 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture, we continue studying at Sandhi, the Vaubel Sandhi. Within that, we saw that there are two groups that can be made. The first one is called Ekasthanika Ekadesha, which means one substitute in place of one substituent, sthani is substituent, adesha is the substitute. There is one substituent in whose place one substitute appears. There are two instances of this type of ach sandhi. The first one is Yansandhi, stated by the sutra ikoyanachi. And the second one is Ayavayava Sandhi, stated by the sutra echoyavayavaha. We are studying right now the Yansandhi. This Ekasthanika Ekadesha Sandhi is diagrammatically represented in this particular form. When A is immediately followed by B, which means that A and B are in close proximity in Samhita mode, then this A gets replaced by C. Ekasthanika Ekadesha, one substitute in this environment. This type of sandhi, the two instances, they are stated in the Ashtadhyay between 6172 and 6183. And we are studying currently the Yansandhi. We studied the sutra ikoyanachi, which prescribes or describes the Yansandhi. We also studied the expanded meaning of ikoyanachi, by the application of Anudit Savaranasiya Chaaprakteyaha. And then we noted down the environment and also the number of substituents. Now today in this lecture, we shall study the examples. As we said before, it is not possible to cover all the examples of all the substituents and Paranimitta combinations, but we will take all the types. We will cover all the types of environments and combinations. So now let us look at Ekasthanika Yanadesha examples. And we have input in the form of E and there are 12 varieties of E, rasva and dirhah, immediately followed by ach and we have already noted that even though there are 132 ach, 54 are out of question luthas and then out of them 12 which are dirhah varieties, they are removed. The Savarna varieties are removed and so we have 66 right hand side environment sounds. Now in this input, the rule 6177 applies and gives the output in the form of year plus ach, which are 66 vavals. The right hand side environment consists of total vavals which are 132, minus 54 lutha vavals, minus 12 rasva and dirhah ikaras which are Savarnas in the combinations. So we have in all 66 vavals as the right hand side environment and in that case the output is year plus ach. Let us study each one type taking a few examples. So let us look at the examples now where we have E followed by ach and after the application of 6177, the output generated is year followed by ach. In this scheme of examples, we have shown the environment in red colors on the left hand side of the arrow and the sandhi in blue color on the right hand side of the arrow. So karmanya karma is the input where E is immediately followed by ach, 6177 then applies and we get the output karmanya akarma, karmanya karma. This is the famous line from Shreemad Bhagavad Gita. Similarly, ach which also represents its homogeneous sounds, so it can also represent the long variety of ach namely ach and so we have karmani plus atma, E followed by ach and 6177 would apply and so we get the output karmanya atma and karmanya atma. Similarly, just as E is an uddeshya, so E also represents its homogeneous sounds. Earlier we saw E being the environment, being the uddeshya representing its homogeneous sounds. So we had an example where A immediately followed E and so we got the yant sandhi taking place. Now in this case, we have long variety of E which is represented by short E in the 14 sutras. But now even long E would become the subject of 6177 and that rule will apply on long E and will generate the output in the form of E plus er etc. So right now we have nadi plus atra and long E is followed by er and so 6177 applies and we get the output in the form of nadi atra, nadi atra. Similarly nadi aapar where aapar is the past form of the verbal root aap to reach. So nadi plus aapar and we have once again 6177 applying and getting the output in the form of nadi plus aapar, nadi aapar. Now let us have the examples of E plus u and 6177 applies and er plus u is the output. Remember after er comes the verbal E, so E plus E would be the next sequence but we have already discussed this and said that this is the scope of application of 61101 aakas sabar nahi dirgaha. So those examples are not taken here. Now we have karmani plus utsahaha and in this case E is immediately followed by u and therefore E becomes er and so we have karmani utsahaha and we get the form karmani utsahaha. So this was an example with short u. Now because u is also part of the uddeshya, the same sandhi can also happen when there