 Selamat pagi, semua. Saya Dr. Chan Jiden, Head of the JSC, Jeffery Sack Centre. Dengan saya hari ini, kami mempunyai sebuah eksperts yang mempunyai pertanyaan tentang kejadian soya untuk kejadian biasa di ASEAN dan dunia di seluruh dunia. Sebelum saya mulakan, hanya beberapa kata-kata tentang cara yang kita akan membawa untuk membawa pemeriksaan panel atau pekerjaan. Pertama, saya akan memperkenalkan sebuah pembentangan, dan setiap pembentangan akan mempunyai sekitar 12 minit untuk menjelaskan pembentangan mereka. Selepas itu, kami akan mempunyai sebuah session Q&A selepas semua pembentangan. Jadi, pertama, tanpa lagi yang saya buat, saya akan meminta Dr. Luli Meling dari Sarawak Tropicapit Research Institute di Malaysia. Tidaknya adalah pembentangan Tropicapit di Syarikat Asia. Itu yang dia telah berjaya selama beberapa tahun. Saya akan meminta dia ke dalam perjalanan sekarang untuk menjelaskan pembentangan dia dengan kita. Jadi, tolong berikan selamat datang ke Dr. Meling. Selamat pagi, semua. Saya ingin berkata terima kasih kepada pembentangan ini. Tapi saya tidak menyebabkan apakah dia senang untuk membunuh pembentangan ini. Sebenarnya, pembentangan ini adalah sebuah pembentangan. Ia sebuah pembentangan, tapi juga sebuah pembentangan. Jadi, hari ini, saya akan bercakap tentang pembentangan Tropicapit di Syarikat Asia. Mereka adalah dilema kompleksinya. Kemudian, saya juga ingin berakhir dengan beberapa perkataan berlaku tentang bagaimana saya rasa kita di ASEAN patut bergerak ke dalam pembentangan Tropicapit kita. Sekarang, pembentangan Tropicapit di Syarikat Asia adalah ekosistem unik. Ia berbentangan ke konservasi biodeversi, pembentangan kabel dan pembentangan ekosistem yang penting. Namun, mereka berkongsi dengan pembentangan yang berlaku, termasuk pembentangan kabel, pembentangan kabel dan pembentangan kabel, dan pembentangan kabel. Jadi, pada masa yang sama, pembentangan Tropicapit telah berlaku. Pembentangan Tropicapit yang sama, pembentangan kabel yang telah diperlihatkan seperti Pembentangan Tropicapit juga. Jadi, sebagai pembentangan Tropicapit, saya mengatakan yang mengatakan perjalanan dan mengandungi keadaan untuk menjelaskan keadaan yang berlaku dan pembentangan keadaan untuk ekosistem yang penting. Sehingga anda boleh mengingat, pembentangan Tropicapit berkongsi dengan Pembentangan Asia Asia, pembentangan kabel yang berlaku semasa mereka diberi, mereka lebih berlaku di jalan kecil di Ketuaian, hemiskir, particularly Rassia dan Kanada. Sekarang, ekosistem ini menawarkan banyak pembentangan kabel yang berlaku, termasuk penjaraan dan keadaan yang berlaku, keadaan yang berlaku dan berlaku untuk keadaan. Jadi, ia sangat penting untuk mengatakan bahawa banyak kali kita telah dibelakang dengan mengenai pembentangan Tropicapit, tetapi banyak perkara yang kita, kami harus melakukan penjaraan yang dikosistem, untuk memastikan bahawa kita tidak memastikan orang beritahu apa yang harus anda lakukan dengan penjaraan. Jadi, kemudian, penjaraan Tropicapit menerima pembentangan yang berlaku seperti makanan, penjaraan penjaraan, tetapi ia dalam pembentangan ini yang berlaku. Jadi, ia adalah subjek yang sangat sexy, sehingga ia sangat menarik, dan ia dapat menjadi sangat menarik, tetapi ia juga dapat menjadi keadaan sebenar. Jadi, keadaan penjaraan global memiliki keadaan keadaan yang tersebut di kertas kuban kebukaan, ia adalah sebuah ekosistem terbatas untuk keadaan sebuah kuban. Jadi, seperti yang anda lihat di sini, anda dapat lihat di atas kuban dan di bawah kuban, ia adalah kuban semua. Tetapi hal yang penting ini adalah kita perlu faham apa yang terjadi pada kuban ini. Jadi, semasa tiga tahun, mempunyai kemahiran dan kemahiran yang panjang. Jadi, pelajaran telah mengingatkan kemahiran tropikal yang dihubungi daripada 69-175 kemahiran kemahiran kemahiran mempunyai sebuah kemahiran kemahiran yang paling tinggi. Jadi, ia penting menunjukkan bahawa kemahiran ini boleh bergantung pada kemahiran kemahiran atau kemahiran kemahiran, okey? Jadi, kemahiran kemahiran kemahiran sel· ultrasound menggantikan kemahiran kemahiran itu dan portkстрasan nyigat meng segunda kak�li anak celai kelakuan pelimira. Tetapi bahwa ini disebabkan selebelah kemahiran kemahiran kemahiran dan kemahiran kemahiran dan kemahiran kemahiran kemahiran kemahiran memiliki kemahiran kemahiran kemahiran ke witim. Dari semacamlah angerat sebuah tingkah stretches dan kemudian dis所有an닥ictrik kemahiran kaili, dan kami masih mencari bahawa ada sebuah species yang di dalam. Diversiti ini menghubungi keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan dengan yang berbeda dengan sebuah tipe forest yang ditemui di Pitland di atas tropik dari Amerika Surinak dan Amerika Central ke Bersin Kong dan Asia Surinak. Tapi kami perlu berhati-hati kerana banyak kali orang fikir apapun yang teruk adalah Pitland, atau apapun yang nampak organik adalah Pitland, tetapi ada masih perbezaan antara organik antara organik dan pitland. Jadi bahkan jika saya melihat video-video ini, kerana kami tidak dapat menghubungi keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan di seluruh dunia, seperti di Amerika Surinak. Ya, ada masalah pada ini. Jadi dilema dari pitland ini mengintipkan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan, keadaan keadaan, keadaan keadaan keadaan, keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan. Sekarang, ia penting mengetahui bahawa keadaan keadaan dan keadaan keadaan keadaan sangat penting. Jadi ada perbezaan antara keadaan dan keadaan keadaan. Dan ini dapat diperlihatkan di tempat keadaan 2015 dan 2019, sehingga di Sarawak kami berjaya melakukan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan. Sekarang, keadaan keadaan dari pitland juga anda dapat melihat keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan. Seperti anda dapat melihat bagaimana ia berfokus di Europe dan di Surinak. Sekarang, bagaimana kita akan menghubungi keadaan keadaan ini? Jangan lupa bagaimana 50% keadaan keadaan keadaan dengan menjadi kering untuk 200-300 tahun. Sekarang, keadaan di Surinak, Raja Asia hanya diизminkan untuk lebih daripada 50 tahun, tapi lebih daripada 70%, ia ada di synthetic diberiak. Sebenarnya, keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan. Ini rasanya adalah mesyuarat yang dibuat oleh Kim Carlson pada tahun 2016. Mesej terdekat di Asia dengan produksi yang tinggi, tetapi tolong beritahu, bahawa ini juga menjelaskan dengan populasi kita. Sekarang, apakah agriksial dan forestry di Pitland penting untuk kehidupan di lokasi dan ekonomi region? Oil Palm di Pit tergantikan 5 juta pekerjaan. Oil Palm adalah perempuan yang penting untuk menghidupkan perempuan dan menyerangkan keadaan makanan. Kita tidak dapat menghidupkan hal ini, tetapi semasa kita mengenali hal ini, kita tidak harus mengabuskan hal ini. Kita harus melihat bagaimana kita harus bergerak, bagaimana kita harus mempunyai dalam area produksi, bagaimana kita harus menghidupkan kolaborasi kemahaman, konservasi dan reabilitas, kemahaman emisi, kolaborasi perniagaan, dan pada akhirnya, sebelum kita bercakap tentang hal ini, bagaimana kemahaman kemahaman, bagaimana kemahaman. Itu adalah perkara yang kita semua perlu kira-kira. Dan bagaimana kita perlu memperbaiki hal ini, menjaga kemahaman kemahaman, menjaga kemahaman, memperbaiki kemahaman, dan memperbaiki kemahaman kemahaman. Sudah tentu, ada kemahaman. Seperti yang kita mahu, tetapi masih tidak cukup untuk mengatakan apa yang ada 3 kemahaman yang