 Good morning. Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, you're all very, very welcome to this second event in the 2023 Developed Matters series, which the IIEA host them, which is supported by Ira Jade. We're delighted to be joined today by Mr. Jida Bear Ongbo, the Director General of the International Labour Organization. The Director General will speak to us on the topic of the indispensable ability of social protection and the costs of inaction. He'll speak for about 20 minutes or so, and then we will have a Q&A session. First, some housekeeping points. Both the Director General's presentation and the Q&A session will be on the record. You're invited to submit questions, comments, observations as they occur to you during the session using the Q&A function on Zoom, which you'll find at the bottom of your screen. Feel free to join the discussion on Twitter using the handle at IIEA, and the event will also be live streamed. Director General, you're very, very welcome. The Director General is a former Prime Minister of Togo, and he is the 11th person to hold the position of Director General at the ILO, and he's the first African to do so. Prior to taking up office, he was the President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD. He also previously served as Deputy Director for Field Operations and Partnerships at the ILO, and he held several posts at the UNDP, and he was also Director of Finance at the International Bank of Mali. He is also the Chair of UN Water and Chair of the Board of the Natural Resource Governance Institute. I would now like to invite Ambassador Noel White, who, as Keenan said, is Ireland's permanent representative to the UN in Geneva and to other international organisations, to say a few words on behalf of Irish aid and the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs. Noel, over to you. Thank you very much, David, and like you, I'm delighted to be here for this webinar this afternoon with Jair Berongbo, Director General of the International Labour Organization. It's a real pleasure and a privilege, and thank you so much for taking the time to be with us today, Director General, and in particular for doing so on what is effectively the eve of the International Labour Conference, which kicks off here in Geneva down the road on Monday morning, arguably the most important date in the annual ILO calendar. So thank you for that and for taking the time out. Thank you also to the IIA for hosting this webinar as part of the Development Matters series, which, of course, is proudly supported by Irish aid. Our discussion today on, as David has said, the indispensability of social protection and the costs of inaction is both an important and a timely one. It seems obvious to say, but nonetheless, across the world, we are facing immense challenges, old and new, including around food and nutrition insecurity, deeply entrenched poverty, and of course, what is the existential threat of climate change. Of course, there is no one solution to all of this. These are complex issues requiring complex responses and responses which I think we can agree need to be robust, ambitious and interconnected. And clearly, social protection is one of the most powerful tools that we have available to us in shaping our response to these issues. In Ireland, social protection, of course, is an established and essential feature of our social contract. We are very fortunate in that respect. This is not something we should take for granted. Globally, an estimated four billion people remain without access to any form of social protection. We have seen the transformative power that this can have and how it can be used quickly and innovatively and effectively to respond to new challenges. This is particularly the case during the pandemic with the pandemic unemployment payment, which was central to our overall response to the pandemic. Social protection, of course, is also fundamental to our international development work, including our humanitarian commitments. And the ILO is a critical partner for us in the implementation of those commitments. Happily, Ireland and the ILO have similar priorities in this area. So we focus on strengthening national protection systems, of course. But perhaps more importantly, we have a shared ambition to advance towards a human rights-based and universal approach to social protection. We believe together that this can deliver cost-effective, transformative and, indeed, scalable change where it is needed most and when it is needed most. So it is a great pleasure to hear today from Director General Ongbo about the important work that the ILO is doing in this area. The Director General, of course, is the expert that we need to be hearing from today. In addition to his role as Director General, he has deep experience, as David has said in his introductory remarks, in development matters over many years. As a former president of IFAD, he has invaluable insight into the fundamentals of food and nutrition security and into the global structures of development assistance. And of course, as a former Prime Minister of Togo, he has an instinctive appreciation for the politics and the wider context in which development matters play out. And not an important attribute in the times in which we live. So it's my great pleasure to introduce Director General Ongbo today to address you on the topic of the indispensability of social protection and the costs of inaction. Mr. Director General, thank you very much. You have the floor. Thank you so much for having me today. The colleagues and allow me to say a particular greeting to Ambassador Donoio and I remember vividly the essential role that you play when you were representing Ireland in New York. And all