correct myself and say that we are on the verge of a new era where not only silo, SMS and MMS will be usable but also they will be used as a delivery mechanism for many many other applications. They will be the facilitator for many developments coming from the web, coming from the independent developers like we just discussed and maybe if operators will allow open APIs to these facilities many applications will use them and increase traffic and increase revenues for all people involved. Thank you so much. Misty, thank you so much for taking the time for a quick interview and first we'd like to know since this was the topic of the session today what is your definition of digital identity and how can we protect it? Well obviously as you know from today sessions on cybersecurity that digital identity can be many many different things to many different people and that's why as we are talking at an international level about one whose responsibility is it in terms of cybersecurity and protecting digital identity and then also what are some of those standards and principles in order whether it's at the government level or all the way at the consumer, personal level to protect our digital identity and digital age. Okay so when dealing with the topic of cybersecurity what approach should we take? Should we take a fear or a threat approach or how can we deal with the subject? Well obviously there are incredible opportunities that come with our connection to the internet and to broadband and so we certainly want to talk about all those possibilities from distance learning to e-health to e-commerce. You know absolutely as we've heard the ICT is having a huge impact positively during this economic downturn. So while we want to celebrate all the positive parts of this wonderful connectivity we also do have to think about the risks and the dangers. I am particularly concerned about those risks as they apply to our children and youth. Are you being concerned about malware detection tools and security tools or educating people about the concept of cybersecurity first? Which should go first? I think that these are all issues that we have to deal with hand in hand. As you know we have many countries that are very sophisticated and have had years of experience with both the good parts of the internet and connectivity and also many of the dangers and they may be farther ahead than many of the developing nations who are just now getting citizens connected. And so I think that all of this goes hand in hand. First of all to your point we have a whole new vocabulary of words that we have to deal with and then of course we have to figure out what are the best solutions to try to solve those specific issues. And I also think to your second point it's extremely important that we begin to educate all of our citizens about cybersecurity that this cannot be just a discussion for international leaders but this needs to be a discussion for all of us consumers everywhere in the world. I'm interested to know more about the Child Online Protection Act can you please highlight in detail what does it entail and what does it call for? Yes I'm very thrilled to have been part of the steering committee here at the ITU developing guidelines for educators, for parents, for children and youth and for the industry. These guidelines are trying to take the best of what has been developed all over the world based on research and what is going on in other countries so that we can then share that information. You know some nations are going to decide to take different guidelines. In some nations the private sector has stepped up is for instance providing curriculum to every middle school student in the entire country. In some nations I think that that is being done through government either through law or regulation so for instance having curriculum that may start at the kindergarten level and go all the way through high school but I think it's important that we're not only teaching our children the skills for instance keyboarding or researching online but we're also teaching them about some of the real risks and dangers that they can find in the online digital world. So my final question would be in light of the boom of web 2.0 and social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. How do you view children's safety online and cyber security broadly? Well of course it's concerning both as a parent and as a policy maker as our children become more and more digital I had a quote the other day a statistic from some research in the US that our kids are consuming eight hours of media in six hours which means that they're not just on one screen they're on multiple screens and so really I think that there is a need for a larger dialogue about raising informed and good digital citizens so that they can show good citizenship in the digital world just like they do in the real world. Thank you so much for this interview. Mr Kirk thank you so much for taking the time for a short interview and first we'd like to know how we see the global strategy for telecos how important is it in the meantime? I think telecommunications provider can't succeed unless they're being very local in their marketplace you have to understand what people want what drives their needs how the societies are developing how their workplaces developing how they're communicating and so forth so you absolutely have to be local but in being local you need to bring to your customers in the marketplace the benefits that you can achieve through global scale and through global connectivity because many people have family, have friends, have contacts who live in different parts of the world they want to be in touch with them we want to be communicating with them we need to be providing them with that platform as well. How do you think local talent is important for a teleco that is aiming to enter a new local market? Well I don't think you can understand a local market if you are not local so getting local talent into your operations as fast as possible is hugely important at the same time and we've just had this experience in Qatar starting our new company there you need the expertise of managing a telecommunications company and if you're going to be part of a larger group as Vodafone in Qatar is you need also to understand the operating systems of that larger group you need to benefit from the technological expertise so as you start it should be a mix of the talent that you bring in from outside and the talent that you bring into the company inside the country as you develop in the country you should be bringing on the local talent and that's hugely important so we see ourselves having a professional development function which is critical but it's not confined to a