 Welcome back to NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning, being brought to you by the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. As you are aware, this is a course on English language and literature and the course is being shared by Professor Krishnaburva, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Gauhati and me. The topic of discussion today is Modern English. We are at the end, almost at the end of the second module and you remember that the second module has been devoted entirely to the history of the English language. We began with an introduction to the history of the English language in general and we have been through several known and established phases in the, as far as the history of the English language is concerned. And today we come to Modern English and well it is safe to say that there are varying and varied even I say versions of how people talk about in the first place or even certain disagreements regarding the very term Modern English. As you know, this is a basic level course whose target audience comprises engineering students, students various engineering institutes in India and we stick to, if I may use the word, maybe more or less traditionalist model of understanding English language and literature. The many varieties, the many controversies etcetera are those that are usually addressed at higher levels or for instance in departments of English or in major courses etcetera. So, welcome then to the fifth lecture in module 2 of English language and literature. As usual, we will do a quick recap of the last lecture and in the last lecture on which was early Modern English, you will recall that there was some, there were a few important developments during that period which affected the further growth and development of the English language and here till here we are largely in the context of the English language in England. We for instance found that coming of the printing press was an immensely important, not only social, but many would say even a linguistic phenomenon. Now, the lease was also the growth of popular education obviously following the availability of reading material coming from the establishment of the printing press. There was also increased communication during that period of the history of English language and it is but natural that would there would be a further growth of social consciousness with increased communication with popular education finally, emanating from the establishment of the printing press. Then we had occasion to look at as you know AC Bohr, Albert Bohr's book is a classic as far as the history of the English language is concerned. There definitely have been so many books, but one would always recommend that you have a copy of AC Bohr's you know classic text and we found in Bohr's text. Let us read again from Bohr's history of English language. The reinforce behind the use of English was a popular demand and what was this demand? The demand of all sorts of men in practical life to share in the fruits sorry to share in the fruits of the renaissance. You remember the renaissance was the revival of learning, the revival in particular in many cases revival of classical learning. So, here as boss as a real force behind the use of English was to be you know attributed to a popular demand among people to share every people from almost all classes had a desire wished to share the fruits of the renaissance. Next the revival of learning had revealed how rich was the store of knowledge and experience preserved from the civilizations of Greece and Rome. The ancients had not only lived, but had thought about life and drawn practical conclusions from experience. This is particularly what they everyone wanted to know not to partake not just of you know what is called high classical learning or abstract ideas philosophies may be, but the population realized many of you know the population realized that the ancients had not only lived, but had also thought about life and drawn practical you know conclusions from experience. And this was one of the things that was sort of you know found that was found desirable that was found necessary to emulate to learn and to develop as far as the population was concerned. Further we found also that much was to be learned from their discussion of conduct this is very important discussion of conduct and ethics and as you know ethics is one of the very important branches of philosophy both classical and modern. Their ideas of government and the state that is of politics, their political precepts, their theories of education and their knowledge of military science and the like. So, there was as Bo tells us and we see in the previous slide also all these contributed to the growth of the language. Next to we also saw we went further and explored the phenomenon of the rapid spread of popular education during that time and we found that was literacy was becoming more and more common. In Shakespeare's London almost more than half of the people could read and in the 17th and 18th centuries there was an increase in the number of schools and the tradesman class arose who obtained education the rise of the middle class particularly following you know particularly with the industrial revolution the rise of the mercantile class rise of mercantile capitalism was also one of the I would say one of the most important phenomena in England you know in the history of England and there was the tradesman class who also you know sought not just you know success in the mercantile endeavors, but also success as far as learning education and as we saw in the previous slide wise you know the quotation from AC Bo also a desire to know things classic to know things Greek and Roman. So, therefore, many I have also called it the problem of enrichment for instance you know do we look at it as enrichment or do we look at it as borrowing for instance we have the borrowing of words from Latin. Obviously, if you if you are you know the target of your knowledge is you know is classical Greek and Latin obviously you would borrow it follows that you would wish to borrow among other parts of the their languages