 Welcome to the Rural Water Resources Management course. This is the last NPTEL course for this Rural Water Resources Management. This is week 12 and lecture one. In the past weeks, we have been looking at how to understand the Rural Water Resources Management team. We also looked at different data sets that can help us to monitor this precious water resource in rural settings. And we also looked at some data sets in the previous week. Let us look at some more data sets that are very important for the weeks to come. Before that, I would like to do a recap of week 11 and how it is linked to week 12. We have been doing this recaps every class, or at least by every week. But last week, we did not do it because of a lot of data information that we were discussing. So let's do that for this week so that we have the continuity. So in week 11, we looked at Rural Water Databases, which can be coming from published literature and that literature can come from NGOs or scientific papers. Journal articles. I explained how to cite them, how to use these data. And then we had the state agencies and central agencies housed in different databases. Of the databases, we were looking at WRIL's database. And then we looked at rainfall and then storage capacity to be in particular. So as per the equation we had for water balance, there are some more data that is important for understanding the rural water management. And that is where we would be focusing on today. For example, in week 11, we looked at the central agency's databases. We looked at week 11 rainfall from IMB, ISSO database and the state agencies. But in week 12, we will look at rural water databases under which we will look at river discharge, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, remote sensing data. These are all clubbed together in the water balance equation and a net water availability is measured. How do you measure it? In this class, I'll also show you that you measure it using a hydrological model. There are multiple models, but because of the time crunch, we will only look at one model and an introduction to the model called SWAT. So we have been using this WRIL website so far to look at the data set for different teams, surface water storage, groundwater, river, all these are coming from the WRIL website. On the same note, we will be looking at India WRIL for the river discharge. So I'll show you now how to go about selecting this website and getting into the river database. I hope the screen is visible with the India WRIL. What you see in the home page is again all the data sources. We will go to water data, surface water, storage we have already looked at. We're coming to river. In the river data, there is a river information. So basically what this river information database has is the names and shapes of different river networks in India. We just close this X mark and these are the bigger basins. So when you zoom in, just double click it. You can slowly see the Ganges main river networks coming up. And then the tributaries also come up. So you see the main river channel, which is dark blue. And then you have the small tributaries which are forming around it. If you go zoom in further, you could see more bifurcation of this river into smaller components. You see now these small, small lines are coming and then they are coming. So this has been very accurately and deeply monitored and measured using multiple methods by the government and they stack it here as a database. It's more to visualize and to understand the river and that's why it's called a river info system. Let us now get back to the river data. So you have to go to river and river monitoring. When you click river monitoring, again based on your internet and your computing speed, you will see the same dashboard that we have been seeing always for all the other parameters. So first an India map opens and then slowly it has a default time. Here the default time is 1st June, 2021 to 5th April, today is date 2022. And across India where is the data available, you could see that the coloring has come up. And what does this color refer to? The color is, you have gray color means there's no data. So each point is a station, monitoring station and when it is gray color, it has no data and when it is orange color, it has only the level no flow. And then when it is green, it has level and flow and yellow means it has flow but no level. So most probably we cannot do much with this data. You can see here the coloring scheme is gray color is no data, whereas your stations with level and flow, no flow are orange stations with flow and no level is yellow, which means it has flow coming in but no level and the green is the best scenario which we have both. So why is this? Because the fifth is not still over. So let's change the thing to daily and you'll see more coloring happen. But before that, let me walk you through the other part of the right side. You have the date information and you have the stations. For that particular date, you have 4,800 stations that are monitoring the data. And it is given as states because here we have admin as the view boundary. If you change it to basin, then here you can be as Ganges basin, Kaveri basin, etc. I'm just going to click it so that you can see it. So within the basin, how the data is organized, you can see. Here you see that the Brahmaputra basin, Kaveri basin. Then you have the river network along each river, how much data is there. And that is going to be again populated here and you can see the number of stations also change. I'm going to keep it as admin again because in admin view, you have the state boundaries and the state agencies also playing a vital role. So that is how you could tweak the right-hand side to showcase what you want to look at in terms of the boundaries. And what you see is total number of stations and number of manual stations and telemetry stations. Telemetry means it relays the information at once. Whereas manual, you have to go and collect the data outcome. The telemetry is kind of expensive and energy consumption also because it has to have monitoring networks placed within the system to relay the data. So I'm going to do the right side is done almost because you have the number of stations and stuff. And if I go to one, let's say Chattisgarh, you have 61 stations out of which 58 are manual. We are telemetry. When you click a particular state on the right-hand side, that state zooms in. And then you could see that there are different regions, Buster. For example, let's click Buster and only the Buster stations are. Now when you click the district, then you will see the source of the stations, CWC, state agencies, etc. And then when you can pull the slider to the right, you can see the data, max discharge, all these things. So right now you see that there is no discharge data, only level data. Level data is not enough for you because how do we know where the level is and how