 Now, if you want to plant some raspberries, what cultivars should you plant in your garden? Well, here to answer that question for us is Dr. David Dye from the Department of Plant Sciences and he'll tell us about his research on raspberry cultivars. David, welcome to the forum. Thank you, Don. Thank you for giving me such a good opportunity to discuss our research projects in the plant science department at Mastercote State University. And today, I'd like to mainly talk about raspberry cultivars and it may fit for production, either commercial production or produce raspberry in your backyard. So, we know that North Dakota is one of the leading states in agriculture. And we have several crop species that produce the largest acreage and largest yield. However, fruit production is kind of limited. And those two figures shows you the acreage of the different kind of fruit species in the state. And based on the survey by USDA, that's 2012, we ranked 49th in fruit production in the country. And we know that the left figure shows you the acreage of major crop species. And the right figure shows you the small fruits, particularly for raspberries, strawberry, and other small fruits. And the reason why we don't produce a lot of, or commercially produce a lot of fruits, and because we know that we have a harsh winter, and also a short growing season probably is one of the factors, may affect photo production. And we also oftentimes, we also can face some unexpected extreme weather. For example, early or late frost and strong wind and occasionalism, hail storms will damage fruits. And also, we may have some irregular rainfalls. We got a lot of rainfalls in the spring. We probably have some drought issues during the summertime. And in some of the part of the state, and we have an actin soil, which with a pretty high soil pH. But we have some advantages for photo production in our state. For example, we have a short season, however, we have a long day time, and we can do a lot of things. And also, we have a great difference of the temperature between day and night time, and which will help sugar accumulation and increase the food quality and increase or enhance the pigment development on the food, on the food. And also, we have a cool growing seeding. It may help us to take care of some pests or some fruit species that like cool growing seeds such as raspberries. And also, we have a good size farm stands and the backyard. So we'd like to do those things and gardening can beautify your yard. And also, we have got some fresh and healthy food to eat and therefore can cut down your grocery budget. And also a great family outdoor activities, gardening years. And sometimes climate isn't a big problem compared to large-scale commercial photo production. And here is a fruit species and we can see or we can grow sometimes in North Dakota. Big fruit on the left side. We see apple. We see pear. And we see a few peach trees and different kind of cherries, plum and apricot, of course. And we have and in the right side, we have those so-called small fruits. Strawberries, raspberries, grape, cherry and also the other small fruits. If we want to do some fruit production or grow some small fruits in North Dakota, raspberries probably is a very, very good choice. And the raspberry is a small to medium-sized straw. And it's in the Rose family and it based on the color of the fruit. And we kind of classify the raspberry into three different types. Red raspberry, black raspberry and the purple raspberry, which is a hybrid between red and black. And regarding to the winter hardiness, usually red raspberry has the most winter hardiness. And then purple raspberry and black raspberry. So if you see raspberry in North Dakota, most likely it's a red raspberry or a couple of purple raspberries. Raspberry is good. Raspberries are rich in nutrients and contains high content in fiber, municy, and calcium. And also raspberry fruits have high, so-called high O-R-A-C oxygen radical absorbance capacity and also contains high activity of conditional genesis inhibition. And the raspberry can be consumed as a fresh fruit and also can be processed. And as some supplements in other food, on food such as cereal, you can oftentimes see some dried raspberry fruits in it. Okay, here is a very important table shows you different fruit species or different fruits, contains different level of O-R-A-C. You can see raspberry, it's in the middle, it contains one cup. Raspberry contains almost over 6,000 micromolar O-R-A-C. And in the top of the list is the chock-tree. And we know that chock-tree is state fruit trees of North Dakota. And I love chock-tree. I've been working with a chock-tree for more than 15 years. So chock-tree is in Taiwan in O-R-A-C. So go with the chock-tree. And today I mainly focus on raspberry. Raspberry likes cool summer and moderate winter. And however, some raspberry cultivars, particularly in red raspberry group, they are hardy. They can tolerate the winter here. And we have a USDA Hardiness Zone 3 or 4. They will survive the winter. Some raspberry cultivars. And raspberry fruits are so-called perishable and usually used as a fresh market. However, the fresh sales are largely restricted to the local market. So we kind of have a niche market for raspberry here. A little bit, some basics about raspberry. And raspberry based on the fruiting characteristics, there's two different types of raspberry. The first one we call the promocane. Sometimes they're all called ever-baring raspberry, which they produce fruits in the summer, late summer and fall on the current year growth. That means those shoes develop this year, they will develop the fruits in the same year. The second group is called florican raspberry and which produce fruits in the early or in the summer on the last year's growth. That means those canes developed last the year have to be winter hard enough to survive the harsh winter here. And raspberry is pretty tough and someone called raspberry is kind of a weed. However, if you want to get good yield, good quality, you'd like to use well drained soil. It contains high organic matter and sandy loam soil probably. It's kind of very good for raspberries. And the pH, soil pH about 6 to 6.5, which most tree species like that, range of the soil pH. However, raspberry cultivars can tolerate, it's a pretty large range of soil pH from 4.5. It's very acidic and to 7.5 it's actually soil. And planting and we recommend to suggest in the spring and early summer planting would be better for those newly planted raspberries to grow, to develop a healthy root system and will enhance the winter or low temperature tolerance. Regarding the the training system because we know that raspberry is kind of a vine and you need some structure to support their growth. So usually we use a trailer system and here there's a T trailer system or V-shaped trailer system. And we use V-shaped trailer system in here, our experimental field. And also in the backyard you can either use trailer system or use so-called heel system, crump together, gather together, some canes. And also like container production also you can use kind of a heel system or modified heel system. And for pruning and here's a winter pruning different strategies can be used for those two different types of raspberries. For floric cane raspberries because they produce fruits on the last year's growth. So you have to leave canes. And however for primal cane raspberries because they can produce fruits on current yield. So you can cut all the canes more all down and the second year they will grow out produce the fruits. The different types of pruning system based on different types of raspberries. And we do some research at NDS and basically we'd like to recommend some cultivars for North Dakota raspberries growth. So six years ago and we get some funds and some introduction of raspberry cultivars and to fill the variation of those cultivars. And basically for winter hardiness fruit quality and productivity in North Dakota. And those are cultivars we introduced or we grow them in the field for field trial. And left side of that table is floric cane cultivar. You can see the 10 floric cane cultivar and in which the last three amethyst is a purple raspberry. Remember it's a hybrid between red and black. And royalty is a purple raspberry also and last one Mac black is a black raspberry. And the right column shows you that Promo cane cultivar and which some of the pretty pretty new cultivar. And the last one is yellow raspberry or yellow fruit raspberry. And this slide shows you the field setting of the the field trial. And you can see we use the V shape trailer trailer system. And also and in Absuraka we have a culture research firm. And in the raspberry field we use so called a clean cultivation. There's no no weeds no plantings between between the rows. And it's pretty pretty successful. You can see the grow very well. And the right corner shows you that you may see it's a black raspberry. Okay here is the results of the field trial. This figure shows you the wind damage index of floric cane raspberry. Remember floric cane you have to have the healthy canes that can survive the winter. And 10 different cultivars. And if you see the shorter the bar the higher the winter hardiness. Okay you can see the first eight cultivar. And they have a pretty good winter hardiness. Even pre root and less than 20% of the bud survived or died less than 20% of the bud died. So definitely we will have enough parts for the yield next year. And mac black that only one black raspberry some damage. And the meek last one which is a standard cultivar of the floric cane raspberry in west coast. You can see we have that pretty pretty bad winter damage. Okay this figure shows you some promocane raspberry that winter winter damage. And you see first a couple cultivars they have some winter damage. However it's kind of a tolerate and they still have enough buds and for fruit production. However remember promocane and you can mow down even all canes died back and secondly you still have some fruits. And this table shows you some fruit quality based on our field trial. And this table shows you the floric cane raspberries. And you can see first one is pre root. It's a very very new cultivar, raspberry cultivar released by Cornell. And it's the earliest raspberry cultivar so far here in the United States. And in Fargo area and we start harvest pre root in June middle or late June very very early. And then the boine nova carnia they are they are old popular winter hardy cultivar. And you can see based on based on the harvest time or fruit ripening time and they are either early or mid season cultivars. Berry size and some pretty good some small but these are based on our two year results. And SSC and here Bricks is described the sugar basic content. 10 is pretty good and and the meek that's even even it's not hard enough it's it's very hard. And fruit firmness is another one. It's medium firm to very firm and flavor all those cultivars have very good or good flavor. This one shows you the fruit quality of pramokane raspberries. It's in 2016 and which which we have we had not that severe winter hard winter damage but 2018 we have some damage. Now you can see Polana which is the earliest pramokane cultivar and we start harvest in middle of August is still pretty good. And Jung Jae is also we can start middle or late August and those are good fruit size and taste is also good and and fruit firmness also firm or very firm. Okay so based on the result and we have had so far and we'd like to to to put I'd like to put some cultivars here which I just suggest you to try and based on our field test. For example pre-road I mentioned that this one is the earliest red raspberry cultivar pretty winter hard even though you have some winter damage but still it's tolerate you can have a good yield and boring very hardy early ripening cultivar, carny, good flavor, good size of fruit and winter hardy Nova is very early ripening and also some some mid or late harvesting such as Lathen which is the Minnesota cultivar it's very hardy it's a taste very good and Angkor it's also it's it's not that late mid season variety and also Amphist it's a purple raspberry and which released by Iowa State in in 60 very good flavor someone very like it and big good size fruit have a very very kind of a special taste and Promo King cultivar those are three and Plana is early ripening Promo King