and learning system you want to borrow words. So, the enrichment was also seen as a problem in the sense that we have seen that probably too many words were filtering into you know into a language which may have also been seen by many as a as a threat to the sort of indigeneity of English as it had of Anglo Saxon English as it had developed from the times of you know the and the Jews Saxons and the Angles for then also you know for we look at again this phenomenon of foreign against the borrowing of words AC Bo says the wholesale borrowing of words from other languages did not meet with universal favor. The strangeness as say this is what I mentioned just a while ago the strangeness of the new words was an objection to some people. However, people like the poet for instance and the Augustine poet John Dryden approved of the practice of judicious what he called judicious importations from the classical languages and we also know if you know those of you who are acquainted or you may also you know look up the lectures in the you know in the next module which are on various periods of you know English language and literature in particular period of Dryden for instance which is we know know as know it also as a neoclassical revival you know phase of English literature. So, poets like John Dryden for instance in the 18th century approved of the practice of judicious importations well now our let us come back after this recap let us come back to our topic at hand which we know is modern English and there are several texts that you may look up as far as modern English is concerned, but let me declare at the outset that my text is largely based on this time it is not not you know conventional traditional text this time it is a text it is published in the on the net and you will find several very very interesting very you know very informative you know paragraphs in that and that is the history of English and I have given the link here you may you may follow this link and try to read up the entire material from which I shall be quoting quite extensively and this is this is to ensure that I am quoting that to let you know that this is the text on which you know from which we will be reading and trying to understand and I shall be trying to explain the points mentioned there. Now as I said there are probably many ways when you you know for us to look at the phenomenon of the you know of modern English you can talk about modern English from the point of view of global English for instance you can talk about modern English from the point of view of what is today known as international English and it is something that we had seen in the last module global English a globalization of English was also one of the topics in our last module. So if you go by the author of this text this online text there are one or two issues which which he says are very important for instance vocabulary this is also a point we have seen in the last lecture we talk about early modern English and vocabulary the contribution of other you know other languages the contribution of new developments within the mother country for instance and how they add to the repertoire of words is one of the key and most important I would say most important points as far as the history of any language is concerned because the coming in of new vocabulary or what we call new words or what we call neo logisms. These are what these are among the factors include you know along with changes in grammar major changes in grammar for instance in pronunciation etcetera that keep the growth of a language growing. So vocabulary is one such important marker if we may use an extensive growth of vocabulary in the modern in modern English this is the first thing that we shall be taking up. Now according to the text the history of English of English language there are two ok there are two important socio political there are two important socio political happenings or we could say phases that are important we know that language does not change or grow in a vacuum we also know that words do not get added to the repertoire you know vocabulary or repertoire of a language by itself we know we also know by now that certain political changes are certain social changes economic changes of course are immensely are of immense value and we need to look at those if we even if we have to come back to the growth of the language to see what happens after such changes. So two as we seen here two socio political events that is events in the sense of these are of course over time but we will call them events here the events are the industrial revolution in England and the growth of the English empire you are aware that of the you know of the growth of English of English empire overseas beyond the mother country following the several successful attempts at colonization by the British empire. So now let us see how these you know this aspect of vocabulary is kind of explored and talked discussed in the text that we are you know borrowing from. Now when we look at the issue of science and technology obviously when we have the industrial revolution which is backed by tremendous growth in science in England with the scientific laws by Newton and to the for instance to the invention of machines the steam engine for instance again with and the rise of technology as we have seen here science and technology would give us new materials new machines new means and improved means of transportation please look at the slide here and manufacture. So what are the points here and from where we are going to see the rise of neologisms the rise of new vocabulary these are following science and technology as we have mentioned just a while ago new materials being used new machines being built transportation new means of transportation and of manufacture. Now let us look at this slide and I am here coating from the history of English as you can see here and I would urge you to follow this to read up the entire text which is which is quite well written. Now let us read from here most of the innovations of the industrial revolution of the late 18th and early 19th century were of British origin including