the battle, one has to go through to move from the MDG to the SDGs and so many things. So I'm very humbled to have this opportunity to see all of you today. And again, I want to thank you for inviting ILO and myself as Director General to address you, particularly on a subject matter that is so key to us, because our starting point is that social protection is not charity. We want to make that clear. For us, it is a right that is dovetails to all human beings and needs. First recognized as a human right in Attitude 22 of the 1948 Human Rights to Social Security and is anchored in so many other human right instruments and international social security standards. However, almost half of the global population, and you just pointed out four billion, you know, co-citizens still does not, that half of the population does not have, cannot enjoy the right and is unprotected while others are only inadequately uncovered. So this is unacceptable and impedes development. And some, I'm sure you will remember during the COVID-19 pandemic, what social protection will do, the power of social protection in protecting people and enterprises for that matter of fact, and containing the worst part of the crisis without the massive expansion of social protection. And we in ILO counted up to 2,000 different type of measures that were adopted by different countries so that the crisis could be contained, otherwise it would have been much, much, much worse. However, most of these policy responses were only temporary and almost all have already ended. Even in less turbulent times, social protection is still indispensable for addressing the day to day life cycle challenges we all face. It is short access to healthcare, income security in case of illness, unemployment, maternity, rental leave, old age, etc. In a way to preventing poverty and reducing inequality including gender based inequalities. The redistributive effects of social protection creates more equal societies, making social protection a key ingredient of social justice. So social protection is a well-established element of our social contracts and Ireland is a very good example in, and quite in the world, Europe, we have to say, and increasingly in the rest of the world. So many countries have understood that they do not need to wait to build a social protection system after they have developed. Rather, you need to build social protection system in order to develop. And that for me, I don't want to take it for granted. Despite progress in expanding social protection, if I were to describe the state of social protection today, I will say progress has been too little and quite frankly too slow. You know, in addition to the four billion that we just talked about, let's say for example, the case in Africa where only 17.4% of people are covered to have any some kind of coverage, not even before what we call in Ireland, the flaws. And this undermines the economic and the social development of the continent. Worldwide fewer than 1 in 5 unemployed workers actually receive unemployment benefits. Another data is 2.7 billion people are not protected by any kind of health protection scheme. So I can go on, but these protection gaps hold back our social and the economic development. The cost of inaction is not investing in the social protection at enormous. This is why recently I was in a mission Ghana, we are saying that it's not just playing with the world, the words, we need to start looking at the social protection as the budgetary expense or expenditure is rather a social investment. Because the absence of social protection has adverse implications for human well being and for social and economic development. So the social protection supports not only economic dynamics by unlocking latent and untapped productive potential by investing in human capabilities, but also by stimulating the entrepreneurship, contributing to the productivity of enterprises and stimulating growth, particularly at the micro and on small and medium size enterprises. And it can be especially critical during the economic downturn. So in short, it is clearly irrational not to invest in social protection. Consequently, there is an urgent need to provide at least a basic level of social security for all. This is why we promote a social protection flow, what I was referring to earlier to ensure that everyone has access to at least a basic level of social protection throughout their lives. And these flows, this flow provides income security for children, person of working age, and older persons, and in particular, for those with specific needs, such as a person with disabilities. It also ensures that everyone has effective access to at least essential health care. So let us be very clear about what the social protection flow does not mean. It does not mean that we implement some kind of party social safety nets that provide limited time bounds and predictable protection that people cannot count on. That will not do it. Let's be honest. The social protection flow need to be part of a universal scheme based on promoting both horizontal and vertical extension strategy in line with international social security standard, especially convention 102, which defines what the minimum is in social security and the social protection flow recommendation. I go recommendation 202, which was adopted in 2012. What I was referring to the horizontal dimension is in a way to seek to extend at least a basic level of core benefits as to as many population groups as possible and as fast as possible. And this could mean providing universal benefit for children, basic, old age pension or social assistance for vulnerable groups. The vertical dimension referred to the increase in scope of coverage, the range and