cultivar and we start harvest fruits in in mid or early August and John Jay it's a thorn leaf it's the only thorn leaf cultivar it's good quality good size it's very good and then in this yellow fruit raspberry cultivar it's good flavors very special flavor good size and and those cultivar I mentioned they all have a very good productivity and the reason I listed more Florida King cultivar is because if you plant Promo King and you have the winter damage even though you can more cut all cans with the new growth those new growth still can produce fruits however remember we have a very short growing season and even Prana we start harvest August 10th or mid or early August majority of the fruits can be harvested but still you will last some fruits for the first fall frost so that's why we always recommend use Florida King can because we don't need to worry about the early fall frost if they can tolerate the winter and also the last slide that we tried grow some of the raspberry in the greenhouse or in the high tunnel they grow very very well and grow vigorously produce large high quality fruits so so when you have the small greenhouse and then you may consider or even high tunnel and in your backyard and you may consider to do container production I will promote container raspberry production and lay down but probably it's very very good okay thank you thank you Dave we've got some questions already for you oh okay Ben on youtube live asks raspberries be something you can plant on the side of a field and use a manure spreader to fertilize and then dump the waste hay from the cows to insulate the roots for the winter plant the raspberries on the side of the field use a manure manure spreader to fertilize them yeah that's that's a good good point and we we I we have another project and say to do organic production of raspberry which animal manure it's it's a wonderful very good fertilized sources of course and also cover with the hail or the store waste hay yeah definitely will help protect the root system so I mean so raspberries respond well to manure but now as far as that waste hay the raspberries are pretty hardy do they need any special winter protection but for for uh I mentioned that for those probably can you can more primer yeah primer can you cover with those straw will help there you go yeah um what do you think what can we do about that spotted wanger saffola in raspberries huh you didn't why didn't you mention that man but how how about in this okay okay cultivar differences as far as tolerance to the past uh at the beginning of the sws at the beginning of the season you can see some difference among the different cultivar however once the population of the swd increased to a certain level they they go every yeah and swd is an issue but one thing I I did not mention that and based on the literature or based on some information I got and swd basically cannot overwinter here so it's a good news and they have to be uh from somewhere in the in the spring or summertime so if you can harvest we do the field survey and I use the microscope to look at the fruits if you harvest fruits before last year before july 10th or 15th very low chance to get the stability so so plant early ripening cultivar which is is a good strategy to avoid uh instability in here not the corner because they cannot overwinter survive the winter here okay that's a good idea how about uh are there any test sites in the western part of the state like in wilson for example uh unfortunately they let know that we only only only have the two sites winds up in the abyssalaka which is it's a 50 miles west of fargo and one field is in uh fargo area so and there's a there's a field day at abyssalaka yes that people can come out and see your plant right there yeah we have a field day in abyssalaka and also we have a field day here on campus on campus yeah yeah in the past the two years i i uh discussed those on the field today and and if anybody was really interested in raspberries they could contact you and yes you take you go out to the field with them and show them call your great research yeah no problem how about uh here's a kind of a technical question i'll try to say it properly when you measure the winter hardiness of your primal cane raspberry cultivar is that related to the hardiness of the primal canes overwintering to become a fluorocane yes okay yeah it is it is not the survival of the plant itself no no no okay if if the cane last growing cane can survive the winter buds on those cane will outbreak first so you will have a little bit earlier yield then those new growths from the ground yeah in the southern area and oftentimes they leave the canes even for for uh primal cane you you mentioned with the very prelude it has double cropping what is it what does that mean that means they can produce fruit on last year's cane and they also can produce fruit on this year's growth so you can harvest for your period you start harvesting in late june yeah and then you probably finished the first crop in late july and then this year's growth they will produce fruits in the august or sometimes you can start harvesting the second crop in the late august so the primal canes produce yes yes uh pre root that's a couple of cultivar they they have uh doubles of double cropping okay how does somebody know what their variety is a fluorocane cultivar or a primal cane cultivar if you want to test if if if the if if the fluorocane cultivar you can cut onto the ground in a second year you will not have any fruit because they need produce fruits on last year's growth if you cut through in all last year the growth they will not produce fruit and if they new growth can produce fruit that's primal cane that's a primal unless the cultivar just you mentioned that the prelude is double cropping that's a different one yeah that's special so generally the primal canes they produce fruit on their first year canes yeah the current you can fall you so sometimes in the catalogs they're called fall fall yes yes whereas the fluorocanes are more typical summer summer berries and the primal cane they sometimes they also call it is everberry everberry yes okay when's the best time to prune raspberries spring or fall uh in our