the harnessing of steam to drive heavy machinery let us read this again most of the innovations of the industrial revolution of the late 18th and 19th century were of British origin including the harnessing of steam to drive heavy machinery the development of says here new materials techniques and equipment in a range of manufacturing industries and the emergence of new means of transportation example steamships railways at least half of the influential scientific and technological input sorry output between 1750 and the 19 in 1900 was written this is very important was written in English. Another English speaking country the USA continued the English language dominance of new technology and innovation with inventions like electricity the telegraph the telephone the phonograph the sewing machine and the computer as you see here this text clearly refers to the growth the tremendous growth in manufacturing industries and materials techniques equipment which began you know even though later on the USA had so many other inventions in this domain but it was it was obvious that in the 18th beginning from the 18th century many of these new technologies new industries new materials were developed in Britain. So, therefore, what are the new words that come in here and I am borrowing this from the text at hand the industrial and scientific advances of the industrial revolution created a need obviously created a need for new words need for neologisms to describe the new creations and discoveries to a large extent this relied on the classical lines extremely important even now when you go you know to look at the words in English there is so many words that whose prefixes and also suffixes are of Greek and Latin origin. So, in order to have you know to coin new words in your neologisms following this tremendous changes in science and technology that we are taking place what was happening was there was a need to look at the classical languages Latin and Greek in which scholars and scientists of the period were usually well versed. So, this was you see look at this just before this we had what we had the revival of learning you can see the connection and you can see if I may use a word this year almost inevitability of what was going to happen when new words were coined who are they going to look at they are going to look back to their love for Greek and Latin the love for the classical languages following what following the renaissance the revival of learning following you know or with running together with you know the growth of neoclassicism you follow. So, again let me read this again to a large extent this relied on the classical languages Latin and Greek in which scholars and scientists of the period member were well versed is very important for us to realize that being well versed in a language in those times and also today is not just you know what word should I use it is not just it is not just the talent of only the literary person or the one person who is doing philology or the person who is studying languages. There were many scientists in the 17, 18 centuries who in their while they are doing the sciences were concurrently very aware of Greek of the classical of classical training do you understand. So, for instance we have words like oxygen protein. So, what were the these new words that were being formed some of these words for instance were oxygen protein nuclear vaccine these did not exist in the classical languages they could be and were perhaps also created by from Latin and Greek roots right for you know as far as optics is concerned for instance you have words like lens refraction electron and in biology in the biological sciences you are coming in a words like chromosome chloroform and you also bacteria then words other words like claustrophobia see claustrophobia and phobia this is how they were merging the words are these are just some of the few examples which have been cited in the text that we are following for this lecture. These words these are science based words as it says are created during this period of scientific innovation along with the whole lot of words ending with ologies and onomies for instance biology, petrology, morphology, entomology, ethnology, taxonomy, paleontology etcetera so these are all words that have been formed by you know taking recourse etymologically to the classical languages to Latin and Greek. Now as far you know it is not just the science that we are talking about it is not we are talking only of processes for instance we saw in you know a couple of we saw a couple of slides ago that there were new products there were new machines and you know following the rise of several kinds of manufacturing industry. So, following that let us see the words that have been mentioned in this text and what you know the new words that come up are train, engine, reservoir, pulley, combustion, piston and other words like condenser, electricity, telephone, telegraph, lithograph, camera etcetera. We also had new meanings given to words that had existed at least in some form and the words that got new meanings during this time were vacuum, cylinder, apparatus, pump, siphon, locomotive, factory etcetera. Now I would urge you to you know follow the link that I have provided in this lecture go to the link, look up the text there, look up the slides there and you will understand you will get a whole you know many more words there this is just to give you an example of how modern English began really it is safe to say that modern English. One of the most important aspects of modern English is vocabulary and we have already linked it to the socio political processes, scientific processes and technological processes that were gaining rapid ground during this time. Now the other point that I had mentioned was of empire if you remember it was a growth following colonization the growth of the British empire as you know all of us know Indian history we know that in India too we had the British reigning here for several years and there are words is not that there was English language coming in to India English words coming in to India, but we also have words from our languages