level of benefits often to social insurance schemes, which can provide higher value and more comprehensive benefits. This can be financed by a mix of social insurance contribution and complemented by tax financing. The next universal social protection systems need to be comprehensive adequate and sustainable. As we affirm in three years ago in 2021 by I don't internationally work on phrase. We therefore support countries in that in progressively building systems that are universal and accessible to all systems that are non discriminatory discriminatory and responding to specific need, sustainable and equitably finance covering the full range of risk from cradle to grave. And we need system that provide adequate benefit to ensure decent living standards and system that are anchored in national legislation and providing effective complain and and the collective collection mechanism. In this context, let me, I would like to acknowledge the excellent partnership of the government of Ireland, particularly Irish aid in supporting several countries to build the social protection systems. For countries to build the social protection systems and to close the social protection guard, they need more investment, particularly obviously in low income countries and I know the focus of Irish aid in low income countries. So why hide income countries allocate 16.4% for example of the GDP to social protection, certainly outside the healthcare perspective, the low income countries mainly assigned 1.1% of the GDP. So this means there's a huge financing gap that need to be sealed. And the fiscal challenge is exacerbated today by the announced income concentration that we know of. You know, it's important to remind ourselves that the poorest half of the global population, half of the global population barely owns any wealth at all. And possessing just 2% of the total assets. Whereas the 10% features of the global population owns 76% of all the wealth on that. Something that is also quite very concerned of mine is the third game, military expenditure, which reached a new all-time high, particularly given the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. And we have a new all-time high of 2.2 trillion in 2020 and 2022. And this may undermine existing commitment by diverting resources, either away from what he is spending or resources that could be added to the current level of commitment, audio commitment. The other dimension which for us is quite important, the distribution of the labor income, which shows that pay inequality remain an issue. You know, the lower half of the workers in the income distribution globally, the lower half earned about 8% of the total labor income. So that in itself tells the lot. When you add also the dimension of the debt management, the debt displays and the widespread austerity. All of that just exacerbate the disturbing context and really make it even difficult, the achievement of the SDG themselves. So the challenge of finding fiscal space to fill the financing gap we have to recognize is a difficult and daunting one. So with this state of play of power and wealth distribution. Can we really say that the universal social protection financing that is unsurmountable? I sincerely, I want to reject any and the fittest attitude. What we need is a much more determined political way for a decisive resolve to support a total reset of our global fiscal and monetary framework. The framework that will truly and equitably bring together the three pillar of our common destiny, the necessary economic growth, taking into account the protection of the environment, coupled with the scientific and technological progress and social justice. This will require a concerted effort by the coalition of actors, all of us in the multilateral sector, academia, bilateral, all of us the IFI. So this is why here in ILO I'm calling for a coalition for social justice for it to be able to move the needle. We need, as I said, not to be undefined. Our global ambition must be commensurate with the scale of the challenges we face, harnessing our unique tripartite, convening power in ILO and guided by our principle and values on that. So we want to let me end here by again reiterating the importance for us to really be focusing on as part of our fight against inequality, focusing on the global accelerator on job and social protection that I'm sure you are aware of that the Secretary General Gutierrez, with Guy Raiden, a predecessor launched in 2021, which now is taking off in a way for it to have a decisive contribution in helping with the countries, particularly the low income countries to sustain their ability to finance a minimum flow in terms of social justice. Let me stop here and I'm sorry to have been a little bit too long. Thank you so much. Over to you. Director General, thank you very, very much for a very powerful presentation, which is thought provoking for all of us. And we'll now open the floor to Q&A, and I would like to put first of all to you a question which comes from a former Irish Government Minister who's the chairman of the of our Parliamentary Commission on Social Protection, Mr. Janice Nocton, and his question to Director General goes as follows. With regard to the proposed social protection floor, has any consideration been given to in indexation of such a floor. And this because due to rising inflation, many countries with existing welfare supports, the lack of index indexation is undermining basic living standards by stealth, in other words, sort of by the back door. He also notes that you were saying that most of the 2000 COVID supports globally have now ended. But has the ILO noted the introduction of any specific supports for employees who are unable to work because of long