 Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the control mechanisms of intestinal and pancreatic secretions. Epithelium of mammalian small intestine secretes intestinal juice. This intestinal juice is actually a mixture of two fluid secretions which are released from the Bruner's glands and crypts of liver cone. The Bruner's glands are present in the first part of duodenum between the pyloric sphincter and pancreatic duct. They secrete a viscous enzyme-free alkaline mucoid fluid. This secretion of Bruner's glands is present in the pyloric sphincter and pancreatic duct. This secretion of Bruner's glands enables the duodenum to withstand the acidic chimes coming from the stomach. This action is very necessary because the acidic chimes can damage this portion of the duodenum. This secretion of Bruner's glands is not present in any other alkaline secretion, pancreatic juice or bile. This is why the secretion of Bruner's glands is a protective function and a neutralizing function which initially neutralizes acidic chimes. The crypts of liver cone are also called mucosal glands. They are dispersed throughout the intestinal folds. They produce a thinner enzyme-rich alkaline fluid. This fluid mixes with the duodenal secretions. Now we shall discuss the control of these intestinal secretions. Several hormones regulate the secretion of intestinal juices. For example, secretine hormone, gastric inhibitory peptide hormone and gastrine hormone. Secretine is under the secretion of intestinal juices and also under the hormonal control. Neural control is because the vagus nerve innervates the small intestine and increases the secretion of intestinal juices. Distention of intestinal wall also elicits a local secretary reflex. Now we shall discuss the secretions of pancreas. Pancreatic juice enters the duodenum through pancreatic duct. It is an alkaline fluid which is also rich in bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes. Various digestive enzymes present in pancreatic juice are alpha amylase, trypsine, chymotrypsine, elastases, carboxypeptideases, aminopeptideases, lipases and nucleases. The secretions of pancreatic juice are controlled by a variety of hormones which include peptide hormones, gastrine, polycystokinine, somatostatin and ancafalins. First we shall see the effect of peptide hormones. The peptide hormones, sacritin and vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulate the secretion of pancreatic enzymes. The gastrine when secreted from stomach lining starts a slow flow of pancreatic juice. When food is in stomach and gastrine hormones are secreted, it affects pancreas and it releases a little quantity of pancreas. It is in anticipation of the food coming to the duodenum. When food is in stomach, it starts secretion of pancreatic juice. Polycystokinine also affects pancreatic juice secretion. It is an upper intestinal hormone which is secreted in response to fatty acids and amino acids in the chym and elicits secretion of pancreatic enzymes. It also stimulates release of bile from the gallbladder. Dear students, somatostatin has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid and pancreatic secretions. This is to inhibit. N-cafaleins inhibit the secretion of gastric acid but they stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretions.