 This is Machel has kindly agreed to take a question or two or a comment so the floor is open for those questions or comments. Question. Can you hear the floor? Just raise your flags so that we can see them. Thank you. It looks like no one has questions. Mrs. Grasamachel, thank you very much for letting me repeat. Thank you very much, Mrs. Grasamachel, for having paid us the honor of coming here and sharing with us your experience, which is a very rich and lengthy one. We are always emotional and I have no doubt that all my colleagues have a lot of things to share. Thank you very much for having spoken about migration and migratory flow, which is not only a migratory movement from south to north, but also a migration flow which has become a global one. I am still very emotional. I apologize. Once again, I think that the entire African continent is supporting your appeal that we need to review migration governance. We need to include the question of migration in the post-2015 Development Agenda and we need to support the efforts being made by IOM in this regard. Thank you very much, Mrs. Grasamachel. I think this was more a comment than really a question. What I would like to say maybe is based on my experience in Africa is that most of times development civil society organizations are not engaged in the debate on migration, in the sense again of making this a national agenda in which it is not only of government. Government have to improve the laws and the systems, but to explain and to constantize people on what kind of reasons you can take and how do you take them and to protect themselves from the criminality which can be involved because of smuggles and all that stuff. I think that debate does exist in some of our countries, even in countries of origin. So I think we call origin in numbers, okay? But I also think even in the cases we are receiving, let me give you an example of my President in Mozambique. Northern part of Mozambique is now receiving lots of people coming from also, as I said from Bangladesh, sometimes they come through Ethiopia, et cetera. You have Somalis because of conflict and people began to complain to say, oh, no. Now we are having these people. They are taking our jobs. They are taking our women. They are taking, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. And the President said, wait a second. He raised his hands exactly as I'm doing. He said, wait a second. Are we, Mozambicans, now going to raise the issue of migration in this country? Do you remember where we were during the struggle for our own liberation? Do you remember when we had the conflict in Mozambique, how many millions of people went to neighboring countries? But even today, how many Mozambicans are leaving now? They are leaving. South African, Zimbabwe, neighboring countries. When we say this, it's not because we know there's a huge migration happening. We have people who speak French we never had. I mean, from Mali, from Senegal, et cetera. It is fine. We just have to learn to live with it. But communities, many times, are not engaging in this debate. And I think what is happening in our communities is what is happening here in Europe as well. And that's why I appeal really to make this out of the agenda to say, human family, you are much darker, you are much lighter. When you pray, you say God and you say Allah, maybe you are like me. When you use the traditional practices of religion, it is fine to be who you are. And it is fine to be wherever you want. Human family has to learn this. Otherwise, I don't think we are making of a big problem which actually we should welcome as a part of putting into practice those very beautiful principles which we have signed up. Now, it's the moment of truth. The moment of truth is to practice this in our daily lives and to accept one another, even when people are different from who I am. And who said that I'm better than the other one? By the way, only when you come to know the other part you will be able to enrich yourself. So these fears, I think they have to be challenged. And they can be challenged by society itself. It's not alone a question of laws in the institution. But it was a comment, not a question. I don't know whether there's any other. I can see somebody there yet. Let's see. Ambassador Sierra Leone. Thank you very much for that most comprehensive presentation. I think us listening to you are very proud to see somebody make such a good presentation. And thank you also for all the experience and all you have done in the world in terms of children, etc. The question I wanted to ask is in relation to migration and the question of visas, the need for visas. I know that you are talking about even within Africa. Some of us who come from countries like Sierra Leone, we know how difficult it is even to obtain a visa even within Africa. So I just wanted to ask if you would like to comment on this. What needs to be done indeed to ensure that visas are not so difficult for people from some parts of the world, some countries in the world, where you conclude by thinking there are some citizens of this world because you cannot get a visa to go anywhere, including Africa. Thank you. Again, I think this is one of those examples of what we say. And sometimes we agree upon not only in Africa, it's not only at the level of African Union, even in our sub-regional level. It's Equus, Sadek, East Africa, etc. We have discussed very, for a long time, this issue of regional integration. And part of regional integration is exactly free movement for people and goods so that we also encourage intra-Africa trade. And you know, again, one thing is what we discussed, but back home then we still make the laws much tighter. You are being very gentle. I'm sure you are raising this because my second country, which is South Africa, has now tightened even much more immigration laws and everybody is complaining. I'm not in government so I can't respond exactly what the challenges are. What I'm saying is the more you tighten this, then you will encourage people to go underground because they will do it anyway. As I'm saying, the issue of movement, you will not go to stop it. It's better to accept that it's going to happen. How do we manage it better? And of course, you protect the borders. And when you protect the borders, it's not a necessary movement of people. I think we should protect ourselves against criminals. That's a different story. Because yes, you don't want crime also to be moving freely between, I mean, our countries. There's a difference of a normal citizen who is looking for, I do not know, maybe it's a business to live or it's to study somewhere else and movement just to visit. It's a different thing in how do you spot and you neutralize criminals. So I think it's a big challenge for African countries. But only a few have managed, I mean, to not to eliminate completely, but to lose out, I mean, the rules of visits. And it's a challenge. I can't really give a response. But I know this is something we have to deal with. And even worse, because in our case, we have families who are living, I mean, cross-border. It's not even a question of business. It's families who have been divided by this Berlin conference, which is not our making, but we have not been able, I mean, to dismantle it. And because our families are the other side, I have to go back and forth for good and sake. We are not going to solve it by tightening it, but we have to lose. And my view is that yes, we're not going to sophisticated the system to spot criminals, to prevent them from abusing the free movement to create problems to all of us. That's a different story. It should be put in a different class. I think it is one further question from the distinguished representative of Venezuela. Thank you, Director General. I agree with the delegation, so who have spoken before me, on how extraordinary and significant it is to hear Ms. Machel's words. They're