COVID. So if I could put those questions to you first, Director General, that would be very helpful. Thank you so much, David, for those two questions. The first one, the indexation of the floors. Clearly the answer is yes. Not only our recommendation on pushing that direction, our self in ILO as part of our work or our development of the population program with the country. This is what we are we are pushing for. This is also one that is a little bit linked to the vertical and horizontal dimension that we are pushing for. Sometime what we notice on the ground, what the country are faced with is the dilemma between the indexation on one hand, and maybe expanding the coverage or expanding the outreach of the population that you want to cover. The link to that, even the more than the social protection scheme, talking about the indexation, the currently what we see in both developed and low income countries is the fact that the wages, the wage growth is quite much below the inflation and much below the productivity growth is in itself also causing another problem, which is similar to the indexation. The challenge is that sometime you have a social protection scheme, but that does not necessarily contribute to reducing the equality. So is it an important dimension that we have to look at it. And, you know, I see this indexation challenge together with the demographic challenge that the global north is facing as one of the critical one. If you look at a lot of the social security scheme, even in Europe, you will see that there's a need for such indexation to be much more active. The impact in terms of the COVID impact to the coverage and those coverage that has been ending. Unfortunately, we are seeing too many cases where and the problem remain unsolved on that. There's a tendency about behaving like now COVID is fully behind us and the scheme that you put in place to ensure that and those has been long affected by COVID and with or without the necessary ability to return to the job market is quite a difficult one. Depending on the country, we have also noticed that that also gets mixed up with the other dimension we are looking where people tired of job seeking just decide to withdraw from the labor market in itself on that. So that is compound impact on that. The formal point about the two question back to our notion of the floor. And to be honest, we talked about the floor for this kind of the bare minimum. And sometimes that doesn't even make it to be on to be honest online over. Thank you very much. I have a question also from David Joyce of the Irish Congress of trade unions was also worker delegate to the International Labor Conference, which is about to begin. He thanks very much for your presentation and he asked what is your own outlook for that conference. How do you see it unfolding. No, of course, to be transparent, you may have seen in the papers a serious attack these days about the presidency of the of the of the of the conference, which for me is a very good question of whether you know or you don't or how the whole international system works. It remind me, I don't recall which month exactly when there have been a lot of concern expressed in different part of the world, whether or not Russia should be allowed to chair the Security Council on given the invasion, etc, the big picture of the international law. So for us, we have to manage this and giving it to the government because this is really government decision and the government essentially are having a tough analysis of if you were to start on defining what are the criteria to meet or not to meet before you allow, etc. Maybe there are so many of the 200 plus countries in the UN system that will always fall short in one dimension or another. And that in itself, you will be solving one problem to create other problems going from Coke to Pepsi on type of situation. So I believe now we try to handle that that dimension, but the substance of the of the of the process itself, we are really looking forward we have four major dimension. First of all, there is a possible standard setting on the apprenticeship on that, which we believe is a huge particularly when we look at that in terms of youth unemployment and when we look at that in terms of just transition toward a decarbonized economy. There's another big discussion will be the one around the protection. So we will come back to what we're talking about in terms of social protection, including also protection of the vulnerable groups fighting against discrimination and so forth. You will not be surprised also that we expect the committee on the just transition itself to also be one that to draw a lot of attention. And for us, it's not only just transition, that's of climate change. It's also digital just transition in terms of move toward a digital economy and also the energy transition with the risk of. We know very clearly and I will research confirm that very clearly that those transition are going to create more job than those that will be lost on that. So if you look at that mathematically, it's even good news. But the math doesn't take away the fact that those that are going to be in the category of jobs to be lost, we need to make sure that nobody is left behind. And therefore, the whole scheme, rescaling, and the link to the apprenticeship, so you have that nexus, which is. So we are looking forward to the substantive side. It's going to be quite very important two weeks for us. The best of luck with it. Director General, you talked also about the huge challenge of the of the financing gap in relation to social protection systems. What can be done concretely to try to address this? I mean, I know that you have been exploring G7 and other frameworks as a way of trying to draw direct international attention to this. I mean, we've all seen the huge importance of basic social protection from the pandemic. So the world has seen that there is no alternative, yet it is a huge task to try to persuade the wealthier countries to divert resources, for example, away from military expenditure. That was a very good point you made. What can you do concretely at the ILO to try to take that debate forward? This is one of the one of the reasons why we are launching a coalition for social justice. What we really trying to we want to do is first of all, to this debate, what we have in now, to have as much as that to bring the global attention to elevate the political awareness and discussion and debate on that and making sure that in all those major agreements, be it political, economic, financial or commercial agreements, that we embed is social justice dimension. In this case, a protection dimension. Now, you will be next on the 14th of June, 14th-15th, we're going to have a special specific panel and we have four panels. And the panel on protection, you can see that this is getting so much registration on the panel on social protection on one hand and the other hand is trade and labor rights. On that is also getting so you. So on one hand, we really want to elevate that debate, which is one. Secondly, what we believe is important is also to work with the countries we are assisting. And that ILO is working right now with IMF and where we took four countries as a pilot cases, Togo, Mozambique, Iraq and Uzbekistan, where we are looking together with IMF, the fiscal space and how we can maximize the social spending on that. So ultimately, I think if we are able to do that, so because you know, when you have an economic downturn, the temptation is always to cut on the public services and looking at public services and therefore you hit the social protection schemes on that. So we want to work on that as well. Obviously, we want to also continue making appeal and as much and the representation for increase the portion of the ODA that goes to the investment and the sustainable investment to avoid the short term like we saw during COVID, short term type of investment and looking at that in building the institution that are on themselves. So we do, the financing is a major dimension. And we think that we have to have a combination of different scheme, but ultimately it's to the country, all national revenue collection and budgetary management to be able to finance that minimum that the flow we are referring to. Thank you very much. I have a question here about the particular challenge in creating a social protection system in countries where there is turmoil, where there is conflict, one thinks of, for example, Afghanistan. What do you do in a country like that where basic infrastructure has collapsed? How do we either create or sustain a social protection system? Unfortunately, countries like Afghanistan or countries that are coming of protracted classes or different type of classes, those are the countries that are much more in need. And ironically, those are the countries where the institutions are quite the weakest. So we do believe. When you start looking at that, social protection, I want to insist on this, going beyond social security, when you start looking at that from the protection perspective, you would still need to build immediate mechanism. Country like Afghanistan, social protection is also, for example, access to education, enabling the children to be able to access to education. So in those type of things, by having school meal programs. That's why I do think in the short run, the ODA and the humanitarian investment, what are the bridge from humanitarian to development has to invest in the social protection scheme that at the same time encourage medium-term, solving medium-term development issues. So access to the minimum health care. So you cannot put a health insurance in place if there's no doctor. And if you can't even have the medication and the pharmacy system working. So this is what we also call those start building from scratch. So in country like crisis, by the way, we start doing much more in that. It's important to mix both shorter, or I call it humanitarian or the next is humanitarian development on one hand and long-term building the institution at the same time. But they are very, very much more difficult. I have to, but they have to solve this all, they may on this one. They have, very quickly, they have the other type of crisis in Turkey and Syria. Very good example. It was relatively easier for country like Turkey that has much more functioning institution to have immediate release and protection scheme compared to Aleppo or northern part of Syria, for example. Indeed. You spoke at the beginning, Dr. General, about social protection as a human right. And you made a very strong point there. What more can we do to highlight that, to make sure that that is actually accepted universally? Because I sometimes think that people pay lip service to it. But the reality is you pointed to the fact that it is codified as a human right. But is there more that we can do to win acceptance for that worldwide? Yeah, and I'm very glad you raised that. And we need all of you to help us continue advocating. For us, the very first thing is to, you know, we still have our recommendation to that, not all countries have ratified and implemented. Already by implementing the existing or the convention on the social security to first ratify that is a first step. Secondly, obviously, I'm very encouraging country to do what other countries have done. You know, an example comes to my mind in South Africa where they write to water and the energy, constitutional rights on that. So by the mayor that they are ingrained in the constitution, although the government still may not be in a position to respond fully, it forced the government to have that high on the agenda. So I tend to encourage what I call any attempt at the national or international level to really embed part of the minimum rights if in all our constitution, we want to recognize our freedom of speech or freedom of expression. For me, it's also important to us some basic social protection rights embedded in our fundamental goals. Absolutely. I have a question here about the impact of the global cost of living crisis at the moment and indeed of rising inflation. This means that consumer purchasing power is reduced and in many developing countries, this has led to an increase in the number of people working in the informal sector. What can the ILO do to improve job security in developing countries to deal with the issue of more and more jobs ending up in the informal sector? Particularly because we want to acknowledge that we noticed that, you know, if you look at the 15 years, pre-COVID-19, the informal economy has been formalized at least slowly, but we did have, we gained five, six points in formalizing and that five points that we gained were quickly, you know, totally ripe off and totally erased during COVID. And since then, it's really rather increasing than going, we are not even back to the pre-COVID level. So I really want to acknowledge that. What we do again in terms of the informal economy are different levels. One, we do think that what we're discussing about having all the digital group having access of minimum social protection flow is essential. The second thing is, you know, when you look at that, you need also some incentives for the micro and the SMEs to formalize. You need to have some sort of program incentives and that can also be linked to the offers on the table from the protection side. And thirdly, I also believe you have to continue working on using the fiscal policy as a way to encourage formalization, not very often what we know from Latin America to Africa and Southeast Asia, South and Southeast Asia. You'll really notice that when the fiscal policy is really just used to quote, unquote, arrest on people, then they will tend to go to the informal on the safe. So do that structural thing, let alone the fact that in itself you need to encourage business training and access to IT and the technology and platforms. We have to dissociate when we talk about the informal economy. There's also a new form of informal economy, which doesn't mean necessarily that people in the most vulnerable categories, particularly when you think about the digital economy, the workers on the platform. Some are vulnerable, some are not. So it is also a matter of bringing the informal economy to formal so to optimize the tax collection system as well. So all of that, what I have to say, it may or may not be linked to the challenge we have with the loss in the purchasing power on that. The loss of that purchasing power just makes it worse. But even if we didn't have that, since COVID, we noticed that the problem is there and is a huge one. And back to the purchasing power itself. We have to recognize first in Iowa, and Iowa does recognize that the last year and a half or so, what the central bankers have been doing to fight the inflation is giving a result to a certain extent. We know that at least the inflation, I believe IMF is still projecting worldwide up to 7%, I think, for the 2023. But we know that from 2024, the tendency that COVID will be under control. So I don't want to be mistaken. It's important to fight the inflation, otherwise we are all doomed. Being said, my concern is that most of the people at the table in making decisions to how to fight an inflation, not necessarily taking into account the need to really still protect the most vulnerable group. The protection system, the social protection system, while making the macro decision. And we have seen that in COVID, in a lot of international community, including what I was aware before in EFAT, the extra financing bringing to the country, including the distribution of the spatial drawing rights. But once you arrive at the country level, we don't listen, you know, making sure that the redistribution within the, how it's used to ensure that the most vulnerable, the most beneficiary, we were not necessarily successful there. So it has so big a dimension on it. Thank you very much for that. I have another question which asks, what can the ILO do to create or to support jobs which support the green transition? In other words, what can you do to create more jobs which advance the climate goals of governments both in developing and in developed countries? For us, what we start doing, we have been doing that for a few years, but kind of stepping up our effort is through our research capacity and being able to identify sectors that will be, let's say, clean energy, decarbonized economy, and that at the same time reach in terms of job creation. Secondly, it's really the whole preparing the workers for what we call for tomorrow's job, almost today's job, in making sure that all of us today are fascinated by chat and TPT, but the heart of the matter is, how do we measure that we can detour ourselves, we can reskill and abstain or totally shift those that are in the sector that are quite very vulnerable and providing those training, making sure the policy at the country level are adjusted to create a conducive environment for the worker to be able to go through that transition in terms of training and rescaling. And finally, creating the policy environment that encourage the youth to really go through entrepreneurship in