boleh dibuat di sana, bagaimana kita akan membuatnya. Jadi perkara ini, banyak kerja yang telah diberi oleh ASEAN. Dalam perkembangan mereka, beberapa perkembangan, bagaimana mereka masih memperbaiki kemahaman? Tolong tidak menggunakan sebuah teksbook. Tolong bergerak ke jalanan. Tolong melakukan kemahaman. Tolong tidak memperbaiki. Tolong tidak memperbaiki. Jadi, ini adalah kemahaman yang kita mempunyai. Kita membuat peluang yang kecil. Dan sekarang, apabila kita membuat kemahaman, anda mempunyai masalah. Jadi, jangan menangis masa itu. Tolong mengoptimiskan kemahaman anda, mengoptimiskan kerja, kemahaman yang kita lakukan supaya kita dapat lakukan kerja yang lebih baik. Ada perjalanan yang perlu dipercayai antara kemahaman dan kemahaman. Kita harus mempunyai sistem terserah dan kemahaman yang terbaik. Kerana ini akan membantu kita memperbaiki kemahaman, kemahaman dan kemahaman. Jadi, kita perlu memastikan bahawa kita faham apa yang kita lakukan. Kita tidak hanya mengatakan kemahaman alternatif. Kita tidak membuat kemahaman yang terbaik, tetapi kita tidak membuat kemahaman. Jadi, ia sangat penting mempunyai kemahaman yang perlu dipercayai untuk memulangkan kemahaman. Untuk memulangkan kemahaman yang perlu kita lakukan supaya kita dapat memastikan bahawa kita dapat memperbaiki kemahaman yang akan berlaku sekarang. Jadi, pada akhirnya, bagaimana kemahaman? Kita mempunyai kemahaman? Sekarang, bagaimana kemahaman? Jadi, ia selalu bagus untuk mengatakan bahawa kita dapat mempunyai kemahaman. Tapi, kita mempunyai kemahaman itu? Bukan membuat kemahaman dengan baik? Dulu, pada tahun 2015, setelah mempunyai kemahaman di Indonesia, anda tahu apa yang berlaku? Tetapi, anda mempunyai kemahaman pada tahun 2019. Kenapa? Mereka sibuk membuat perniagaan. Ia adalah perkara lebih besar dari teknologi. Apa yang mereka mahu membeli, bukan membantu membuat masalah. Jadi, ini adalah masalah yang kita mempunyai bahawa kita mempunyai kemahaman kemahaman dengan Petlan, mempunyai kemahaman kerana tidak ada plan B. Jadi, kita perlu memastikan bahawa kita tidak membuat kesilapan. Kita tidak mempunyai bahawa, apabila kita menerima kemahaman sebelum kita masuk ke kemahaman kita, kita masih dapat memikirkan bahawa kita memastikan bahawa kita mempunyai kemahaman untuk selanjutnya. Dan bahawa kita mempunyai bahawa mereka boleh teruskan dengan pembinaan yang kita mula membuat. Terima kasih banyak, Dr. Meling. Mari kita bergerak ke pembinaan lain. Dr. Arena Shukoh. Dia seorang lektor senior di Petra Malaysia Universiti dan dia akan bercakap tentang kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman di Syarikat Asia. Saya akan meminta Dr. Shukoh keadaan. Selamat pagi, semua. Terima kasih kerana menonton. Jadi, hari ini saya akan berkongsi dengan anda tentang kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman. Jadi, sekarang apa yang kita berdiri di bawah kita adalah kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman, kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman yang kita tak dapat melihat tetapi tetapi kita masih tinggalkan keadaan. Jadi, ia sangat menarik. Dan ada banyak kemahaman untuk kita melihat kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman. Dan kita perlu dapat memanjakan dengan segera supaya kita dapat membuat kekahaman semangat sementara suci yang basah dan beruntung. Jadi, apabila kita bincangkan soal fatilituh soal ia bergabung dengan kemahaman kemahaman. Dan kemahaman kemahaman setiap masa, orang-orang akan selalu fokus pada kemahaman kemahaman kemahaman Tetapi dalam termasuk hidup micro-nutrients, saya selalu telah dipercayai. Jadi, saya akan membawa ke dalam tabungan periuk ini. Apabila saya menunjukkan tabungan periuk ini kepada kelas, mereka akan mengatakan, oh tidak, ini adalah sesuatu yang teruk untuk mereka mengucapkan. Semua orang kita telah mencari tabungan periuk ini selama selama selama selama selama selama sekolah, dalam kelas kelas kelas kami. Tetapi tabungan ini sangat penting untuk orang berdialah dengan kelas dan tentu-tentu pengalaman dan kelas kelas. Sebab sebab sebab dalam kelas, kita perlu melakukan periuk kelas untuk tahu kelas kelas tersebut. Seperti setiap tahun kita pergi untuk periksa kelas kelas kelas, kita perlu pergi dan periksa apa yang akan berlaku, pembentangan, kelas luas dan sebagainya. Seperti sebagainya kelas, kita perlu melakukannya dengan baik-baik. Jadi apabila anda melakukan periuk kelas kelas, periuk kelas tersebut, ada periuk kelas yang anda akan dapat melakukannya dan melihat status periuk kelas tersebut. Walaupun di bawah kelas tersebut, walaupun di bawah kelas tersebut atau di bawah kelas tersebut, anda ingin sesuatu untuk diperiuk supaya ia akan digunakan dengan baik-baik, mempunyai kelas tersebut, dan anda tidak mempergantikan kelas tersebut supaya kelas tersebut akan digunakan kelas tersebut, yang digunakan di kelas kelas tersebut. Apabila anda melakukan periuk kelas kelas tersebut, ia akan berlaku dengan sebagainya untuk mengalami kelas tersebut. Walaupun apabila anda berbicara tentang kelas tersebut, anda akan mempunyai kelas micro, dan semua kondisi kelas tersebut dengan kelas tersebut. So, the most important thing that you have to understand that people will always underestimate regarding micronutrients is basically they do not understand the law of the minimum. The law of the minimum is being shared by one of the German scientists back then in the 1800s. So this is the basis of solfertility where the most limiting amount of nutrients where you can see that on the barrel right there the yield is going to be limited. So yield is going to be limited by the most limiting amount of nutrients. So now people will always focus on micronutrients supplying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium most of the time and that's the essence of our basic fertilizer management but they forget about micronutrients. So micronutrients such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese, those are micronutrients but they are usually being supplied to the plant as a very limited amount and usually they can be applied either in sol-applied application or foliar application. So in order for you to maintain the efficiency of the nutrients you need to be able to work on these four mechanisms, four are nutrients stewardship which has been mandated by the International Plant Nutrient Institute so you have to look at the right source of fertilizers. So for example let's say if you want to save cost, you want to look at the effects of taste of the edible portions of the plants, you need to be able to incorporate an element of sulfur to improve the taste especially in brassica, cabbage. So you might want to find fertilizers which has the sulfur base component for example ammonium sulfate. At the same time you're applying nitrogen in forms of ammonium and at the same time you have a two in one approach of having sulfur in there and then the right time of application. So you should be able to know and predict, you need to know the weather forecast for example do not fertilize right before the rainy seasons or after the rainy seasons because of course there will be surface runoff and also leaching, leaching of nutrients down below the zone. We know that Malaysia, we have been blessed by lots of precipitations and right now we know that the distribution pattern is not really good. So basically this is why we need to be able to look at the timing of applications and split the fertilizer application