 It's light has mobility now. OK, so, welcome back for our next lecture. running three of these. This one is about what is in my notes上面 so I get to say what I do about it in general about accessibility. we are nice about that stuff So it's undertaking five test for stora and we haven't done pense-moja at all Byddwch yn oed y cael gweithio. Rhywbeth gallwch yn siarad nhw colliwer yn siarad am gweithio fod yn disgwyl cores. Diolch i chi'n cynnwysol nhwys. Mae sy'n iblwch yw cymryd. Prydych chi yn fwy o'r ddefnyddio wedi'u popeth yn warraedd. Eron, mae ei ddim yn siarad ond ei ddeddydd. Efallai oedd y mae'r deffyn, Fe yw'r ddechrau cyhoedd y cyfarwyr o'r ddweud sy'n gweld ddweud y dyfodol arfer. Felly y ddweud sy'n gweld ddweud sy'n gweld ddweud maen nhw'n gweld ei fod yn ddweud o'r ddechrau i'r hanfroedau. Ok. So, I think that this is more about effective experience. I think it's far more about the power to affect some kind of change of information or process in either the user or the technology. Ok. So that's what I think it's more about as opposed to straight up accessibility and I'll tell you why in a bit. So dwi'n adrodwch chi'n adrodwch ei wneud, ond, nid ydych chi'n adrodwch ei i ddweud y Undebrydol o'r newydd yng Nghymru, ddweud i chi de痴 i ffodol i fynd i gael a'r cyffinirwyr. Yhe'i adrodwch chi'n adrodwch chi'n adrodwch ei wneud. Oni wir bod ydych chi'n dweud yn cymrydogol a ddof yn rai. Dwi'n adrodwch chi'n adrodwch chi'n dweud? Cfyrdd yw yn adrodwch wanth o'r cyffinirr, yn your brain. Mae'n mynd i'r hyn o mi yn ymweld, hettyn ni, ac mae'n mynd i'n defnyddio'r cyffredin iawn. Mae thyn ni, mae'n gwneud bwysig i gyd, mae'n mynd i'n mynd i'n gwneud bwysig, mae'n gwneud bwysig i gyd, mae rhai rwynaeth ei lleer yn cyfath, rwyaf mae'n gwneud bwysig i gyd. Mae'n mynd i'n mynd i'n mynd i'n cyfathu'r cyffredin iawn. Adonwch â'i bwysig, mae'n gwneud bwysig i gyd, o dda't yn ei ddylch yn gwybod, That includes lots of other things, Not just people with some kıns of the disabilities. So, that's where I'm coming from. I at my work mainly focusses on visual disability and blindness. Generally I've got all my research papers, there are some aging papers that will help you sort all about the blindness. Mae'r cysylltu'n dweud i'w ddiddorol, mae'r ddiddorol mae'r cyffredinol er mwyn o'r ffordd yma. Mae'r ddiddorol cysylltu'n ddiddorol yn gwneud y ddau yw gŵr ymddaf am y ddechrau. Felly ein bod y dywedd yn cymryd yn cychwyn eich cychwyn, yw Llywodraeth Llywodraeth, mae'r ddiddorol eich bod ymddwyf yn cael ei bod yn y cychwyn i'w ddiddorol, mae'n ddiddorol i'r ddiddorol i'w ddiddorol i'w ddiddorol. Mae'n gweld yn bach yn dal y cyfnod yn hwnnw i'w dweud, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n cael ei gweithio, a'r ddeithasol yn ddau, ac mae'n dweud i'n dweud i'n dweud. Yn gyfnod â'r dweud, mae'n dweud o'n ddweud i'n gweithio. Mae'n gweithio'n dweudio'n ddweud i'n gweithio'n ddweud, a'n dweud i'n dweud i'n dweud i'n dweud i'n dweud. Mae'r amdodd yn gweithio'r amddodd yn 25 ddod, a mae'n gweithio'r amdodd yn allu amdodd a mae'n bwysig a'n gwahanol'n gyfnodd ond yn ei ddweud o'r ddechrau. Rwy'n hawdd ymddangos yn effeithio ar y llyfr yn gwybod cystafol yn gwahanol yn ddodd yn ddechrau'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'r ddechrau i'r oeddech chi yn gwneud i'r ffordd i'w cynodol yn gweithio. Mae'r cyd-dynion sydd o'r moddol, mae'r cyd-dynion sydd o'r moddol ar y rhan o'r ymgyrch, ac ymgyrch ar gyfer y phobl i'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r wneud o'r holl. Ac mae'n ddechrau i'r ddweud o'r holl, nid o'r hyn o'r holl yn gweithio ar y cyd-dynion. Mae'n ddweud o'r holl yn ei hun, mae'n ddweud o'r holl yn rhoi'r holl. here we just wear this little gadget on our arms and it tells us where the next where the three Boris bikes are and how to get there from our location, current location where the best set are. Now I've also been reading some, so who's heard of Makers? The Makers community, Knightwyl i ddechrau. Dwi ddim e dadわ'r y awwi yn hyn c mich nad yw gefnogaeth gyda'r dweud y mner, felly mae eisiau cymdeithasol yn ystod gyda'r gwahanol i niferio'r ddir advertisingol, bydd y cerdinol ynlinegar i'r dweud o gallu os ydynt yn cerdinol. Ond mae'n digwydd neu arbennig fydd am wneud i'r cymaen. Rwy'n meddwl eich dwylo'r ffordd rydych chi. Mae'r rhan ffordd yn bobl am gweithio eich rhan ni o wneud mewn o'r rhaglen o'r rhaglen oherwydd. Mae'n hwo rhan o'r rhaglen oherwydd i sicr gallwch chi Cyfrannu, dy'r ddigon chi'n gweithio'r honno, dy'r ddigon chi'n gweithio'r gweithio cynnwys, hi? Be gwell, gwdaeth am gweithio'r ddigon ti gyffredig yn gwneud i'ch gael am gyfer yllysgfyddiol, a'r ddigon o'r gweithio'r wyr ar gyfer o'r hynau i'w popul am yr ystyried. Yn gweithio'r cyfan cyeffordd sy'n cymryd yng Ngharนะddraethau, Mae'r ffordd yn cael ei ffordd, mae'r ffordd yn cael ei ffordd. Mae'n ffordd oedd gydig, yn oedol, oedol, oedol o'r ffordd oedd eu cyfrifnwyr. Mae'r ffordd oedd yno'r bwysig o'r bwysig o'r bwysig. Mae'n yn cymryd yw'r ffordd o'r rydyn ni fydd yn gwybod. Mae oedell butair. Mae'w meddwl yn axerio eu intyddion, felly rwy'n meddwl y teimlo'n gwneud. The technology that I have built in the past. The technology that