clean energy or decarbonized economy and domain. And our time is coming to an end now, Director-General, but one final question here. What are the big challenges that you see on the global labor market at present? I mean, if you were to think, you know, five or six most pressing issues, what are they? Wow, that's a, you know, that's a very difficult and I hope I can limit to five. One of it is clearly that it is a challenge, but we can turn it to opportunity as well. If you look at the global north, the whole demographic changes, which somehow it's linked, could be linked to the skill shortage. And that on one hand, on second hand, you look at the global south, where you see how quite very massive level of youth and employee, very likely either trained or that could be trained. And at the same time, they are suffering from the risk of brain drain. And I mean, one of the challenge that can turn into opportunity is how do you organize ourselves through an orderly migration? Where you can have that circular migration scheme? Where you can, can I train opinion in IT or nurses in daily? That could go and help island or Germany for five years, get also experience from Europe and go back later on, even if it's 50% that are going back, going back to the country to also help the country before they are also acquired. That win-win is one clear point. The second thing that will come to my mind is the fact that we know very well that today our economy is growing more digital. That one's very clear. I'm very concerned about the notion of near-shorting, you know, friend-shorting, where, you know, it might solve some problem but just to create other problems. You know, something for me that, although we believe in Aero that there are a lot of things to fix in the supply chain business, and particularly in terms of child labor and forced labor, but globally the supply chain have been engine of job creation, poverty alleviation. If you look at most of the emerging economy today, that has happened a lot of emerging economy today. So that is the second dimension that I think we really need to work together not to the current political environments. Actually, I'm not referring, not only on the world in Ukraine, even before that we can all see the political environment is repatriating the production from the global south. I do have concern on that in terms of the impact on the job market, on the other side. Although it can also do good on this side. So my point is that we should not go through it in a very, in a blind manner. We have to also be targeted in trying to see how we still protect the globalization on that. The third dimension that I can mention is fascinating where we've noticed on the labor market the fact that the youth are no more interested to have one job from 22 to 67. And feeling that they can provide, they don't have to come on the government and because the government system maybe have failed or have failed it and they think that I'm the protection. The social pretend we talk, they prefer taking measure themselves to protect themselves. The type of example would be that gig engineer that would prefer not to have an employment relationship with an employer but negotiate on zero coverage. And that we know for fact is a time bomb challenge on that. So that would be more and more one we feel that we have there. The fourth one I'm talking about, you see the voice and the ability to negotiate. Our, you know, jargon out of our convention, 87 freedom of association and convention 98 collective bargaining. That's in the context of a genuine, very working, effective social dialogue system. Sometimes we tend to forget the key value of that in our labor market and the society in general. In a world economy today where the unionization rates are going relatively down, you know, I don't need to look at in France because of the challenge they are going through through their pension system reform. And that has set increasing the unionization rates on that. You know, it should be the other way around on that. So that dilemma is a difficult challenge or also that we have. Last point is you asked me five. The last one that I will mention is the discrimination, the winner of groups. And then, and for I do, you know, our constitution, the preamble of the constitution is no lasting peace with our social justice. And that the group that are at the risk of being discriminated against, particularly in the context of labor markets and workplace is crucial and that we look at that discrimination, exclusion and the different groups and people with some degree of disabilities how to make room for them to be able to access to a job on that. And all of that in the context where we really need to remind ourselves that labor is not a commodity. Well, director general, thank you very, very much. That was an absolute tour de force. We have learned a huge amount and we found it all fascinating. Really the answers to the questions and your initial presentation. Thank you so much for giving us some time today and we're very much in your debt. Wish you every success with the conference coming up. And I know our ambassador Noel White in Geneva will be looking forward to working with you. So the best of luck with your future in journalism. Thank you once again for making yourself available. Thank you. Thank you so much for having us and let me do opportunity to thank Ireland as in a sincere manner with your all strategy or the strategy and the work with ILO and in a very selfish way. Do I let me say also the work that Ireland with the fact where I was before and you are always there to stand with the smaller countries, the country at the bottom. I always have a very big respect for Ireland for that. So thank you so much.