instead of once is for one time so you have to be able to split the amount into different sections. For example let's say 100kg of nitrogen per hectare that you need for the growth of entire growth cycle maybe 2-3 times the split application so you just apply about 30kg or 35kg of nitrogen per hectare so at that how you manage your fertilizer efficiency and then the right rate you need to be able to not go by the book of course when you read reports it will say flat rate 150kg of nitrogen per hectare for example but that's not the case because when you do soil test you will have other residual nutrients in there in the soil from the previous cycles of growing seasons so basically what you need to do is basically to take into account what are the cover crops over there so let's say if you have cover crops at a particular area you can actually save at least within the range of 30-50kg of nitrogen per hectare because we know that the cover crops fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and then you can maintain the efficiency of the fertilizer at that time when you use the site specific management approach and then the right place so placement of fertilizer is also crucial of course you need to be able to know whether it's going to be fertilizer to be applied whether it's banded or whether it's going to be a pocket so that will depend on the rooting zone of the plants so this is the soil map of Southeast Asia we know that ASEAN will have almost when you look at the colour coding almost a similar kind of soil series because we are living in tropical climates so basically we have the problems of leaching of nutrients due to lots of precipitation so basically what we need is basically a data integration of each of the country so that we will have more traceability, transparency in terms of data management so that we can communicate among us to do decision making and when you talk about soils of course soils will contribute to food security because this is where we grow foods so basically there will be much more discussion later during the technical team with the technical people but I would like to propose over here so that we have an integrated soil fertility management to cover the area of prosperity where you can double the agriculture income sorry agriculture productivity and double the farmers income so that you will have a prosperous community going for a circular economy approach where you can mitigate the amount of greenhouse gases from waste to wealth and then of course partnerships we need partners to move forward so basically and another one will be people so when we do research we need to be able to translate to the community we don't want things to just end up at the top tier general but then what's next so you should be able to speak the farmers language you should be able to translate your research language into a layman's language so that everybody will have the idea of what is being applied so that the researchers and farmers they are on the same wavelength then you get the message so dealing with this when you talk about micronutrients usually underestimated over here dealing with malnutrition problem in the world so this is a world problem where Southeast Asia is basically at least as a double burden so we are in the process of of having a double burden of malnutrition where there's a lack of iron, zinc, vitamin A in our diets especially at the edible portion being in the developing countries not everybody is accessible to health supplements so this is where we need to fortify our soils with micronutrients that is what we call as agronomic biofortification where you supply a soil so that there will be the amount of micronutrients in the edible portion is sufficient enough for the children to grow so this is one of the project that we had in Putrajaya for social innovation of how we transform soil fertility in terms of social innovation for the betterment of children with stunted growth so as you know that in Putrajaya the baseline is basically the baseline of stunted growth in Malaysia is about 20% but Putrajaya has exceeded that up to 24% so in Malaysia plantan, trungganu, pahang and Putrajaya they are at the highest malnutrition and stunted growth problem among children so basically I would like to call upon the effectiveness of soil fertility in terms of micronutrients management so that we will have the social innovation especially to target and mitigate the problems so in order for you to get the potential solutions you need to be able to have active collaborations so as one of the African provokers say if you want to go far go together, if you want to go fast go alone so basically with all the knowledge that we have we need to serve the community and be able to translate and look below our feet look below our feet what is basically that we can do and there is so much room for improvement and innovation so thank you Next up I would like to invite Dr. Ariel Hatano he is an associate professor at Bogo Agriculture University Indonesia and he will be talking about a particularly interesting topic which is phosphorus status and its availability in agricultural soils in Indonesia Good morning everybody Thank you very much the organizer for having me here I want to talk about phosphorus status and its availability in agricultural soils of Indonesia as we know that phosphorus is a very essential element and now Indonesia I think phosphorus is not the source of phosphorus in Indonesia is not so many and we must import from other countries like Russia Russia, Belarusia these countries has how to say huge amount of phosphorus so I want to tell you about phosphorus status in Indonesia so before that I want to show you soil reaction we call it soil pH carbon phosphorus status in agricultural lands of course I don't show you all of Indonesia I just show you for case studies in Lampung Lampung Banten West Java Central Java and East Java those provinces are the central the center of agricultural production so this is the soil pH you see here about 90% I collected about 91 soil samples in Lampung so the soil reaction or soil pH in Lampung soils 95% have a pH of below of 5.5 I choose 5.5 because in 5.5 pH aluminium as toxic element is not detected in soil analysis so it is 0.5 if the soil is 6.5 but 5.5 actually so 95% of soil sample in Lampung have a pH of below 6.5 and 88% of the soil sample in Banten had a pH of below 6.5 so it tells us that in those provinces soil pH is acid acid to acid so West Java not so far from Lampung I collected 133 soil samples 92% of soil sample in Java have a soil below 6.5 and Central Java we go to the eastern part of Indonesia in Java Island so 66% of soil sample in Central Java of below 6.5 and different story in East Java in East Java the soil pH mostly what is it above 6.5 only 42% of soil samples collected in East Java have a pH below 6.5 what about soil organic carbon in in Indonesia in Lampung and in Lampung 75% of soil samples in Lampung have see organic levels below 2% 2% is medium status in soil so actually we try to soil the see organic soil about 2% and in Banten 70% of soil sample in Banten have see organic levels below 2% in West Java 75% so sample in West Java have organic see levels below 2% in East Java 82% of soil sample in Central Java have organic see levels below 2% and East Java same almost same 80% of soil sample in East Java have organic levels below 2% what about in post forest in Indonesia