country like Qatar so we would hope that the best people in Qatar into the company wouldn't see their future only in Vodafone Qatar but they would see their future in Vodafone So final question how do you think consumers' communication needs are changing or evolving currently I think they're evolving very fast and they're evolving in all sorts of different ways and that's part of the beauty of what's happening in telecommunications now you used to have a rather defined set of services voice, text and so forth now you're starting to see all sorts of social media different forms of content different ways of interacting coming into the industry and that's opening all sorts of new potential and I think our job as service providers is to make sure that our customers can benefit to the maximum extent that they want Mr Ericsson, thank you so much for your time and we'd like first to ask you about how do you view the conversions of CT and IT and what it means for consumers I think in general it could be more and more difficult to decide what is telecommunication and what is pure internet these are merging and I think the important thing is to make sure to put the end user in focus and make sure to come up with a good solution that the end user is willing to pay for to the extent that you can continue providing the solution Green ICT and how ICT can respond to climate change is a very new topic nowadays so how do you view green ICT, is it an opportunity to telecommunicate? Absolutely an opportunity because the whole ICT sector only contributes about 2% to the man-made carbon dioxide in the world and then there's a course we have to make sure that we reduce our portion our 2% and work very hard with that to walk the talk and become credible but then there is also the whole 98% where we can help in reducing the carbon dioxide but by using ICT in a clever way and there are many different studies down there where the range of 15 to 20% out of the 98% can be reduced by using ICT the right way so if you look at it, we have 2% over here that can reduce 20% over here that's sort of a 10 to 1 payback of using ICT so definitely it's an opportunity and I think really as we go forward now for the COP 15 and so on we should look to the ICT sector and see that we invite also the sector that can be part of solving the problem to the table. Cloud computing is a very important topic nowadays to impact carbon emissions that is one solution of many because the carbon emissions will have to work with how to reduce power consumption and make it more as effective as possible and if the cloud computing is part of that then of course it's part of the total solution finally how do you envision the telco industry in the coming 10 years? we will see more and more broadband I think we have only seen the beginning of broadband and as broadband now goes mobile today we have 4 billion mobile users and 1 billion fixed users and if we look ahead 5 years we will have 4 billion mobile broadband users and 1 billion fixed broadband users to the extent we can still separate what is fixed and mobile at the time so we only see the beginning of a broadband explosion. Mr. Insettemur thank you so much for giving us the opportunity to interview for a short interview and first we'd like to know about ISOC what it is and what its activities. So the Internet Society was founded in 1992 by two of the fathers of the Internet Ben Sirf and Bob Kahn and our primary mission is to support the open development evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of people throughout the world we do that largely through activities in the areas of technology, policy and development and for many years in fact have held a number of events, workshops, training courses etc to help developing countries actually build their own capability. With the US government doing its control over ICANN what's your take on this? We're very happy to do that it's something we've actually encouraged them to do and in fact have supported for some time now the original model for ICANN was a private sector led multi-stakeholder organization and I think it was appropriate that the US government for the first few years of its life provided some additional oversight for the institution, a new model that support was very helpful but we're exceedingly happy that they've actually lived up to their original commitments in the 1998 white paper How do you think the future Internet will look like? I actually hope it looks largely like today in terms of users having the ability to create, to develop to choose the applications that meet their needs and you know one of the things we're quite concerned about that under the guise of better protecting the users or better serving their interests that we start to restrict the ability of users again to choose or create their own applications Are you with or against changing the current structure of the Internet? Certainly not against it I just don't think it's actually an appropriate path today we'll have the current Internet with us for decades and decades there are applications and services deployed today that we all will continue to depend on there are many new Internet like networks coming up sensor nets, a network of things our strong desire is that those networks actually interoperate with the current Internet and that we ensure that we have a globally addressable interoperable Internet Final question How do you think Web 2.0 and social networking will change the future of the Internet? Will change the future of the Internet or change the future of of society I guess you know I know for a while when technology was developing people were sort of bemoaning the fact that we moved away from physical interaction and some concern that we've come to an electronic world and I think we've almost come full circle in the sense with things like Twitter where people can now on a very international basis very global basis actually hear from other like interested parties and frankly different views so in fact I think we've created a very international community that can easily share their interests so we're very supportive again of developments nobody would have assumed that Twitter would in fact get the following it had and one of the things that we're actually very interested in the Twitter model is Twitter is actually built on an open platform and the ability that users have to actually adapt that platform by putting the hashtag facility which allows as a convention for actually grouping topics the at sign to support replies those were all user developed and deployed on Twitter they did not come from you know from the organization on Twitter so I think that's just further sort of proof of the viability and the scalability of the open Internet