which became a part also in Australia for instance and so many other parts of the commonwealth there words if you look at the slide here in fact you can see the foreign loan words here following empire and the growth of the empire these were the foreign loan words for instance from Australia we have boomerang kangaroo from India we have words like pajamas bungalow even the word caught shampoo loot bangle jungle etcetera these are the words we will find in any English dictionary and this is the time as I said the many words were coming in from following the growth of empire. Now also you know the one very important point that we can never miss when we talk about we talk about you know about modern English is the American variant the American variant if I may this is a is quite you know politically loaded to say the American variant of English because today we talk about American English. So, that they safe to say the varieties of English now in American English we find two phases really the phase beginning 1600 the phase following the coming of the pilgrim fathers right the phase 1600 the phase 1600 to 1783 and from 1783 onwards this is you know there is a phenomenon known as language freeze now let us read this from the text interestingly some English pronunciations and usages froze when they arrived in America while they continued to evolve in Britain itself is interesting. So, the pilgrim fathers you have they have brought the English language and their words and the words in the English language it is so happened that when they settled in America they tended to preserve those words in their original form right. So, that is why the user word freeze language freeze now some English pronunciations and even usages as it says quote unquote froze when the British arrived in America while they interestingly will ironically perhaps they continued to evolve they continued to change in Britain itself. This is also sometimes referred to as the colonial lag the sort of as if the words have lagged behind in their whole process of development and natural sort of natural change. So, as the author here says interestingly some English pronunciations and usages froze when they arrived in America while they continued to evolve in Britain itself sometimes referred to as a colonial lag. So, that in some respects American English is this is very interesting American English in some respects is closer to Shakespeare in English why as I have seen one of the reasons is this colonial lag or the freezing of these as many would perhaps believe this pristine sort of pronunciations and usages right. So, that in some respects American English is closer to the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is perhaps on the best example here they give is of this word Gotton G-O-T-T-E-N Gotton is a word which is not used in India as far usually used in India as far as my experience goes. Gotton is a word used in American English and the best known example that is the author gives us of the use of Gotton which is long since faded from its use in Britain even though the you know with the prefix for forgotten is still very much a part of modern British. So, where do you get my points on necessary that just because the language comes late you know from the mother country to a new country to a new colony it does and you know it does not mean that the new colony is going to you know change this just because it came from the mother country the very usage in pronunciations and the form of the word will remain the same as if it is frozen in time and as you saw here Gotton is a very clear example. Now, further the text says the American use of words like fall the word fall for autumn for British in Britain we use the word autumn in India too we use the word autumn though increasingly I find many students even in IIT here refer to autumn as fall. So, but the American use of words like fall for British autumn trash for rubbish hog for pig sick for ill and guess for think are all examples of these kind of anachronistic British word usage. Now, there also other words that were kept these words were kept even in American English even though they were as it says here they were dropped from the general you know common British usage here these words are like burly, burly, green horn talented and scant right this says the America kept several words such as burly, green horn talented and scant that had been largely dropped in Britain all the some since have recovered to do you understand and other words there was like lumber and was like lot also which changed it is not that all these words were sort of frozen all the words they had brought were frozen they began to have very particular sort of maybe with say American context meanings these were words like lumber or words like lot right. So, till now what did we find we found two or three important points these were a that modern English really can be traced back to two very important socio political economic phenomena and these were the industrial revolution and the rise of the growth and the growth of the British empire and we saw particularly in the case of vocabulary this is immensely important and we saw that when science grew when technology grew and when we had to name new machines we had to name new processes scientific processes what happens is you have to think of you know think of how to build new words and as said was historically possible historically almost you could say inevitable that these scholars scientists also and these manufacturers would turn to the previous age of the revival of the Greek and Latin the revival of classical learning to coin their new words. So, this part can never be exaggerated many scholars feel the sociological socio cultural processes behind it the second was of course again a very important point that was the coming of the pilgrim fathers to America and the change in American English on the one hand as we saw there was this refusal to let certain words change right they which we call language freeze or colonial lag there were also words that were retained that I work they almost nearly dropped in British English and also we found that