I don't know in Malaysia maybe we can also use B2P but usually in Indonesia we analyze available P with B1P so in Lampung 80% of soil sample in Lampung have available P below 11 ppm 11 ppm is a medium status of B1P 80% 85% of soil sample in Banten have available P below 11 ppm in West Java and in West Java 65% of B1P below 11 ppm in Central Java 56% below 11 ppm but in East Java only 20% of soil sample in East Java have available P of 11 ppm so there is a different status in agricultural land of Indonesia for post forest so for this this topic acidic soil in western Indonesia Lampung, Banten, West Java are huge and need to be in condition to achieve OPH about neutral 6.5 so in general in general so organically levels are very low to low at all study case where levels are very so to mind P accumulated need to be done to increase efficiency so in P distribution I have experiment in pedifield in West Java Central Java is Java we collected 7 location in West Java 11 location in Central Java so status we also did section surface fractionation so and also we did the soil analysis affected surface fraction accumulation so there is how to say different in pH, base situation and FAA extracted by detour need so the best status in pedifield in pedifield in pedifield the best status is very high in Indonesia and then the fractionation the pre-fragination is different for instance in West Java the the main fraction is NaOHP in organic means that accumulated in aluminium and iron phosphate and then in East Java accumulated in calcium phosphate so difference a difference what is it, a fraction accumulated so I skip this so for somebody in P distribution soil paste status in Java high in West Java accumulated in NaOHP in Central Java accumulated in NaOHP HCLP NaOHP and East Java accumulated in HCLP and residual P so how to release bandit P in the soil so what I did is we use calcium silikat or sodium silikat so silikat can be used for substitute P in the soil particle so in the case that in the case that silikat can be used because the increasing rates of that silikat can increase available P so this is the percentage so the summary this one silikat is promising to be used as ameliorian for releasing native phosphor in undisol in undisol it is necessary to make calibration experiment in the field to select which material are good as ameliorian in undisol soil so conclusion the nutrient status then in Indonesia so it requires different treatment about 50% P is abandoned in available form effort to mine phosphorous need to be done to improve phosphorous infrasurancy so silikat can be used to mine P so thank you thank you Dr. Arief Hatono for that presentation on phosphorous availability in Indonesia in agricultural soils next up we will have Professor Dr. Leong Yuen Yong from Sunway University and she will be talking about soil fertility as a productive capital asset Thank you Dr. Chen for the introduction Good morning ladies and gentlemen our food system especially after the expansion of the barren green deserts of monoculture fostered by the green revolution contributes to the climate change crisis today according to the united nations agriculture covers nearly 40% of the world's land and is responsible for 17% of the global carbon dioxide emissions many decarbonisation pathways exist in the agriculture sector to find a sustainable system solutions we need to look deeper our research in Cambridge in 2005 demonstrated that it is the quality of relationships that make things work this requires acknowledging our relationship not simply with nature but within nature and to work on understanding and honouring the relationships within ecosystems including human ecosystems caring enables growth caring is the action and growth is the result this principle is brilliantly demonstrated in the work of Gawat Kalinga Enchanted Farm in the Philippines in the GK Enchanted Farms communities are mobilised to transform baron and waste land into fertile soil that produces food sustainably this has empowered poverty stricken Filipinos to be self-sustaining farmers and to live with dignity the 12th Malaysia Plan identifies soil fertility to be a health indicator of this ecosystem that must be closely monitored and recommends more soil testing to be done in collaboration with universities the 12th Malaysia Plan should have also pinpointed soil fertility as a lever for agriculture productivity and decarbonisation the excessive use of fertilizer seriously damages the microbiological ecosystem that is the soil's fertility it is a vicious cycle that makes the agricultural system even more dependent on fertilizer and pesticide which have been increasing in prices what is needed is a biological solution based on a thorough understanding on the underlying microbiological ecosystem and working to regenerate it microbes prepare the nutrients in a form that could be absorbed by a plant nutrients-based composting and other soil fertility and reaching practices will promote rather than ravage biodiversity in the soil and on farms and thus increase agricultural productivity which impacts food security and farmers' income more than that these good farming practices will also improve carbon sequestration water efficiency and suicides despite its dirt-like appearance soil is a living entity and that is the ultimate basis of all human, plant and animal life we need to preserve the health of the soil in the same way that we are nurturing the health of life below water SDG-14 and life on land SDG-15 life in soil is largely microbial and should be designated as SDG-18 soil is not only the largest reservoir of microbial diversity on earth but also the largest terastro water reservoir soil stores two thirds of all fresh waters and with water as the medium soil acts as a bio-reactor that circulates the essential elements of living matter recycles waste and purifies water water in the soil functions like blood in the human body planet earth is facing a crisis of soil deterioration as a result of human abuses desertification and erosion have diminished the quality of soil services for example producing food to feed the human population and sequestering carbon to regulate global temperature vibrancy never occurs in only one part of an ecosystem either the whole ecosystem is vibrant or vibrancy is not there vibrancy is the flow of life what the Chinese would call qi soil is a living being it needs to be fed microbes in the soil require carbon to build energy for development and nitrogen to build proteins plantation crops continuously absorb soil nutrients in order to grow feeding the soil with chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium NPK does not replenish all the lost nutrients soil in intensive agriculture system loses carbon when material, plant material is removed from the land during harvest carbon starvation can happen to the soil when soil organic matter is not replenished after a considerable period organic matter in the soil will break down causing nutrients to be washed away by rain then low soil fertility and low crop productivity sets in replenishing the soil organic matter with compost returns to the soil the nutrients NPK and the micronutrients and organic matter meaning the carbon taken away with harvest as the nutrient content and quality of the soil improve the growth of plant roots underground and crops above ground increases leading to more carbon absorption from the atmosphere animals