 This morning I'm going to talk about ecosystem services from planted forest. This was recently published in a special issue of integrated evaluation of ecosystem services in journal of ecosystem services. So let me start. As we can see, the global forest resource assessment 2015 indicates the area of forest is declining globally and the area of planted forest is increasing rapidly. From 1990 to 2015 it's about more than 110 million of planted forest is increased. As you can see the greener the area are more increase of planted forest where is the highest gain and this red area indicates where the largest loss of natural forest. And this trend is likely to be continue over the next few decades. As we know that human population is increasing and demand for almost all products, forest products and services are increasing. And also standard of living is increasing and people are demanding more natural products such as forest based products. So that's another demand for forest resources. And role of planted forest is also increasing to support the global restoration targets such as born challenge New York declaration on forest as well as article 5 of the recent Paris climate agreement. So there is an increasing role of planted forest globally. However, as Robert mentioned in the introduction this planted forest is controversial in many part of the world because of its perceived impact to the society and environment which we will talk a little bit later. But it all depends on where the planted forest is established for what purposes. So therefore it's important to identify the full function and services of this important or increasingly important land use. What are the products and services it provides, how to quantify and how to value those services. And this morning I'm going to highlight three key points. The concept of natural, semi-natural and planted forest and associated ecosystem goods and services those landscapes provide. And public and private aspects of services. If the plantations are established by a certain land owner or manager how those services are related to public. How public get benefit from those services. And finally I will talk briefly about the policy option to increase the ecosystem services from planted forest. So here we demonstrate the scope and concept of natural forest and planted forest, semi-natural and planted forest and associated ecosystem services. As you can see that this link of arrow goes everywhere. We used TIB definition and classification of ecosystem services which defines contribution of ecosystem, direct and indirect contribution of ecosystem to human well-being. Here you can see provisioning regulating habitat and cultural services provided from natural, semi-natural and planted forest are interlinked. The thickness of arrow indicates the magnitude of services. So thicker the arrow the higher the level of services but this is a qualitative illustration to indicate. So basically natural forest provides more regulating habitat and cultural services but relatively less number of provisioning services. While planted forest produce more provisioning services than less regulating services. But again this planted forest can be various types depending on the purpose of establishment. Rotation length for example shorter rotation plantations are relatively less provides less number of services while longer rotation may produce higher number of services. Then it can be depending on intensity of management it can be highly intensive managed planted forest or extensively managed planted forest. It can be native tree planted forest with native trees and it can be exotic tree. So this all type of planted forest have different capacity to produce ecosystem services. Here we show the actually the ecosystem services can be specially like different specially scale. Some of the ecosystem services are realized by the communities or people who live within or around the plantations and other services are beneficial for regional and some other services such as climate regulation can be benefited globally. Wherever the plantation is established in Indonesia but the benefit can be in the global communities. And the other important aspects of ecosystem services is public versus private goods. Some of the goods and services produced by plantation owner or land manager can exclude others to benefit or enjoy those services. For example wood the manager only get the benefits from those products while other services are purely public goods. For example carbon sequestration or regulation can be purely public goods. For example if the land manager establish plant in mountain or hills. So the soil erosion protection or erosion protection can be benefited the people who living downstream without any any any payments or type of things. So similarly when we compare to the ecosystem services from different land use in relation to plantations this is what we found. So basically native forest and grasslands produce higher number of regulating and habitat services than plantation. But if plantation doing much better than managed pasture and agricultural landscape. So basically plantation are better compared to some other land uses. So here we propose a framework how to quantify and value those ecosystem services from planted forest. So basically here what's the silviculture and management aspects of plantation development is very very important. So what kind of species is the plantation and what's the standard structure. How what is the rotation length spacing and also position in the catch paint or percentage of plantation within the landscape. So for example a small percentage within a landscape or blanket approach a whole landscape is planted. So that that that all makes difference to those goods and services based on those. We are suggesting that we're looking those aspects. The assessor or someone who want to quantify or value the services can look these services count those services using qualitative and quantitative techniques which we have described in the paper because of the time I can't go in the detail. So that can be export opinion or professional judgment ranking or even focus group discussion. We can talk to people what services they realize from these plantation developments or even disservice is what what they are losing what services they used to get in past but they are not getting now anymore. Or we can do some biophysical quantification which means we have to go and measure the services like inventory or other quantitative techniques. So this all depends on the time data and cost how much time you have and data you need and resources you have and then this can be progressively and this can be also goes to valuation tools. So there are some policy options which can enhance the ecosystem services from planted forest. When that is managed for short rotation or for productive productive timber plantation they can still produce more services. So identifying and recognizing private and public services is key to to quantifying and valuing to enhancing ecosystem services. So social value is is also important how people perceive the value of those plantations and and the service goods and service they derive from plantation. And in some cases monetary valuation is is increasingly important. For example in New Zealand the plantations the the recreational value of plantation is monetized how much the the public want to pay to visit the plantations. So they have monetized those those services. In other case payments are increasingly important. For example in Australia there is a carbon farming mechanism. So when when the landowner established plantation and that can be claimed for credit. And some of the regulatory mechanisms such as like high carbon stock or high consumption values within the plantation landscape need to be protected. So that that also helps to enhance the ecosystem services. And in other case like planted forest are like challenging for hydrological functions. So in that case limiting planted forest for say less than 20% of the land escapes can help to enhance or increase water services to downstream communities. So biodiversity can be enhanced with integrating remnant vegetation or old growth forest trees or patches within the landscape. So this framework we hope that this provides important guideline for land land manager or plantation owner to assess how to understand the value of planted forest and how to quantify and and value those those services under different plantation landscape. So this is a scale free so it can be useful for any scales or any locations. And we hope that this framework will be tested in various part of the world in the near future. We have actually started testing this in in Vietnam, China, Laos and and also in Ethiopia. And yeah, thank you so any and this is available. The paper is available from C4 library and we have a recent blog here so you can do that.