there are words that were like lumber and log which began which came to have very specific American meanings because of the American context because of you know of the kinds of employment for instance that the kind of terrain even would you know would impact or have an impact on the kind of words that were being used. So, one lesson very important lesson we get here is language is not just a mental phenomenon language is not just a tool to communicate language is not you know just the faculty that we have the important thing is language is tied the growth socially when you study the history of any language in any part of the world for that much matter you can never change or sorry never can never dealing it from the important socio cultural processes you cannot deal it from even the environment the terrain you cannot you know dealing it from the kind of jobs people do to understand. So, this is the beauty of learning language from the historical perspective you know see these counterparts you know see this you know concomitantly happening language is changing while the socio cultural scenario is also changing further also we have native if you look at the slide here please some of the words that we have picked up from you know our source text native American words like raccoon or these you may think that these words are really you know originally English words, but we find that these are native American words which have been added which were taken up by the colonizing population and has become these words have become part and part of the English language and the dictionary and these are animals like raccoon then opossum moose chipmunk skunk then the word tomato for instance tomato squash and the word hickory right. So, these are the words which were which were part remember we are dealing with vocabulary in this part of the lecture. So, these were part became part of the English language. Now, let us see the quotation from Thomas Jefferson in the 19 early part of the 19th century in 1813 which is mentioned in you know in this web text that we have this is what Jefferson commented the new circumstances under which we are placed call for new words new phrases phrases and for the transfer of old words to new objects and American dialect will therefore, be formed. Now, let us look at this again very interesting Jefferson said the new circumstances under which we are placed now this call for you know this demand the new circumstances demand that there should be new words there should be new phrases to describe to inhabit this new you know inhabit this new conditions he says call for new words new phrases and for the transfer of old words to new objects and he says an American dialect will therefore, be formed. So, there is also this you know the sense of nationalist pride the need to have not just you know or wear it and I would say here not mean a dialect the word dialect today bring very politically charged word you know because what which language you call the dialect and why should one language you call the dialect and another language we call a language proper these are you know important ideological issues. But what Jefferson we find here we are pointing to a sort of nationalist pride in wanting to devise a new language and say a new language or new dialect will therefore, be formed because we have new conditions and new situations. The next person which we have to talk about was very important in again in this desire for a new language for a new vocabulary in particular is if you look at this slide no Webster. Now, the word Webster immediately will bring to your mind the Webster's dictionary. So, this was an attempt being made in the US to form a formula maybe new words and differences in spelling for instance why you know one of if you look at this slide one of the most important one of the most common things that we we notice in American text is see the words color and honor. Now, if I ask you quiz what is missing here you definitely would say the word color should be spelled color and the word honor should be that is the U is missing in both cases. So, there was an attempt being made by no Webster you know to sort of prune to prune certain things which he found and many of probably his many of his contemporaries found that they were why why do we need when you say color why do we need to have the U there. So, the prune these words clean sort of cleanse or clean this the words that are there traveler jeweler why have a double L when a single L would do where they probably saw it as streamlining existing English words and which you know for instance they saw the U in color and the double L in traveler probably you know as as idiosyncrasies of a past time. So, also with as we look at the slide here please no Webster's attempt here the new words were a new variants of new spellings were theater center color honor traveler jeweler check for check as you know the British English we use the word check here mask m a s q u e mask check and mask defense and offense we would use a c here where in fact many of my p h g students ask me ma'am ma'am should be write defense as with the c or defense with an s. So, defense sorry and offense plough p o l o w for p l o u g h. So, these are all British spellings and these are their American counterparts as the attempt was more or less successfully made by no Webster and also the word important word really interesting rather is aluminum. So, you do not have the i here you take out the i f aluminum right. So, need apparently to find the word aluminum right. So, Webster is in any extended discussion of American English the first name that would come to our mind of course is the name of no Webster. Now, I am reading from the next point you know there are several points really to be discussed as far as vocabulary is concerned and the next point is very important this is this what marks I would say modernity and we talk about modern English not simply from the you know not simply from the point of view of you know just link changes in grammar for instance you know changes in other in other linguistic ways of course you can never dealing them as I said from the