I am sure that all of you guys who are building in the future because it won't be a性 revenge is going to be the problem. Not the person. So you just need to think that it is critical. Sometimes it is not critical. If I have to get my microphone out, tap it out from my device in some regard. If I have to, you know, if I don't have arrows on my front door telling me to go left or right, okay, right. But, if I come with access to supermarket shopping online, then that might be a problem. Because otherwise I've got to go to the supermarket and be led around by a clerk, which isn't useful. Okay, it's not independent. Most people want their independence. Okay, so that's what you need to be thinking about. These extreme scenarios. And I just consider the things that we build for people with disabilities now, or with people with disabilities in mind, to be a newly-used case. Okay, these use cases are edge cases, if you want to call them that. So, these edge cases are much more challenging than standard mainstream users. They're much more interesting, okay, to do these. They're much more interesting to think about. They'll take more creativity from you to build and to make. Because most of the time they become useful to like mainstream society in the end. Okay, so we'll look at some of that good little case. So barriers. Barriers to effectual use. So many of the challenges for visual disability are by the efficient and effective use. Okay, so has everybody heard that the content logic that visually disabled users use to unlock their computers to think all day? Anybody know? Screen reader. Screen reader. Excellent, yeah, screen reader. If you've got a vision impairment such that you can't see certain, such that you're not profoundly blind, then you might need screen magnification. Okay, if you've got low vision. Okay, so the thing is that with screen readers they can speak and they can work very fast. So conventional speed for a screen reader, how many words per minute do we think? So it's way over 300. Some people can listen to 600 words a minute. It sounds like a screen that annoys too much people. Okay, so let's have a lot of screen reader being the red, or at least being the best of it. A couple of minutes. If this thing works. Oh, good. In the website I'll press the insert key and the S6 key. And I'll navigate round these headings. Okay, it's telling me what those headings are. And that's also telling me that the page has been well structured, it's been well made out. If I want to hear a heading, if I want to go and visit a heading, I'll press the key to move to a heading. And then it takes me straight directly up to my page. So in that sense it has been very well made out. Another way is how do I navigate around the site? How is someone with a vision impairment using a screen reader who doesn't have any site navigating around the site? Well, hyperlinks, of course, are links to the ways that people do click to links to get to different places. It's also important for a screen reader user. And then this time I'm going to use another series of hot keys. It's going to be the insert key in F7. Okay, and it's telling me that I now have a linked list box. But it's important that these links will be more to be labeled, otherwise it might not make any sense. Talk to me making sense, because I think I'm going to understand what it was saying just now. No, but you can if you're trying to listen to it, that this is a linked list box. Okay, so that's the kind of component that it's going to be. Okay. I'm going to see how someone with a vision impairment has joined through the college. So I'm going to move to link that time. And I'm going to activate that link. And again, it's telling me that the page has three millions and a certain number of links. So, you can see it's coming straight forward using a screen reader to navigate the way around the site. Just by using a screen reader called George, or any other suitable screen reader. So you can see that you've got this sort of strangely bad disembodded voice talking to you from the screen reader. And that, therefore, I have to think that, for instance, the screen reader knows on that website what things are, what needs are, what needs are, what needs are. I understand the HTML behind it. It understands it's actually reading the document object model. But the thing that you need to think about for this is that all those things are quite explicitly marked up properly. So they have a semantic function. So they have a semantic function. So they have a semantic function. And all those things are quite explicitly marked up properly. So they have a semantic meaning. There's a meaning that's attached with each of these. They have semantics explicitly attached to them. So there's a meaning for each of the things. So, therefore, we know that heading one, heading two, and heading three are in that order. Now, if you looked on the page, if heading one looked at the same or different to heading two, then visually, I'm saying that these two headings are the same thing. If I say there are three headings on the page or headings one, but they all look different, so I've annotated them as heading one, but they all look different, then