used to be part of farmlands and their manure is a food source for microbes however the arrival of farm machinery have moved society in the direction of animal free agriculture besides food, microbes need appropriate housing meaning well aggregated soil to thrive and aggressively till soil break soil pores and aggregates apart and when land is piled up to 9 to 12 inches in depth with tractors and machines and left open biodiversity is seriously destroyed besides understanding soil in a scientific and technical sense we need to build an intimate and loving relationship with it meaning to understand it in a relational sense not in an abstract academic sense to get that shared vibrancy when people who work with the soil and live with it but do not see it as something to have a relationship with meaning that they don't love the soil then there is a big problem composting happens at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure thus it is more efficient than the energy hungry which converts hydrogen and nitrogen to ammonia at temperatures around 500 degree Celsius and at pressures up to 20 mega Pascal the Haber-Bosch process consumes about 1% of the world's total energy production and has only 50% energy efficiency the carbon footprint of ammonia synthesis is accentuated by the use of natural gas to generate the hydrogen needed for making ammonia 75% to 90% of ammonia produced globally is directed to fertiliser production which supports nearly half of global food production half of the nitrogen from synthetic fertilisers ends up polluting the environment instead of waiting for nitrogen fertiliser production to decarbonise with the emergence of green ammonia farmers and policy makers can shift their mindset to treat soil as a living being and feed it appropriately so that symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can always be vibrant storing soils in storing carbonate soils as a measure to mitigate change is gaining momentum for example the four per one thousand initiative launched by the French government at COP 21 Paris Climate Summit in 2015 increasing soil organic carbon by just 0.4% annually would increase global production of major food crops by 20 to 40% per year and lead to an additional 1 gigaton of carbon being sequestered per year on average there are also carbon farming practices under the common agricultural policy and other EU programs such as life and horizon Europe in particular under the mission a soil deal for Europe land improvement, soil conservation agriculture, agriculture loans and rehabilitation of land are under the state's care only with a change in mindset will policy makers make reducing fertilizer subsidies and increasing funding to agriculture investments that nurture soil as a productive capital asset and develop good farming practice plantation companies are unable to transform their relationship with the soil everywhere at once what they can usefully do is focus on the nurseries that grows new seedlings and the planting out of new seedlings in particular when replanting old plantations a soil fertility action plan will have the following strategic components number one, change the mindset and regenerate the attitude towards soil and the human relationship with it number two, develop the science and understanding of the whole soil ecosystem for example, how to identify in detail and measure the microbial life in the soil that is its fertility develop and manage a global database that shares this information globally and give information and advisory service to small holders and others wherever they are number three, to rejuvenate the soil and the farms number four, to level up the human skills and manager approach as a coherent integrated strategic policy for the future rehabitulatization of soil ecosystems at a massive scale is possible and makes financial sense not only will it improve employment incomes and income resilience for ordinary people it will also ensure that the diverse functions of soil will be fully available to future generations thank you and back to you Jiden thank you Dr. Leong next up, we have Dr. Gusti Anchari professor at the soil science department Magister of the environmental studies division Tanjong Pura University Indonesia and he will be speaking on the topic of changes in bacterial community composition which reviews the anthropogenic disturbances on tropical peat so Dr. Anchari, please good morning everyone thank you Mr. Chen this is my honor to be here to present this small work so my name is Gusti Anchari my title presentation is changing in bacterial community composition reveal anthropogenic disturbances on tropical peat so I would like also to thank you our co-author here Nisan Lovita, AP Pajar, Chico, Rassis and also Felin so I'm from Tanjong Pura University and my group also from what they call Yaisan Koservasi Alam Santara or Nature Koservasi of Indonesia so as I'm happy to hear duly professor UN about the changes of the land use that disturb the soil in this case the tropical peat land we know the really tropical peat land has become a carbon source it's widely known it's acceptable but we don't know the phenomenon we know the phenomenon but we don't know the process and the mechanism how the carbon is released from this tropical peat land because only a few studies presently published in literature are looking at soil microbial either bacteria or archaea or the fungus so in small studies this is the first study just aim to compare the composition of microbial communities in particular bacteria and archaea in this tropical peat use for small holder agriculture oil from plantation is very big business in Southeast Asia and also in the remaining secondary peat forest in this region so this study site I'm from West Kalimantan really the equatorial line we have what we call the red pattern is an equatorial system no clear distinction between rainy and dry seasons all year it's just humid and wet we have about maybe 200 300 millimeter per month of rain and annual rainfall can be 3,000 millimeter and temperature is very warm and hot and humid so we collect the sample from three land uses on Finland small holder agriculture oil pump and secondary forest so we collected data in August last year we made to transeq drain and reweighted transeq because you know in Indonesia since 2016 the valley peatland must be restored by hydrology the government build what they call canal blockage in order to increase the groundwater table so we sample code here secondary forest we get drain reweighted secondary forest SMD drain oil pump reweighted oil pump OP drain agriculture RR RR reweighted agriculture we collected 12 sample code sample code using the Russian Piroga and then we send to Nopogen in Singapore for DNA analysis but we do replicates become 24 sample okay it's a long process here and we come to the result so we have a lot of more than 3 million operational taxonomy unit DNA so many most of them about 2 million point 8 unknown or others it's not identify at level of species but we we have the phila so you can see the relative dominance of the phila so the majority the dominant phila is what we call proteobacteria permikyut artinobacteriota and bacteroidota this is the top 4 phila about 87% okay and then biodiversity in this is like already mention a lot of soil microbes in the pit in the pit soil a lot of acid then the mineral soil just mention there were pH 3 or 4 only here but a