much discharge is coming? Let me draw it in a blank page if possible. So here is a river which flows and this is the ground level, which is straight and then I'm going to just crack it so that you can see it is a bedrock, the riverbed. And here we have the flow. So now if I just have the level, what does it tell me about the river? We don't know how fast it's flowing, how slow it's flowing, we only know the level. So here, discharge is how much water comes in and that flow is very important. It is a rate. It is a meter cube per second or per day per hour and that data is then later converted to a volume because per day you can multiply it per day and then the volume remains. So this is how you should look at that the station can monitor the level or can monitor the discharge. It is okay to monitor the level but without discharge it is not useful. You need to know the discharge. Okay, let's go back to India WRIS. We have done the right hand side. Now let's look at the left hand side to see what we have. We have all agencies and as I said there are state agencies and central agencies. State is like for example your Damodar Valley Corporation, DWRID, SWRID and your PWDs from southern regions, Tamil Nadu, SW, surface water, etc. And then there's a Punjab, new irrigation, Rajasthan, surface water, all these different different agencies are there and there is a research entity which is NIH. So NIH was given the duty to do a lot of research on these water issues in India and also the hydrology pattern. So that is why it's called National Institute of Hydrology which is located in Roorkee and they also with government agencies especially CWC they monitor these kind of rivers, the level, the quality, etc. So now we're going to do a daily time step to show you how the data is. So I'm going to click a data from last year because this year's data is still coming so let's not push the database to give us this date and that is why you don't see any green color for this data range. So the default data range is 1st June to 5th April which is still today and you don't see any green color because the data is still coming in. Okay so I'm going to go to 2021, Jan 1st December 31. Why is it daily? Because when rainfall happens and you don't capture it daily then what is the use of it looking at it in a monthly time scale? You don't see that discharge in a monthly time scale. Rainfall would have come and left the system before the month. Okay so it is very important to have the daily average or daily total values for discharge and I'm going to go December 31st and I click. So we have one year in total. It's still in Chattisgarh Baster region but I'll click India to zoom out. You can see here if you want Chattisgarh I can click Chattisgarh to zoom into Chattisgarh but I'm going to go to India level to show how the data is there and remember most of these data are again it does ask fly weight or exit the page. I'm just going to say wait I know it's slow so I'm just going to say let's wait for it. It has come. Okay so I'm going to click India and let's see how it goes out. So what I said is since a lot of these river databases are trans boundary because you have for example the Ganges it starts in China to bed and then comes down to Nepal and then it goes to India and flows on. So when you monitor this kind of trans boundary rivers it is a very sensitive data. One government doesn't release the data so all the other governments doesn't release the data. So it comes to a sensitive point in a classified data. So let me show you for example what I mean. I'm just going to go here and click this green dot. So I'm in the Ganges basin and if you don't know where that location is you can just zoom over and it will tell you the click on it to tell you the name. It's Bansi in Uttar Pradesh. I click the data and it's trying to populate but it doesn't populate. Okay so I see this is Nepal this is India right near the border. You could see that Bansi asterisk means locations are classified please log into access data. You can click here set up an account and log in most of the data you can still get it but if it is too sensitive or they say even if you log in you cannot get then you'll have to communicate with NIH on this data and get it okay. So for now I'm just going to say that there's no data here because saying it is classified and sensitive is equivalent to say there is no data for you to use it in the research group. So that is one point but all you can do is you can click the next point you can see another Kartari Uttar Pradesh. Let's see if they have declassified it but no it is also classified. I'm going to an orange level which has only the level and no flow not much useful but still that is also not freely available. There's a lot of sensitive data that is going around which cannot be accessed. If it says please log in you can click here log in and then access the data but again I'll leave it to you if you want to do your login or not. The other data sets which I'm going to show you don't have to log in okay so let me go to India level so the date is going to be same now I'm going to go to the India level which will take some time and you see more and more green color coming up okay so now again it's back to the states so I'm going to click a particular state let's say Tamil Nadu and Coimbatore has a lot of good manual stations so let's say six stations in Coimbatore I hope we can get one with level and the stage and discharge so each time I click it goes and now I don't know which one this green one is so I can just go here it says Bala Samutram and then I just click the Bala Samutram and then slowly the data is populating now it is not turning into classified or red and again it is part of India integral part of India there's no transboundary nature to it so it can still be collected so within India also we do have some data which is classified and that could be near the dam sites or the dam data and or between the states which is under litigation okay so here it says green which means both level and flow should be there but there's no flow it's only level you could see it's a very straight level and this is where sometimes your data is said that it is having data but it is not enough data so you should just ignore that point I'm going to Tainee actually in Kerala there's a lot of good data that has been supported and you will see the agencies are the same it's just a CWC but just in some locations the data has been collected well whereas in other locations maybe it is not coming in a good fashion so I'll click the data to show you how the data looks like and it is just getting populated beautiful so you can see here every day the yellow line is the last 10-year average flow in Q max so I'm just going to click this out because I want to see the current flow and the current flow is very less which means only two days in that particular year there has been flow recorded you can have the