political. So, inclusiveness and political correctness these are the two new things that we find in or new points that we find in the text that we are dealing with. Now, let us read from this text the push for political correctness and inclusiveness in the third part of in the last third sorry of the 20th century particularly by homosexuals feminists and visible minority groups led to a reassessment of the popular usage of many words is very important as difference as difference whether it is a sexual difference whether you know it is difference as far as various issues of culture are concerned there is as you understand the one of the hallmarks of modernity is of course, accommodate if not to accommodate this to recognize the heterogeneity in culture in sexuality. So, the text here says that particularly in cases of homosexuality of in cases of feminism of women's rights and of the rights of minorities there has been I would say almost a radical reassessment of the way in which we use words in the way in the as he says there is a popular usage of many words. Next we keep reading feminists called into question the underlying sexism in language example words like mankind now any we are taught that the word mankind includes both men and women, but feminists would say no we cannot have a word with only man because as many feminists linguists have also pointed out mankind at some maybe psychological or cognitive level may lead you to a woman to sink with am I included here or not do you understand. So, the word the seemingly innocent word mankind today is no longer as innocent as you may you know or free of any political gender connotations as you may find. So, was like mankind, chairman, mailman etcetera. So, the the privileging you know of the privileging of man the term man has gone has been through I say the radical reassessment giving rise towards like as you know chair person. So, instead of chair man you use the word chair person because it is not necessary that every time the person who is chairing either a department or chairing a meeting or chairing a session is a man. So, chair person is then the gender neutral term and these these changes have come about and characterize one part of what we call modern English. So, feminists have called called into question the underlying sexism in language example mankind, chairman, mailman etcetera and some have even gone to the lens of positing her story. Now, as an alternative to his story history is seen as meaning his story. So, the word her story and those of you who are interested in feminist you know theory and feminist concepts and feminist language for instance some of you may have come across the word her story. That is a story from could be a story from a single women point of view, but could also be history entire history you know of a nation or of a community or you know or of any phenomenon in the social sciences and humanities narrated from a female perspective to follow. So, words like her story have come into the English language precisely in this bid to form a reassessment of you know the use of popular words and to coin here again we find her story is a new word is a neologism, coining of neologisms depending on on the reassessment of usage of words. Then next the text mentions here for a time strong objections were voiced at the inherent racism underlying words like for instance blacklist, black guard, black male and black board. We have moved from the disparaging term negro we no longer refer to the black person as as negro. We whenever a person uses the word negro we consider him or her as politically insensitive as racially insensitive or even racist though of course, the irony is that you know the black person uses the word negro or negro within the black community which is a different matter you can turn this sort of sort of slur phrase or you know and turn it into use it in such a way that you can use it only within your community. So, even today you find that the word black may not be accepted readily accepted you find the increasing use of terms like Afro American to refer to blacks. So, we have words like blacklist, black male, etcetera. So, these words have been used over the years, but these have now we now come into question why because it refers and because of you know probably some people may will have the tendency to refer or to make some sort of a bizarre connection between black man and black male for instance. So, these are some of last, but not the least is we cannot leave our discussions about the information age and the impact it has had on the English language. So, let us read from the text here English is the dominant language of the internet or the so called information super highway which links together network computers all over the world although still in its infancy the internet has led to the development of new types of text which require new skills. Conventional skills such as the ability to write prose are largely irrelevant and this is and this is to the advantage of the many users whose native language is not English. It is very important look at the last point made here the kind of language and we cannot reiterate this enough the kind of skill in the English language the kind of mastery of the English language that was required you know required for one to be known as maybe you know not just erudite in the language and its literature, but also somebody who could even you know where it could make a difference in one getting a job or not. Today that sort of mastery is something that need not you know need not be expected from somebody applying for a job on you know on the digital platform. So, this is a very important point the old kind of mastery above of English of its words of its terms of phrases for instance are not today so important as far as the digital platform is concerned. As it says here this is to the to the advantage of many users particularly outside of the USA and outside of England. Those users of the language whose native language is not English today can know we will use a what a different English with a different you know repertoire of words. So, that interestingly they