region and we'd like to wait until the the harsh winter pass and until you can see the dieback or make sure the buds survive or not so that means we already do pruning so-called winter pruning but it's oftentimes late uh april or april or early may because if you wait till late april you can see the dieback yes trimmed at all otherwise you trim them in the winter time and and you never know that's right yeah um what about you have to worry about cross pollination problems if you plant two different cultivars next to each other uh raspberries not can self pollinate it it's not not not have to be a pollen pollinator species however all cross pollinator may help the fruit setting even may help the yield increase the yield so yeah grow one cultivates fine grow more than one maybe give you some good quality good yield but if if i plant a red raspberry next to a black raspberry i'm not going to get purple raspberries right it's only in the seeds in only seeds if you if you if you if you germinate those seeds next year right so you don't have to worry about no cross pollination um um besides the amethyst purple raspberry are there any other of these cultivars that have limited suffering uh regarding to to the purple raspberry we have a we have a royalty purple raspberry and uh we we in our field it seems suckling is is not that severe but based on literature someone mentioned that it's very strong why did you recommend amethyst and not royalty no it is still still uh uh winter hardy it's yeah royalty it has more winter hardy no no no amethyst amethyst yeah we do the test here um do raspberries need bees for pollination to produce fruit as i mentioned no but open cross pollination may help fruit setting and even may help the enhance increase the quality and yield okay how about you know you have a few different trellis designs you had the tea trellis and the trellis and the hill trellis is there any certain like why why do you choose to be trellis in yours like what what's the benefit from one over the other uh we try the trellis system is kind of again i can wisely or efficient to use the space and at the same time you're still pretty easy to to do harvesting this raspberry usually usually is a manual harvesting what's the difference between a black raspberry and a blackberry versus a dewberry black raspberry is a different species different species blackberry black raspberry is different from blackberry different different different blackberry usually cannot well survive to winter here and when you pick a black raspberry the cap will stay on the that's a that's a blackberry i mean like a blackberry yes yes a black raspberry is yes blackberry you'll have the whole yeah fruit there yeah yeah the cap um okay what else uh this person more in county sees lovely tall green raspberries with no fruit what is that all about drop they they they tall green raspberry plants that have no fruit every year or probably they can survive the winter that's that's yeah that's primokines yeah that's primokines yeah didn't survive the winter maybe they're blackberries you they can cannot produce yeah okay how about uh uh there was a question about is it like ice wine where the longer you leave it on the bush when it freezes does it get super sweet like do you want like like it freezes uh we never tried those but that's you know as far as that freezing i think it's worth mentioning that these these uh fall bearing types the most important consideration is earliest right and that is like like heritage the common variety will not ripen in time and right the core how about uh some of this person's raspberries have white sections on the fruit and an individual for you see some white that's why the droplets that's uh in southern uh area they have a lot a lot of those issues someone say it is probably it's it's uh it's uh damaged by the sun yes but someone the think probably it's damaged by the unbalanced nutrients or those kinds of things but there are still some research is going on that's a big issue on blackberry yeah the sun scald is definitely one issue there um okay last call for any questions and you talked about this spied winter saffa the early ripening berries are usually best because before the after saffa gets active but after a while and also one suggestion about swd and uh in research conducted by uh i believe the south carina or somewhere they suggest when you find the swd in your field the first spring you need to increase the uh intense intensity a spring yeah spring that will control the whole population increase as fast yeah it's very very important they they have that one and also to take in care the swd you need to harvest almost almost all ripened berries do not leave any overripened berries in the field yeah yeah we've got a nice publication about integrated pest management of spotted winter saffa and it covers all kinds of techniques for monitoring forests using traps and spray recommendations using uh short-lived sprays because you're spraying when the fruits are ripening so you have to use a spray that can only persist for a day or so and so use that as a resource but that is definitely a past of major significance and and here i have some information about how to manage them and how to manage the swd just read this one and first one is harvest fruit on schedule destroy infested fruits and reduce population of wild hosts in the surrounding area with other other uh softer fruits and grow earlier ripening cultivar to avoid swd and open foliage canopy and it may help and then last last one is protect the fruit with some mesh net netting some netting very fine meshing uh just we're just going to wrap it up here but just uh how long does a raspberry patch live in north dakota uh individually for commercial raspberry production usually we refresh the planting every it used to be every 10 years right now it's every seven or six years because of the virus infection issue that's true yeah virus are major issues after about seven years and um i think and living mulches or cover cropping that would work well you know just very plant yes yep okay there you go okay i'm gonna we're gonna shut it down with that stand time tonight and david thank you very interesting talk thank you very much