is long u like karmani plus urjaha. In this case once again 6177 applies and E becomes er and we have the form karmani urjaha and karmani urjaha. Similarly in place of the substitute event short E we also have long E as the substitute event. So nadi utsahasya and 6177 applies here and we get the output in the form of nadi utsahasya and nadi utsahasya. Similarly nadi urjahaha and we get the output nadi urjahaha, nadi urjahaha. Then we have an example of E plus ru and 6177 applying and generating the output E plus ru. So we have karmani plus ritshati, ritsh means to go, karmani plus ritshati and 6177 applies and substitutes here in place of E. So we get karmani ritshati and karmani ritshati. Similarly ru represents the long variety of ru as well. So we have karmani ru karaha and the output is karmani ru karaha, karmani ru karaha. Similarly nadi ritshati, the output is nadi ritshati and nadi ritshati. Similarly nadi plus ru karaha is the input and by the application of 6177 the output is nadi plus ru karaha, nadi ryu karaha. Then we have lukhara, E plus lu and 6177 applying and generating the output namely E plus lu. And here are two examples, we do not have the long variety of lu so that is not taken and plutha variety may not occur at this particular position. So those examples are also not taken. And there are not many words beginning with lu. So we have formulated an artificial word lukhara which indicates the sound lu and karmani lukhara and we will get the application of 6177 and the output will be generated in the form of karmani lukhara, karmani lukhara. Every nadi lukhara and 6177 will apply and generate the output nadi lukhara, nadi lukhara. This is about lu. Then we have ekara, E plus A and 6177 applying and generating the output in the form of E plus A. So we have karmani eva where E is followed by A and the output generated is karmani eva and similarly nadi edhate and we have the output nadi edhate, nadi edhate. Earlier it was karmani eva, now it is nadi edhate. The vowel A does not have a short variety and also does not have the plutha variety eligible for this operation. So we have only A taken for example. Then we have E plus O as an environment and 6177 applies and generates the output in the form of E plus O. So we have karmani plus otam, otah is filled and this will trigger the operation of 6177 because E is followed by O and will generate the output in the form of E plus O, karmani otam, karmani otam. Similarly nadi plus okhati, okh means to go, nadi goes, nadi moves and in this case 6177 will apply and we have nadi okhati, nadi okhati. The next example is E followed by A in the samhita mode, 6177 applies and generates the output in the form of E followed by I. So the example is karmani plus ikyam where E is followed by I and the output is karmani ikyam, karmani ikyam, unity in action. And then we have nadi plus aidhata, aidhata is the past tense of edha, edha means to grow. So nadi aidhata and we have the environment for the application of 6177. So it applies and the output is nadiya plus aidhata, nadiya idhata. Finally we have E followed by O and 6177 applies and the generated output is E followed by O. So we have karmani plus aushadham and this triggers the application of ikoyanachi and then generates the output karmani aushadham and so we have karmani aushadham. Similarly nadi aukhata, aukhata is the past tense of ukha and so we have the environment for application of 6177 and so we get the output in the form of nadiya aukhata, nadiya aukhata. Now let us look at the next type of examples where O is the substituent. So ukharasthanika yanadesha. So the input over here is O which is of 12 types, 12 varieties rasva and dirhah followed immediately by 66 vowels total 132 minus 54 plutha minus 12 combinations for sabarana dirhah dandhi and so the output would be ver plus the 66 vowels and the right hand environment as we saw just now consists of actually 132 vowels amongst them plutha will not occur in that particular position so they are deleted and then 12 rasva varieties and dirhah varieties of O they are also deleted which means that there are 66 ach which act as the right hand side environment. There are 66 ach which are the right hand side environment. Now here are the examples. So we have O plus O in the samhita mode and 6177 applies and the output generated is ver plus O. So we have astu plus attra and once again the environments are marked with red and the substitute is marked with blue. So astu attra is the input 6177 applies and the output is astu attra astvatra. Similarly astu plus asha in which O is followed by A and we have seen that A being the uddeshya also represents its