visually, I'm saying that these headings are different. But to a screen reader, they come across as being the same level. Now, I can be difficult to orientate itself in the hierarchy, which is the page, sections, subsections, and all that kind of stuff. If you don't have alt tags to images, then all you get is either the name of the image, which can be completely useless, or nothing. Yes? I would just say, you know that at that point where you pointed it, and I'll simply recognise what it says. No. And you said that it says on my link this spot. Yeah. Is that kind of telling it what kind of thing is appearing on the screen? Just in terms of it kind of then, I guess it's used in some kind of language, like jargon, I guess, because... Well, most visually disabled users, because this is the tool that they have to use, then they're very knowledgeable about what the jargon is. So a link box, or a link list box, or a list box, or a combo box. That is something that... If you say a combo box, well, if I said to the most people, I'll just let them have a combo box, and I have no idea what I'm talking about. Okay? But you have to, because that's what it says. Is that, like, just because, okay, I guess in the right situation, in terms of, in terms of science, yeah, you can kind of make a conversation. But is that something that people who, let's say, are a living character have known necessarily, in fact, right now, just want to get comfortable with, like the language that's used by the screen here? Yeah, I mean, there's lots of trading courses that go on to allow people to get comfortable with the language and to orientate themselves around websites and that kind of thing. So Henshaw Society for Blind People, even Trafford, they do a lot of work, which is educational. So if you are advantageous with blind, you go blind, then you often go on a trading course for this kind of technology. Because most people go blind advantageously, they go blind after they're born, as opposed to congenital blind, where they're born blind. And so that means that you've got, you've got such people who are in an education system where they're young, which means they'll learn this stuff, and they'll learn how to read Braille. But very few people actually, there's only about 20% of blind people actually read Braille. There's not very much, okay, or moon, which is a different variant. And so you'll see in your notes, there's also, if when we're talking about visual disability, some little petroelectric keyboards that are actually Braille displays. Okay, so those are useful for Braille users. Now, these things aren't cheap, by the way. Jaws can be costing you over 2,000 pounds, a petroelectric display, but a reasonable one might be costing you 5. They used to cost 20, just for 80 characters of Braille. You know, this is just ridiculous prices for this kind of technology, because it's not consumer technology. The thing that makes a big difference to vision of disabled users is the consumerisation of technology they can use, such as Bazzoli iPads, where you can type my own onto the screen. So that kind of thing. Okay, so cognitive disability. There are many types of cognitive disability. It's a large spectrum, okay? It's very difficult, and it's the most under-researched disability for how, certainly, human-repeat interaction. Very under-researched, because it's very difficult. There's lots of different spectrum of people, okay? And it's very difficult to understand whether those people are actually getting a positive response from the kind of software in the systems that they're using, okay? So, with regard to cognitive disability or people with learning difficulties, it depends. The language changes based on which country you're in and which is considered to be correct in that country. Then, what you need to do is to understand that you probably don't know very much about this kind of disability, but there's probably not very much research out there. So what you could do is make contact with user groups. We have contact with a group called Change, which does a spectrum of cognitive disability or cognitive disability people learning difficulties in the UK. And so, because we don't... there's not enough researchers to understand very much, okay? So we need to just go and speak to people directly. Yeah. So that's what you need to think about as well. It's very difficult to do much with cognitive stuff. Yes. It's just about something where many things are under-researched with disabilities. I think we need an assumption that current technology that is used for larger spectrum of people can be directly layered for those disability rather than creating totally new technologies that are actually very effective and optimised for those disabilities. It's a combination because if you make systems that are open and flexible, as we'll see soon, then you are able to... and you have this separation of concerns we were talking about. You decouple the programme logic from the interface. Then you can get the functionality of the programme logic for it to wrap an interface specifically for a certain user group if you want to do that or make it very much more customisable or flexible. Yeah. Adaptive