are at par as far as jobs relating to the cyber world to the internet are concerned. For instance we also have words like byte, cyberspace, software, hacker, laptop, hard drive, database these words were never there you know in even if they were they were never there in the way that which we understand those words to mean. So, we will end with a quotation from a cultural history of the English language again another very important interesting text if you want to know the history of the English language from the point of view of society and culture. And I will end with this quotation within a generation of the invention of the computer the computer industry was established on a global scale using English as its language. As the computer culture has expanded into large scale databases electronic main or e-mail and so on. The expansion of English has followed and this technology is so designed that the user needs to interact in English. Individual programs can of course, use other languages, but the program itself will almost certainly use English based commands whereas, in previous technological revolutions the technology has had to be adapted for different languages. In this case languages other than English have to be interface with the resident language of the technology. So, if you look at the you know the difference in these two things what our main text is saying here and the text that we have from a cultural history of the English language. We will end by saying that you know English in the computer age is really Yanis face Yanis face is Yanis was you know an entity with two faces in mythology Greek mythology Yanis is an entity with two faces. So, this has two faces really a is as the cultural history of the English language says that most of the work done on the internet is in English it says that the computer culture has expanded into large scale databases expansion of English has also followed. So, that even if you know you know even if languages other than English have to be used they have to more or less let me put it since I am not a person from computer science more or less as this book mentions here has to be interfaced with the English language. On the other hand you also find that very importantly that the older way of knowing the English language you know for instance you may have found people in previous you know generation they are they are masters in the English language I said they know the nuances the turns of phrase in long winding sentences many may know Shakespeare and play by heart that sort of knowing of the English language is today no longer required and as the our main text says here may be also at a great advantage for people whose native tongue is not English, but from the form from the form point of view of the computer industry they will not fall behind just because they do not know an English of more what should I use over let us say over different variety altogether from the previous generations. So, it is much really to be said and I have I am aware instead of saying so many things in you know in very brief points about modern English what I had decided here to do is to point to one aspect sorry of modern English which is vocabulary right because of course, vocabulary has throughout been a very important point in you know in particularly in the growth of the English language you find as one of his pillars really one of his most important rapidly growing phenomena and it is also of course, phenomenon sorry of course, almost like a law that that changes in vocabulary is going to happen over change in time, but we here we find in almost a remarkable way in which vocabulary has changed particularly in the modern age with with the phenomenal and very rapid growth of science and technology beginning with the industrial revolution as we saw in the 17 18 centuries and science in the 17 18 centuries and culminating in the computer industry having implications as we saw also of whether people may have get may have a job based on their knowledge of kind of English that they know. So, if you ask a question on you know say something like point out sorry one of the most important areas in modern English that makes it different from its earlier age then you would point out point talk about vocabulary if you ask the question like name to socio cultural or socio political socio cultural phenomena going to which there was a rapid growth of technology sorry rapid growth of technology yes and the growth of vocabulary as far as English is concerned in the modern age then what are the what are the answers you know a is industrial revolution and b is a growth of empire. Next you may also be asked the question like bring out some of the the you know attempts in made in America bring out some of the changes or differences as far as British English and American English is concerned you of course we have several books where we can you know go into detail, but we the names you need to mention you know one name specifically is out of Noah Webster in his attempt to prune or sort of clean certain extent words of their what shall we call it of their you know the overload of their letters. For instance we found words and you may get questions like inside certain words also we found you know that we can also you can have questions on what happens when you know what are the words that have gotten into into the British dictionary following empire and colonization then you can talk about words from native American what are the words we saw words like chipmunk even tomato right opossum and words from from Australia like boomerang words from England like pajama etcetera bungalow etcetera. So, these are some of the questions that at this level remember this is this is a basic level course that we are bringing to you and these are basic level, but however basic they may sound to you it is always go it is always better to go back to basics and to recall some of the important things that we you know we have learnt so far. So, thank you and in this lecture here and we the next lecture will be the last lecture on this in this module and which is entitled the history of English in India. Thank you.