own homogeneous sounds. So A is one of them and so 6177 also applies in this case. So we have astu asha and astu asha. Now as far as longu is concerned longu which is the homogeneous sound of shotu and so it is represented by O. This longu is put as the first member of the compound and that example is given here swayam who plus archa. These two words are put in square brackets to indicate that this is a compound, this is a samasa and so samhita is nitya over here. As far as astu attra or astu asha is concerned astu is a verb attra and asha are the other words but swayambhu and archa this is a compound and so the output after having applied 6177 is swayambhu archa, swayambhu archa. See swayambhu plus asha and we have swayambhu asha as the output after applying the rule 6177. Then we have the situation u plus e, u followed by e and 6177 applies and the output generated is v followed by e. So the examples are astu iti and here u gets substituted by v and so we have astu iti astu iti. Similarly astu isha so e stands for its homogeneous sounds namely long e astu isha 6177 applies astu isha astu isha. Similarly in the compound swayambhu indra and this is processed by 6177 and the output generated is swayambhu indra, swayambhindra. Similarly swayambhu plus asha as an input and e is long here which is represented by short e swayambhu plus isha and 6177 applies and generates the output in the form of swayambhu isha swayambhu isha. Then we have u plus ru and 6177 applies and the output generated is v plus ru. So we have astu plus rishi hi and this is in the samhita mode and so 6177 applies and generates the output in the form of astu rishi hi astrvrishi hi. Similarly astu ru ka raha once again long ru coming in as the representative of as the homogeneous sound of short ru. So astu ru ka raha and the output is astu ru ka raha after application of 6177 and so we get the output in the form of astu ru ka raha. Similarly swayambhu plus rishi and the output is swayambhvrishi and swayambhvrishi. Then we have swayambhu plus ru ka raha long ru 6177 applies and we get the output in the form of swayambhvru ka raha and swayambhvru ka raha. Then we have examples of u followed by lu and we have v followed by lu as the output after the application of 6177. So we have astu plus lu ka raha and we get the output astu lu ka raha astlu ka raha. Similarly swayambhu plus lu ka raha and we get the form swayambhu lu ka raha as the output after the application of 6177. Then we have next u followed by a as the input 6177 applies and the output is v followed by a. So the example is astu plus a kaha 6177 applies and gets the output astu plus a kaha that is astu kaha. Then long u swayambhu plus ekatvam and 6177 applies you get the output swayambhvrekatvam swayambhvrekatvam that is the output a, o, i and o they do not have any short variety and also not the plethora variety and therefore there are only limited number of examples. Then we have the next example u plus o 6177 applies and the output generated is v plus o. So astu plus om and so u is substituted by v and so we get astu plus om astu om. Swayambhu where there is long u plus odana and this is a compound and you get the output by application of 6177 in the form of swayambhvodana swayambhvodana. Then we have u plus i 6177 applies and the output generated is v plus i. The example is astu plus idhata idhata is the past tense of the verbal root a dha to grow astu plus idhata and ukara is substituted by v by the application of 6177 and you get astu idhata astu idhata and then the compound form swayambhu plus ikem long u followed by i and 6177 applies and the output generated is swayambhva ikem swayambhva ikem. Then we have u followed by ou and 6177 applying and generating the output namely v followed by ou. So we have astu followed by avpagavaha and the output generated is astva avpagavaha where u is substituted by v. Similarly swayambhu plus awshadham and long u is substituted by v by the application of 6177 and so you get swayambhva awshadham swayambhva awshadham. In all these examples we saw that in most of the cases there was some meaning connection as well but in some cases there is not any meaning connection at all only the phonetic similarity counts and that is what matters the most as far as sandhi process is concerned. To summarize we studied examples where vowels i and u are the substituents and in the right hand side environment we have any vowel excluding some vowels and then here and were are the substituents respectively in place of i and u. Now we study examples of other two vowels namely rhu and lhu as substituents next in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.