systems and user modelling is something that is very, you know, hard on this kind of work. Okay? Yeah? Okay. So, healing. Healing appellent is a very strong community. Okay? And there's a reason why they're a very strong community. It's because they were seen as being educationists of normal for a long period of time because they had difficulties in vocalising often times. Okay? Because you can't hear, so therefore you have problems vocalising. So, therefore, most people who are hearing impaired are able to speak the language of the country that you're in. They are able to understand the language of the country that you're in. But they may choose to only use sign language and sign language interpreters because this is their first language. Sign language is a language and it's the first language of most hearing impaired users. Somebody who's hearing impaired in the UK will use a British sign language somebody who's hearing impaired in America will use American sign language. It's different sign languages. Okay? It's different languages. So, what you need to think is that while it's okay that we're providing text descriptions and closed captions and that kind of thing like videos or commentaries or help files then that might not be appropriate for somebody who uses sign language or somebody who's hearing impaired. Now, I'm using hearing impaired in this context but depending on the country and depending on the context you might want to say deaf. Okay? Deaf people. We never use terms like the blind, the deaf because that's groups, a set of people. So, it takes a person out of that interaction out of that experience. So, we talk about deaf people or people with hearing impairment or we talk about visually disabled people. Yeah? Okay. Let's look at sign language one. Okay, so this is the kind of avatar that you can expect to be getting if you're seeing screen-generated one, screen-generated work. You can get these in off-the-shelf versions so, therefore, you can just program them as you like, fingerspelling there. And they're often in American Sign Language and they're mostly not in British Sign Language. The thing about the avatars are that they're very bad for body posture and they're very bad for facial expression. Sign language is mostly, but sign language is probably what, 60 to 80% about the signs in the house. But it's also, without the signs, it's like, without facial expression and without body posture, then it's very difficult to understand what things are mean to them. For a lot of people who are sign who can read and speak sign language. Okay? So, the problem with the avatars is that they're not that good right now. They do the signs okay, but they don't do the facial balancing. They don't do body posture very well. Okay? And also sign recognition. Okay, physical. So, obviously we've got many types of impossible solutions for people with physical disabilities that are not things like mice. So, you might have things which are simple binary switches which work with say scanning keyboards which you'll see an example of in your notes. These are software keyboards that go from left to right and up to down and you press the button and then you want it to change orientation. So it steps across, then you press the button and it gets to the point it goes down and that's how you can zero in on the key that you want. It obviously takes a long time to type. A long time to work a computer. Okay? There's other aspects of things like head operated mice. Okay? Blocks switches. Noctin syndrome, brain interfaces. You went to yesterday's chair in my chair. Ah, good. Good job. Good people. If you didn't, you should be ashamed of yourself. I'm going to put the video online. Obviously it was about cognitive neuroscience and it's really computer science. It was very interesting. And so there was some discussion there on brain interfaces. Okay? Okay. Combinitorial. In the past, I've been bad. Okay? Think now that sort of Oprah, Ricky Lake, those ones where they're all beating each other up. I'm confessing. Combinitorial disability is what I'm calling this but we used to call it aging or senior seniors. Or we used to call it age-related impairments. Okay? And the reality is that's crap because it's all about low-level combinatorial disability. And that can happen to anybody, anywhere. I don't know what ageing is now. People who are supposed to be 50 now are seniors. Are they? Jesus. You know? People who are 17, my dad's 80 and he's using his iPad for everything. So where's his combinatorial disability? He can use iPads. No problem. He's even banged away on ILS. What do you need? Just get some coding done. So, you know, it's all over crap. The reality is that at any age, anywhere we can have some kind of combinatorial disability. And to say it's only about aging is just disgusting. Okay? And I was as guilty as anybody of saying that because this is my lectured. I get to say it's just, you shouldn't be using that. Well, you should realise that when people say aging or age-related or seniors, then combinatorial is what they need. Low-level disabilities in combination. So, you might not quite see that well, not quite hear that well, have a few jitters when you're typing. Possibly. Of