lot of living organism in this pit soil okay this is because a lot of species hundreds of them so we try to combine them into of course some are unidentified and we call it this one is rejus pear or as a plant growth promoting rejus pear bacteria and some as a human patugin others we don't know also organic compound they just like the professor Yuan said the difference of the carbon the organic carbon and we have also interestingly we find the gun bacteria in human and animal and also we have bacteria can might used as a bio pesticide and bacteria play CDP control in biochemical cycle like nitrogen or carbon or sulphur iron and also we have antimacrobial resistant that may produce antibiotics or resistant to heavy metals for example and also have a microbial agent as penetrator or produce other enzymes so this can see that we have important here the gut bacteria is very high in their blue color in this alternative prominence and some biochemical cycle also in the gray color and also the biochemical degraders here and then this heat map can see in the top here the gut bacteria is very prominent in drain agar kaca in related oil palm okay and in the bottom you can see the prominent bacteria occur as a biochemical cycle and organic compound together in related agar kaca related secondary forest drain oil palm and drain secondary forest maybe you because our secondary forest is not pristine there is a canal we have drain secondary forest also drain canal newly built 2020 i think the government built it and also we have as importantly what we call the human protocol also occur in the secondary forest of the bacteria when this is my new study in the past 20 years ago i lived in the did a lot of transect in the tropical forest stay there applying care up to man in the forest so we just drink the water of this pitland so at the time we didn't care what is blood of bacteria it's not healthy at all just drink the water naturally so come discussion inclusion so let's see from this small study human activities anaerobic or waterlog environment in this pit even the drain one support the deployment of gut bacteria in this study discuss study and some of gut bacteria maybe benefits to human like probiotics but others might cause some human disorders relative to you it's very complex and importantly the guided pit would become a course for developing gut bacteria that might threaten human heart in addition the carbon loss or biodiversity loss this is a new perspective but we need to offer the studies the linkage of the human disturbance on tropical pit bacteria composition changes with the human heart it's very important to look at the future in relation to the sustainability so it's not that easy but this is a maybe important issue to be a constant okay this is the last slide I have to thank you for support me to be here and this research was funded by Bezos at one and this paper is under review by applied soil ecology journal still under review thank you very much for your attention thank you Dr Anshari so last but not least I would like to invite Dr Budi Sulisthiwadi I hope I pronounced that right assistant professor centre of geospatial information infrastructure development part of the institute for research and community services Mula Waman University Indonesia and the topic will be on remote sensing for soil Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen I'm really delighted that I'm standing up here by the invitation from the sustainable development support network especially for this soil session may be different with the first five presenters that most of them are talking about everything on the ground I'm gonna bring you up to the satellites on space on the drones to see everything from above so the slides is quite a lot so I may skip some because of the time constraint so I'm so sorry before if some of the slides may be important for you just a little bit introduction about myself I've already been introduced before I'm working in Mula Waman University but used to work in some other institutions including NASA in the Gader Space Flight Centre back in 2013 there are five parts of this talk but I may skip the details on number two and number three because it may be too technical and the time constraints as well so we'll dig more about the application of remote sensing more on the soil and land applications back to the definitions what is the remote sensing so basically we put our eyes on earth on space through the satellites through the airborne platforms and then we can see everything what happens on our earth there are different level of platforms that we can use including those on the land remote sensing is also part important part of the remote sensing techniques apart from those in airs and on space and we also know that there are two main remote sensing systems first one is the passive remote sensing where the sensors only receive the signals as it reflected or transmitted directly from the earth and then the active sensors where the platforms also transmit and then receive back the return signal there are a lot of interactions between these signals on the atmosphere and as well as the on the ground so remote sensing is fast of information and knowledge and we also limited by the spectrum that our eyes can identify say if you see the rainbows in the middle and that's the only range of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see the others we cannot see but we can sense it so through the numbers reflected from the objects we can sense many other things now this is the slide that I want to bring up to you that this is the race of the earth's observation satellite systems in the world part of them are India they are quite advanced in this USA of course they have hundreds of them European Union they have also hundreds and trying to catch up with the US and also China China is also a leading sectors in this business the question is is Asian ready is Asian ready multi countries mission that's the question for us in the end of this presentation so in passive remote sensing as I mentioned before we receive the signals as reflected from the ground and from this aerial photography and photogrammetry we put them in the small scale so we limited the areas with the coverage of the camera and then on the optical satellite mission before we limited with the electromagnetic spectrum that we can sense but still there are quite fast race on the provision of the information from the satellites through the optical systems how does it appear as a color image so because of the nature of the data which is contains of the strength of the signals we can translate it into colors that our eyes can detect then we can understand what happen on the earth as we can see in this image when we translate the first band into blue color then our eyes can sense it as blue and then when we combine them with the green and the red we can see the color composite on the right side we also talk about radiometric resolution how is the differentiation between the tones of the colors that we can see as well as the spatial resolution of course when the pixel size is getting smaller then we can see much more than what we can see in the cursor scale as of the temporal we can also set up the satellite to come back in several days or even two times a days for some satellites depends on our needs one other application of remote sensing is the hyperspectral remote sensing this is the most