 Hello everyone, this is Mr. P. On today's lesson we're going to take a look at parallelism. Yes, some writing tips. So let's get started. First off, what is parallelism? Parallelism is the presentation of equal or parallel ideas in the same or parallel grammatical form. Individual terms with individual terms. Phrases with phrases. In glosses with glosses. Effective parallelism can increase the clarity and impact of your writing. So let's take a look at my example. Claudius, Hamlet's uncle, strives confidently through the place action. His ground is ill-gotten, but he reaps its benefits. His miles confidently, those close to him are assured that he is indeed the rightful king. This would be the first draft. How about if I wanted to create one sentence, combine all those four sentences in one? So let's take a look at our revised version. Claudius, Hamlet's uncle, strives confidently through the place action. And here is the change. Ripping. A verb with I-N-G. Ripping his benefits of ill-gotten crown. Another I-N-G verb, smiling confidently. And yet another I-N-G verb, assuring those close to him that he's indeed the rightful king. That sounds much better, right? Let's take a look at our next case. Faulty parallelism. Faulty parallelism occurs when items in a series, paired or contrasting items or items in a list, do not have the same grammatical form. So for example, I like to spend my winter holidays skating, skiing, and I also enjoy snowboarding. How about our revised version? I like to spend my winter holidays skating, skiing, and snowboarding, right? I-N-G verbs. So I started with an I-N-G verb, and then I continued using I-N-G verbs. Another one. Sam had to iron to the washing and shopping before his parents arrived. So this is a kind of a faulty sentence, right? So if we revise it, Sam had to iron, wash, and shop before his parents arrived. So if I started with an infinitive two verb, so I continue using the infinitive verb throughout. Another example. My philosophy professor not only demonstrated how to reason persuasively, but also how to avoid logical fallacies. Kind of faulty, right? Let's look at our revised version. My philosophy professor demonstrated not only how to reason persuasively, but also how to avoid logical fallacies. Isn't that much better? Yes. Okay, let's go to the next point. How to edit faulty parallelism. A list or series of equally important items should be parallel in grammatical structure. Phrases should balance phrases. Clauses should balance clauses. And within phrases and clauses, equivalent elements should be at the same kind nouns with nouns, for example, or verbs with verbs. So let's take a look at my example. The development plan included apartment buildings. So that is a noun phrase, yes. Single family dwellings, yes, noun phrase. A park, a noun, okay. And constructing two new schools. No, let's erase constructing. And let's just have the noun phrase two new schools. That sounds much better, right? The writer deleted constructing to make the last item in the series consistent with the rest of the items, which are all nouns or nouns modified by adjectives. In the next sentence, the writer changed the last item in the series to give all three items the same form. Action verb followed by direct object. The national policy was seen as a way to develop Canada's economy by increasing tariffs on foreign goods, reducing custom duties on raw materials, and let's erase it enforced. And enforcing trade reciprocity with the US. Sounds much better, right? In the following sentence, the writer changed a noun to an adjective. Notice that the writer also decided to repeat the word to to make the sentence more forceful and memorable. My sister obviously thought that I was too young. And then to ignorance, I added to and to troublesome, right? It sounds much better. Instead of having my sister obviously thought that I was too young, ignorant and a troublemaker. The adverb to makes the sentence more consistent. So I added it before the adjective ignorant and troublesome. Make paired ideas parallel. Pairing ideas with coordinating conjunctions. So we have the example, the job requires initiative and leading roles. Hmm, that's faulty. It's better to write the job requires initiative and leadership, right? So to make the sentence consistent, I added the noun leadership. Another sentence. Climbing the mountain was hard, but to the scent was not much easier. So this is faulty. Why is it faulty? Well, the sentence started with an ING verb. And then we have an infinitive to verb, right? So let's take out the infinitive to and let's make it into an ING verb. So climbing the mountain was hard, but the sending was not much easier. It sounds much better this way. Pairing ideas with correlative conjunctions. So we have the example, successful teachers must both inspire students and also challenging them is important. Well, this is very faulty. And I tell you why. Look at the revised version. Successful teachers must both inspire. Okay. And that's a verb inspire and challenge another verb their students. It's much better that way, right? Then challenging. So we started with the present tense verb and then challenging an ING verb. Okay, no, let's make it consistent. Repeat function words as needed. Function words indicate the function of or relationship among other words in a sentence. In the following sentence, the writer omitted the function word to from the second and third infinitives, because the sentence is clear without the words. So let's look at what we are talking about. Her goals for her retirement were to travel. Then I erased to study. So study art history. And then I raised to again, write a book about Michelangelo. Yes, the first two is enough. You don't need to repeat the other twos. The writer of the next sentence repeated the infinitive to to make clear where one goal ends and the next begins. So the project has three goals. First, to survey the value for Inca period sites. Second, to excavate a test trench. And third, to excavate one for those sites completely. So if I added the two, it makes the sentence clear what one goal ends and the other one begins. So in this case, yes, is good to add a two. Make the items in outlines headings unless parallel. Make items at each level of heading consistent when writing a paper. So for example, we have Germany's path to continuing prosperity. Number one, economic realities. Large gap between Eastern and Western Germany's GDP. B, the public sector deficit is ballooning and C lower than expected FDI inflows. Well, B is faulty. So let's revise it. And then let's make it into a phrase, not into a sentence like we had in the first example. So ballooning public sector deficits. Do you see the difference? I hope so. So now let's go over to you. And let's have some practice. Eliminate any faulty parallelism. So these are the three sentences, pause the video, and then I'll give you the key. Now that you have your sentences ready, let's check the key. So for number one, the majority candidate stepped to the podium, glanced angrily at her challenger and began to refute his changes. Do you see the change that we needed to make? Glanced angrily at. For number two, her challenger, she claimed had not only accused her falsely of accepting illegal campaign contributions, but also had accepted illegal contributions himself. So you can see in blue are the changes that I made. For the third one, newlywed couples need to learn to communicate effectively and budget wisely. This just wisely that needs changing. So that's it for today. Thank you so much for watching my lesson. Don't forget to subscribe if you haven't subscribed to my channel. Hit the like button, please. 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