course, those things apply if you're on a train going somewhere else sometimes. Crowning like capital, if you want to type a message on your iPhone. Barriers to effectual use. There's other barriers which we haven't covered which also come into this category of of the use effectual use. So, this first one. What does that mean? Internationalisation. I-18-N. Obviously accessibility is A-11-Y. Okay? This is just, A-18 is just the number of characters between the I and the M, so we don't have to worry. Cos we're lazy. And accessibility, there's 11 characters between the I and the Y, so we don't have to worry. Yeah? Okay? So, language and understanding. I think this is a barrier to effectual use. Yeah? Big style, I think, but this kind of language and understanding of, or can be seen as a barrier to effectual use therefore we need to think about, is it internationalised? Do we actually... Can we actually change the fonts? Can we change the glyphs, the characters, so that they are the right ones? Okay? For people to understand. Literacy. So, literacy and illiteracy is mainly coming by education. But that's often difficult in certain locations and so we've got things like who doesn't have a flashed-in camp? So, there's a flashed-in camp scale of literacy, which you might want to use to see whether the people, the people's level of literacy for which you are writing for, for which the messages, the help, all the other kind of stuff that you're actually creating, whether that fits into the model of literacy that the people are going to be using in your system. So, you might have for instance, government resources. You're employed by governments and you're there, banging out lots and lots of texts on your resources for people who conventionally might not be well educated if they're trying to get Joseph as large with benefits. They may not be, they may be very well educated or they may not. But the reality is that without knowing what audience you're talking to for, you're likely to use language which is familiar to you but maybe not familiar to somebody else. Often in academia it's interesting that we can use language which is kind of jargon language or language which is academic if you like. And it makes us feel good about ourselves because we know words that other people don't. But reality is that that's not the way it should be. So, when you're building systems, building software, then what you need to think about is what about the literacy of the people who are using this? Are you using terms, jargon, language that other people can be familiar with? Is it even a simplistic term? Now literacy also goes back to cognitive impairment and learning difficulties whereby you aren't to use more simplified language per se. Prescription systems so we're working on systems whereby say for instance people with lower literacy often don't go to medical appointments or don't take the drugs that they're prescribed appropriately not because they don't want to but because the language used on the packaging, the language used is very medicalised. I mean, you know, half the time you don't know what it means anyway and you just have to take it and fail for it. So therefore, why is that? So what are the reasons why we're trying to simplify simplify the language and then send that language as a voice message? Okay, yes. How about the misconception of literacy because Arabic language, because it's written totally different, isn't it? Not from that perspective. That's right, but I'm taking this internationalisation because you're not really about something whereby there's two versions of literacy. People think people of literature aren't intelligent though, it's just they haven't been taught to read or write, you know, mostly. So there are some people with learning difficulties who have got some literacy problems but people who you might say have a literacy problem it's not because they're particularly unintelligent it might be very intelligent people it might be though that it's just that they've not been taught the symbolism the symbols have not been taught how to do this and if they're from often low income, poor backgrounds that's only going to be compounded. Yes? Are there some easy ways that everyday developers can account for using sort of dyslexia? No. It's the answer. The only work that's being done actually on dyslexia at this point to try and account for that more easily is by some work by does anyone know Mikhail Bezzier? Okay, so he's the head of the natural language processing information retrieval at Yahoo and he's done a lot of work for, you know, searches and that kind of stuff and so he's working with somebody called Lozarello in Spain they're looking at tools to be able to better understand whether the pages that we're looking at will be problematic for people with dyslexia but it's early research work and it's kind of all over the place so the answer is I'd love to say yes. Do you know if dyslexia is an attention thing or is it a comprehension thing? It's, I don't know but it seems to me that it's less likely to be a attention thing it's more like I'm an academic I can venture off in the way but it's far more likely to be a comprehension thing. I don't