complex one because it consists of so many bands so many different channels that we need to analyze but it's very useful also to deal with bare soil or bare land as you can see in this image there are a lot of spectrum that we need to differentiate but then at the end we can understand what kind of chemical substance in the soil or on the rock now we come to the trends in the UAV or drones it's very famous right now everyone can buy it as cheap as 200 ringgit so it's become very popular and very useful and powerful right now as you can see in the left image there are so many different platforms or size of the drones and the right hand side image is how is this business growing up so fast and it's also supported by the easy or easiest processing workflows as you can see in the image with the several clicks you already get your image that you need I need to get it faster now now the active remote sensing is quite different because it sends the signals that's sent out by the sensors itself and as you can see here how to interpret the image is much different but the type of the information is also different because the active remote sensing can sense the dielectric constant of the soil that can help us with the condition of the soil moisture for example and the LiDAR is also part of the active remote sensing that can sense topography in very detail I'll skip this now we come to this business about the forest and climate that satellites can sense so many things including the condition of the atmosphere condition of the land as well as the condition of the bare land without the vegetation on top of it this is one example in East Kalimantan the province where we got the funding for defending our forests so the basis is like this that we sense the land cover from time to time and then we claim how much carbon that we retain in our forests and also that part of this greenhouse gas inventory now in this image you can see on the left hand side there is a list about 2 or 3 dozens of sensors or missions devoted only for water cycle for example and then for land surface hydrology we can also sense some of the characteristic of the land and this slide shows you how we do measurements on the mangrove forest using the drones and the terrestrial laser scanners that we install on the ground this is the result from the terrestrial laser scanner so we can see that much of details of the biomass and we can see the difference between the ground measurements now about the soil we have at least 13 missions that can help us to characterize our soil but still this still not all characteristic of soil that we can sense so most of them using the microwave radiometer which has very coarse resolution so you can see in the next slides how coarse are they and of course some sensors that can somehow describe the soil moisture I said somehow because it's not direct observation still it still needs some other observation to mixed up so this is the first slide about the soil moisture so this business is not the new one this paper comes from 1976 right the year when I was born so it's 40 years old science and still until today people still struggle with that because it cannot be observed directly from the space or from the air as you can see here the resolution is so coarse so it's very very difficult to get the detail information on the soil moisture even with the latest sensors this is the global pictures of the soil moisture as other researchers done and this is the comparison comparison between the remote sensing and the ground measurements as you can see they are close together and then this is how difficult the sensors cover the whole world because sometimes the orbits and then the characteristic of the platforms does not allow us to observe the whole world at the same time another example is the soil salinity that can be also infered with the help of other ancillary choose special data so basically we need to mix many other data to come up with some soil characteristics and these slides they describe the soil degradation as described with the soil erosion and then also some of the soil salinity on some part of this research location now the other part is the soil organic carbon there is a chance to sense that with the help of many others data as I said before but still it cannot be directly measured from the space either from the air so in summary what kind of characteristic that we can directly observe or at least with some little help first of all of course we can measure the land cover biomes of course it's visible and then soil moisture with the help of some other data soil salinity and of course the soil temperature from the brightness temperature features of the remote sensing data what are characteristic that we still cannot directly observe soil fertility soil organic carbon physical characteristics as well as soil type we still need to go to the ground to know the soil type so this is the last slide which is most important more in depth research are needed to understand how remote sensing can be used to effectively describe the current condition of our soil and then various methods need to be exercised and to support very detailed image obtained from the UAV or drone or many other high resolution data and the last but the important one is the multi-country satellite mission specifically build for identifying soil characteristic are both opportunity and challenge because as discussed before there are a lot of needs there are a lot of interests between countries so that concludes my talk today thank you very much for your attention and I'm very open for question and thank you very much thank you thank you very much Dr. Celesteo Wadi so now we come to what I consider usually the more interesting part of the talk which is the question and answer session can I just check whether there is a mic going on going around so are there any questions from the audience first before I start my list of questions good morning everyone my name is Minhaz Faridah Ahmed I'm from Malaysia my question the presenter who presented on remote sensing also the pitland so earlier in the presentation we seen pitland is one of the main sources of frequent forest fires so when I see presenting that soil musteris can be detected based on satellite so how effective to measure this pitland oated or dry through the remote sensing or GIS application or is there any policy to maintain the pitland in oate condition anywhere in the world thank you very much so the remote sensing in terms of can it detect how wet the soil is to prevent fires thank you very much for the questions I'll answer about the possibilities for remote sensing first so first of all as I mentioned before the constraining factors is still the resolution because the soil moisture indeed can be sensed through the remote sensors either from the air or from the space but the problem is the resolution of the soil moisture mission right now is still very very limited so the smallest pixel that it can produce is varies from 1 to 5 km so that's the problem because it still needs to be combined with other sensors and some other algorithms behind it so with that kind of resolution we can tell if the pitland is quite large so when it's small then it's quite difficult other other approach that you can do that I didn't present I'm sorry about that is through the gravity so there are some gravity missions such as grace G-R-A-C-E or G-O-C-E from the European Union both