last 10-year average but it doesn't make sense for you right we want the current flow and so that is how you should look into each station and remove the station from your research if it doesn't have the data okay so all you have is the level and current flow what I'm going to do is I'm just going to click to India back and then click Kerala because I did find a lot of stations as I said with flow and discharge levels and most of the telemetry stations have both the manual stations have very limited data okay so for example here you go to stations and then go to a number of manual okay so there is a big difference then we have telemetry so here for example yes Alapula there's one station and that one station is not telemetry so hopefully it has the data so it is taking some time to load so what you see here is all most of these agencies are CWC because the river is still a semi-government property then you can have state agencies build dams and other structures but at the end of the day it is still integral part of the central government's exercise so that is where you could see some data still being monitored whereas other data are not showing up in this page like your level and discharge should show but only level is showing so maybe I think we should just go back further they have not processed so from level they will process it into discharge so maybe the data is not processed so we can go back again to see they have some older data that can be processed so for example if this doesn't come up I wanted to show you a live exercise of this data here you can see that this is a big error right how can flow be so high the level and suddenly jump to zero it was 90 and then suddenly zero maybe it got fully depleted but still that cannot explain such a big jump I'm going to click 2018 the same date so three four years back and a shorter date so that we could look at the flow so I'm taking a very short time see this this is the other thing when when you run the whole date scenario then the whole of India the map is running and it's fetching the data that is why you see a big time you can see the blue line crossing and when it crosses to here it is zero if you don't see the blue line moving then you should better stop the program and then refresh it okay so now it's stopped but I'll give it a minute because it might be ending the thing so it says wait I'll go to go to wait because I know it has been working from today only some data point was not working so I'm just going to wait for it a little more seconds and then you will see the data coming up okay there it is and you can see the data and more green color okay so I'm just going to click one more green agency and it won't take time it will just quickly come because the number of days is minimal okay I just picked three months so daily data for three months so this is how you should look at data for your work and trust me even though you have 3000-4000 stations not all stations will have all the data so you will have to find the for your for example your district or village one data point from the government which is good and from that you should build a story okay or go to the NIH or other agency CWC agency office and you could write a letter to your educational institution and collect the data data collection is another game okay so here this level is given which looks fine okay it looks fine as in you know that this level is trustworthy because it fluctuates a level has to fluctuate if it is straight it can be only a straight line and deserve that okay last 10 years I don't need and then last 10 year flow also I don't now you could see the flow the current year flow is going up and then beautifully coming down and zero and then a small blip so which means it has been moving across and then coming down so which which is kind of agreeable right and Mili Shwaram is a good station there has been a paper from our group on Mili Shwaram water station so only some stations are good and they collect data for a longer time okay and then I just now complete the exercise by showing how to download it which all of you know by now you just click the arrow mark which is pointing down symbolizing the download option and then it'll ask you your email your name and then your academic qualification or why you want to use the data so you could say that I'm using it for research academic or I can government non-government that is fine if it is non-government it might ask you some more data on why you need the data okay so same here you could see the jumping of river patterns which is very important and needed for this kind of exercise okay so I'm moving the level of it's kind of slow not allowing me to do it but again you could see the point right so now the blue line is coming which is the last year flow I don't need the last year flow I need the current year flow and the level the level is converted to a flow remember so when there is zero for example I'm just going to put it back when there's zero or negligible level there is no flow according to this model okay and no flow or very less flow which cannot be captured because of the high axis but when you download the data you could for sure look at the changes so now you could see it much better as I said I don't need the last 10 years I don't need the last year flow I need the current year flow and how that relates to the level so the level is going like this and for the level you have a flow so this is being modeled into the system okay so that you could use it for the hydrological water balance okay so I'm just going to close this then show you how to download the data click on download download a CSV and it asks you these so academic I'm an academician so I'll say PC is my name PC at gmail.com and submit okay you can take the data all these things will come your last year last year flow etc let me show you again you can download and then get it as a CSV okay so uh he's asking me to save the file let me save the file and quickly open it for you now it's opening up um let's take some time but yes so I'm going to share the screen so now you could see my excel sheet and you could see how the river quality name etc is given the date range is given and you should know that the lat long is not given all these can be taken from the bottom menu which we had earlier and then you have the data on one thing the last 10 year average last 10 year flow and then current year flow so all there's a lot of data yes which is from our user end but also there are some zero zeros which is not true because it could be an error or just the flow didn't happen thinking that the flow did not happen to 13 to zero in the last 10 years or the last year is not correct in these averages and the current year shows a different pattern which is happening okay so now you can show the different years and all the data flow in your database with this I'll conclude today's class I will see you in the next class thank you