know what the sections that she mentioned has been interesting recently which I thought that I didn't know in the past but it's her kind of centres where she can't really make this thing jump around and printing out on pink paper actually makes it a lot easier to read things or if you just place like a pink like, you know those see-through pages or if you place a couple of a white sheet paper you can instantly read things And so does that work with the computer screens can she put us in there? Can we put a film back around? She didn't mention that it's quite interesting because I didn't know that the colour of the paper makes the difference Yeah I mean there's lots of variants and that's the point with all of this stuff there's lots of variants and so the thing that's key for all of this is flexibility of the interface customisation of flexibility because you as an individual might want certain things to occur which others might be detrimental to others and we have in say the user who is working with which is on the new specification of standards for actually browsers and stuff like that and so it's very difficult because in some cases things that we're saying as a success criteria to conform to in one part of the guidelines might very well have a negative effect on people with other kinds of disability or situations or abilities in another part of the guidelines so by personally making things as flexible and as customizable as possible allows the individual to use you start off from a very coarse granularity but then we allow the user to customise based on what they need and you often find that people who need it the most are most able to do the customisation because they've got no choice just like visually disabled users using computers they've got no choice so they're excellent at it I was thinking that open day will save the world but but openness to the interactions and the interfaces mean that we can plug in some kind of novel interactive algorithms which we know them once we can test them in a specific for a specific user interface which actually does that translation once we know a bit more about it and once we can get people to personalise it so while you're right now it's a feature if it's closed we're screwed but if it's open then there's some chance I think developing regions so the thing about developing regions that we might see is that there's various effects of use because of energy supply network supply cost literacy again now you'll see this working by IBM India looking at a spoken word which is on developing regions there's other aspects that are our issues in developing regions with regard to the kind of and the quality of say the devices that people in developing regions own and have so for instance mobile phones are obviously there the primary computational compute resource in most developing regions and you'll find that some nice applications as well for instance I will get to this there's some work whereby phone to phone money transfers in Africa all done all the time no problem it's only now that they are teaching our technology they're teaching us so we can do phone to phone transfers because they've just introduced it but it's been going on for ages in Africa because that's the only way to find it so we can learn something but we can also give something back okay and low income low income is a huge issue everywhere and it gets even bigger in these times of economic crisis so what crisis anyway it seems to be the normal that's a crisis now economic normality of course because we'll need to deliver compute resources on lots of different things such as TVs like Raspberry Pi with a Raspberry Pi okay Raspberry Pi at a tiny $25 computer you can plug in back of the TV and they'll say things like Xboxes, Playstations and all these are the kind of general purpose customer kind of compute resources which we need to then utilise because if we can utilise them we can give people in the lower income we can give them better educational resources we can give them better access to online facilities which they may be excluded from at the moment especially in the UK we would say libraries shutting down in the reduction of open cluster computer systems okay that you might not be getting libraries if there's no libraries where are you going to go okay to access this stuff okay of course you can also come back to Ted Nelson's famous quote what was Ted Nelson's famous quote a good part of it is authority is malign okay so that suggests to me that maybe people want to close down these libraries and people want to keep a lot of people in lower income because then there's a nicer bunch of people who work for very low salaries and a very big number yeah that's a possibility if you're into conspiracy theory it's a bit like Ted Nelson anyway so it's a loop so I think it's a loop because I think we learn stuff and we give stuff okay people in different situations learn stuff people we learn stuff from them okay so here we've got some stuff device independence so device independence is mainly all about this idea of multiple different devices so it can take advantage of the data and functionality and lots of different ways okay that's something that's