 The study found that there was excessive ordering of autoantibody tests, which indicated the need for better physician education and cost-effective protocols. The most common patterns seen among those with positive anti-nuclear antibodies were homogeneous and speckled. Rod and ring pattern was seen in only three patients, none of whom were on antiviral therapy. This article was authored by Fatima Hussain Tair Hussain, Tiava Tillett, and others.