are sensing the difference of the gravity fields and they sense the difference between gravity fields from the water and from the pure soil so people can see but again the resolution is even coarser is 5 km or more so that's answering the first part of the question so the second one maybe Ibu Luli this is a very good question what happened is that yes he's doing the technology but in terms of prevention of pitland on fire it's not about wet wet is not the real answer it's about the soil moisture there's a difference between moist and wet so using the remote sensing you can measure the moisture or the wetness but you cannot detect the top layer what is most important is the 20 cm above the water table so the 20 cm above the water table is the porosity of the soil so if the soil is porous no matter even if your water table is 20 cm you will still have chances of pit fire but if your soil is moist with the top layer being high and even if the water table goes down to about 60-70 cm you will not have pit fire because there is enough capillary rise for the water to move from the water table up to the soil surface so that is the real issue that is still not being properly clarified globally Thank you Thank you very much any follow up questions from the audience because I have a follow up question for Dr. Meiling and my question is given the fact that we are clearing pit soil at a rapid pace one of the things that we take for granted in the tropical rainforest is that if we leave a piece of land alone and come back into a forest yes it is secondary forest but it will still be a forest is that the same for pit lands if you leave it long enough that is a very interesting question because there is a lot of misunderstanding between the difference between temperate soil and tropical soil in terms of fertility so what happen is that in the temperate soil the soil fertility is in the soil but in the tropical soil the soil fertility are in the trees No. 2 in terms of the characteristics between tropical soil mineral and pit the fertility of the soil is 10 times lower for pit soil compared to mineral soil so when the land is cleared it was my fear my fear why I ran for my life to make sure that the pit will not become savanna because once you clear this pit swamp forest and if there is no management and now it should be developed you are turning a tropical pit swamp forest into a savanna which is what has been called belukar in Indonesia now a lot of this has been abandoned because insufficient understanding about the pit soil now when the condition of the pit is in a belukar format the regrowth is even 10 times lower than a typical mineral soil of a tropical soil and with that sort of condition the soil porosity is high and the probability of the chances of this abandoned pitland or abandoned or the waiting for the regrowth the probability of the pitfire is very high and I believe currently in Indonesia there is a struggle to rehabilitate about 2 million hectare of abandoned pitland you have abandoned struggle areas because of the insufficient understanding on how to develop it and who is going to finance there is this word called rewet but rewet is an imagination and there is a fashion show there is a word called they even create the word called peludi culture rewet but please if you really fully under study how the trees in natural condition grows how it develop in the tropical pit swamp forest this phenomenon is not feasible so it is important to know that the seedlings of the tropical pit swamp trees do not grow on wet condition but actually at the root met of the drier part of the pit swamp forest so with that sort of understanding we need to try and fine tune how would you do it on a new generated I mean on a rehabilitation area so this is the game of knowledge which we need to embark into future studies thank you alright thank you my name is Syaraz Lan I'm retired but still performing as a farmer and I'd like to go back to the basics we are talking everyday about food security food safety and we are also but it involves soil let's go back to the basics and that is let's get the children let's get the people who are planting to know what the soil is as what Prof Leong now our extension education extension services must get its act together sometimes because it doesn't affect you you couldn't care less and that goes the same with the erosion of the sea coastal area it doesn't affect you because your house is not there but if your house is there you are very worried now I'm very worried about the future of Malaysia the future of the world when we talk about food security we need to have food and food somehow rather revolves around soil the chicken needs corn the corn needs to be planted and if you go on planting you got to go big scale and if you go big scale you need machineries when you need machineries we talk about the pit soil the pit soil also there are various types of pit soil some of the machineries cannot even go in it's a waste I work a lot on the soil and I use microbes the young lady from Sarawak because I think you're still working I'm not now what I'm saying is that maybe we should understand there should be enough research being done focused towards giving grants towards research on pit using microbes for pit the microbes could turn the pit into something more valuable I've worked on microbes I've made people some of the farmers double their yield but there's also the negative side of it when they become rich they add on new properties the farmers one of them even married another one but those are the life of things what we need them is to be self-sustaining and we should sustain our quality of soil understanding get the schools to get involved in it somebody showed the picture about the children working on the soil let them get used to it now I see students students are scared about holding soil let's face it this is life it's just a command which I feel that the government all government have got to look into seriousness of the soil and to improve them alright, thank you very much I would open the question to Prof Leong but I have been informed that we are running short of time we have a lot of questions actually to go through unfortunately I think we have to wait for another day we have 30 seconds thank you very much for the question don't worry, the rich one can have more wives and the rich ladies can have more husband no issue yes, I agree with you because a lot of times people treat that soil is dirt but I think this as we point one finger to everybody which also look at the three fingers about us charity starts from home it also starts from we ourselves we started from home with our children then we go to the schools but it is very important because I know that a lot of times people have this hydroponic or whatever way you do the agriculture but actually you are just eating volume but not the nutrient content so the nutrient content is not enough so a lot of us here are alive but are we fully functional and all that points to how we manage the fertility of the soil because the fertility of the soil determine the vibration of the human above ground Dr Ming, I have to stop but thank you very much for the comment and I do sincerely apologise to the rest of the panel for the lack of time we will have this hopefully again maybe next year but I wish you all the best and thank you for your time we really appreciate it from Sunway University Thank you all