been key for a long time but it was first thought about back in the 70s and 80s for people with disabilities lots of work by nodding them especially with mobility mobility mobile browsing so mobile browsing there's lots of stuff for zooming browsers that you're using on your well first it was Nokia S2 phones not your S2 browsers and now your iPhones and whatever zooming browsers are all about screen magnification magnification lots of technology that went into those comes directly from visual disability okay magnification yeah real world mobility technology so most of the real world personal and personal mobility systems occur for people with disabilities we used to dress people up in large backpacks full of pretty much a massive battery at a time of computing resources and say now I can use differential GPS and go around and orientate yourself so differential GPS was used long enough time ago long time ago for people with disabilities now it's used on every mobile phone mobile phone on cash transfer from that Pringles Wi-Fi so we've all heard of Pringles Wi-Fi we've all heard of Pringles Wi-Fi no? so Pringles Wi-Fi you'll see this version is an American but actually it was used to distribute a single source of Wi-Fi around African villages 10 years ago okay so it means you've got very good directional Wi-Fi in these Pringles tubes so therefore you can really focus your Wi-Fi at one point which means you can split the signal better which means you can distribute it to different compounds or hunts within villages okay within a village so you need one point of Wi-Fi but you can direct that to way more than 100 metres with these directional Pringles cans now I'm not sure whether they were originally Pringles cans because you get a nice long can there I think originally they were sort of some long beer kind of jobs but Pringles cans didn't do just as well and the thing I always talk about which you've worried about is a mobile phone torch so we all know Nokia went to Africa as an anthropologist and saw people using the front of the mobile screen as a torch so I'm now going to buy a mobile a Nokia mobile phone torch with it and you can get flashlights on all these screens because that's what people are using okay we're not having a coffee obviously because we're pumping a lot okay so this is a quick history which is obviously very quick because I'm going to turn it into two points so in the beginning of this kind of access technology for computer science, for computers in general we had things which were all about text and the keyboard and they were pretty easy for most people because it was quite simplistic systems text easy, it's only more focus of attention because the text just fits out it's all serial, easy to do and there was very little problem with that for visually disabled users for users with lots of physical disabilities because you could be very easy to use keyboards not keyboards and keyboard emulators that kind of thing but then, gooey's came along gooey's the same humans as it was all but not quite all this so gooey's came along and this created a problem because how then do you understand what is in focus what isn't, how can you get the information from it when the information isn't presented serial it's all in parallel anything you could be directing your attention to anything so when we used to do it old schooly is we used to use a thing called screen scraping so what we would do is look at a screen and then we go, we pass it pass it pixel by pixel, top left to bottom right to create some kind of model of screen some kind of model of what was on the screen so we could then see whether something was character and we could understand it was optical character and we could understand that this was a character and we could speak it as we pass the lines that's the way we used to do it and this was called screen scraping that used to be the solution but it didn't have any issues about it we couldn't understand whether this bit of text was part of window A or window B it was difficult to get the image values we couldn't understand because we had no access to the underlying machinery we couldn't understand what any of the actual what any of the information referred to we just had to do that by some kind of heuristics such that we could see whether it was close together it's kind of in a list but it might not be so if we write 80% of the time 20% of the time we're wrong has anybody used speech to text so at what point do you get frustrated if it's getting it wrong it's 99.7% accurate at the moment and it's still frustrating to me so if it gets 20% of everything you say wrong it's frustrating so if you can't if the screen recognition systems from screen scraping get 20% of everything wrong it's super frustrating so that's the kind of that's the kind of magnitude it sounds doesn't sound much we get 80% right but when you're using it every minute of the day that's a lot of errors ok and now we've got this other thing called the other screen model so if this replaces screen scraping and it's a bit like creation of the document object model ok so you know the document object model in well edges is a model of the html ok so this is the same which creates