very important. I've taken note of some of the comments. And now I would like to just make a few comments. You said that we need to learn to live with diversity. And you also said that we have international humanitarian law, which is sophisticated. And another sentence which struck me is that you said that the value of human life changes according to different circumstances. I would like to make some comments. Before 2008 when we saw one of the worst crises in terms of economics arise, there was some openness towards migration and legislation which had acceptable conditions and for life such as access to health, education and other basic rights. This has now been closed down gradually and we've seen a drastic worsening of life for migrants. Men, women and children have had to return to the shadows. They've been afraid and constantly worried. My intention is not, of course, to create difficulties here by saying that conditions have worsened in high-income countries. I think it's a social and shared responsibility for all states and all governments, whether they are high-income, medium-income or low-income countries. But the value of what you have said that we need cooperation and dialogue between states is essential. In any case, if it is unacceptable for us to move backwards in this fight, it is also unacceptable that some governments allow and let xenophobia take place. You've also said that development through migration is in existence, but there are ethical problems that still need to be resolved. Now, I'd like to know what hasn't yet been done well. You spoke about a lot of things, but maybe you would have some more specific comments that you could make from a point of view of the states, what has not been done well, up until now. And perhaps with your knowledge and experience, you could talk of matters that perhaps governments themselves cannot raise. What's the worst that we have done? What has made us fail in this area? I think the delegate of Venezuela is asking me to repeat the whole of my speech as far as what I thought governments should do, because I was trying really without being, I don't know what he means by being specific. I'm not expected to be a token of countries, but I think every region of the globe has systems, I mean, in terms, they are not only national legislation, but they are also regional agreements. And that is what we're saying, that they have to be revisited, they have to be reshappened with the understanding that we are facing a reality in which it's not going to change, it's going to increase, and we have more advantage of allowing it to happen than trying to prevent it. That's what I said, and I think I can't be much more specific than this, because the question is, I take it to my own sub-region if you want, you know, to say we need to revisit Tadec and people from Mozambique should be free to move to Malawi and to Zimbabwe to any other country without any problem. And what does it mean? That's what I suggest. Let's have a discussion in which not only it's a government issue, but it's a societal issue as well. Each one of us taking responsibilities in different levels in which we work. So in your case, I would just suggest in your sub-region, as governments, as civil society organizations, as business, even if you like, this debate has to take place and to see how can we change. And I suggest even that we have the framework of the post-2015 agenda to see what do we improve in the next 15 years. And we gradually allow a much more humane treatment to whoever wants to move and has the ability to move. I don't think it can be much more specific than this. We have actually two more questions on the list here. Would you be prepared to take the final two questions? Okay. First, let me start with the ambassador of the African Union, Ambassador Ruzum. Thank you very much. I am very grateful for this invitation that was made to Ms. Gracha-Machela. To have been able to hear her brilliant expression, she says that she has no political responsibilities now, but she is a permanent conscience, a conscience that speaks on an everyday level. And I don't want to be too long, but I think that Ms. Gracha-Machela should take up the pilgrims' stake and speak to each of our governments about the work we need to do. Africa has always been waiting for solutions for others, was the solution for others, and now we are seen as the problem, and we now need to work on the solutions to solve our problems and that we can address the international community and, in particular, Africa to find the solutions. We are behind you, and we share the fight. This is the battle that the African Union also wishes to take on. Thank you. The distinguished representative Trinidad and Tobago. Thank you, chair, and a very pleasant morning to all. I wish to thank you specifically, ma'am, for your presentation, most informative and for provoking. It has become customary for people to be nomadic, written in recent times. We have found that people move from country to country, sometimes professionals for a better job, sometimes for a better life, sometimes, as we have seen written in recent times, because of conflict. In circumstances that have not been defined, how would you identify the initial elements or ingredients of an international migration agenda that would satisfy easier movements of personnel from one country to another? I would be very pretentious if I were to say I can identify. I thought I had offered a framework around which revisiting and reshaping our not only migration laws but practices actually should take place. But you mentioned some of the reasons which encourage people to move away, like you mentioned better life, you mentioned conflict. One of the reasons why better life is not possible in certain countries is less and less opportunities. And I mentioned the case of young women and young people in general, to live and thrive. So if I want to reduce, in my country, I want to reduce the incentive for them to move. It means I have to create better lives in my own country. I think that's one of the issues we have to take seriously. Because in some of our countries, it is not an issue of resources. It is more the issue of how resources are being managed to allow citizens to live and thrive. And even how to give or to provide young people with quality education, quality skills in which they can take opportunities within their own country. We can do this and we should. We have to expand and create opportunities. And actually, I could go on and on and try to talk of the issue which is growing in many of our countries of inequality, where resources are big, but the way resources are benefiting the majority of people, it is a big, big, big issue. So I think when I suggest to revisit, it means every country has to say, what is specifically the major issue which I have to resolve within my own country to allow citizens to live and thrive? That's how I put it. But you can't resolve the problem of migration alone. That's why I suggest the discussion, at least at the sub-regional level. Because people move from one country to the other, so you have to have a common strategy as a sub-regional. My brother, I think more than this, I can't say. How to identify what is going to be the problem in tobacco? It's not going to be exactly the same thing which will be the major problem in Tanzania. It's not going to be exactly the same kind of problem which will be in Colombia. So every country has to question itself. And in the regions where you are, to try to sharpen the laws and the ways in which we live, I want to insist that it's the way we try, we treat other human beings. How do we treat one another as human beings? At the end of the day, it's not about only laws, it's not only about the economy, it's not only about movement, it's about how we treat other beings. And I think more than this, I don't think I would be able to say. Am I now allowed to sit down?