a model of of the systems that are working and the only thing we can scrape is our screen model is by having access to conventionally to have an access to the guts of the operating system so we can see what it's doing and that access is provided by things called access bridges normally ok now common through pretty much most systems so there's accessibility on pretty much all operating systems now so that's where we can get get access to say what the title of a particular window is that's been selected that's in focus ok we can do that kind of thing the off screen model is actually something that's normally created as part of the assistive technology it's called so 18 the assistive technology is the thing that's the additional bit the openness part so we've got some flexibility and openness this means that we can then communicate between conventional software that we've all created and we've got some accessibility stuff that's created specifically for people who've got a disability zone does that make sense does that linkage make sense ok I'll tell you that don't give me a subject ok so here we've got an example it's very simple I mean because this is not rocket science this is just a matter of getting the technology it's not something that's not it's not quantum physics we're not you know talking rubbish so we've got Microsoft Active Accessibility MSAA with UI automation user interface automation and you can see that here we've got this intersection model so here we've got the accessibility tools ok various zoom text zoom screen magnifiers these kind of things and they link in here's the code boundary and they link in to the applications and the interface which automatically have MSAA provided so all you're doing is making this connection between the two and it's a bit like kind of ok who's done what's it called now ActiveX OLE programming ActiveX do you know the stuff from Microsoft so it's a bit like that so what you're doing is you're saying I've got direct computational access to Excel or whatever it might be and I'm going to put it in my application and use it it's kind of similar to this MSAA system you can make queries of what's going on in that MSAA system now the stuff that there's accessibility bridges for everything the one that's the most prevalent at the moment where most of the work is going on is this i accessibility too so that's kind of a departure so MSAA some of the MSAA is going into there some of the UI automation is going into there it's a departure from normal Microsoft stuff because it's open source and a lot of IBM stuff is going in there ok so that's going to give a new standard it's the iNex as well and we also have to finish off this nice technical accessibility she's with things that are runtime interpreted such as Java where you've got a Java virtual machine layered on top of the operating system which might also be a problem so what Java do is they just help you score this bridge that goes between the two so we've got a bridge which is for the native DR and then we've got the Java bridge class so all we do is make queries via this Java bridge because it comes through from the native DRL that's actually running on the operating system obviously even if it's interpreted it's got to have a native component so even if it's good it's got to have that native component so Java has the native component for all of its systems that it goes on ok so all I want to use to look at here is Ajax and Aria so the problems that we might gain with some of this very very decoupled separation of concerns we've got quite a separation of concern when it comes to MSLA or these kind of interface operating system level accessibility we've got another layer of complexity when it comes to this kind of interpreted layer of accessibility such as Java ok so who knows about Ajax who knows what it is ACPers ACPers to JavaScript next and up so it's playing this because Jesse James Garrett 2005 is a UX of Android so he was he was coming the phrase Ajax but what was under way of old before that with the evangelist at the network not sure in that say from Greg Oldridge but I just put it to so we also have a solution to that which is called Aria which is now wayAria so Aria is accessible rich internet applications so that's accessible rich internet applications and way is the web accessibility initiative which is part of W3C so their solution is a more old solution Aria 11th I used to work with her again in Missouri in 2003 so this kind of solution was first suggested quite a long time ago and it's still not quite there we're still working on wayAria so it's only taken us about 8 years so we're still not there for this very highly decoupled solution because it's difficult to understand where updates are occurring so that's the problem so the further you get away from the operating system level the more difficult it is to implement consistent accessibility all this and everything that's the problem ok with that we're going to meet next week at the same time we're now in two weeks we're going to the gallery Manchester City Art Gallery and make sure that everybody who should be going goes to the factory paying £150 so anybody who doesn't go will still be killed