 the role of Aspia in the rise and fall of civilizations. Ibn Khaldun shared that cooperation was fundamental to human survival and without the help of others, he noted, people could not effectively defend themselves from predatory animals or obtain and cultivate enough food for their subsistence. So, this need for mutual help and sport, he argued, was what ultimately led to the formation of tribal societies, which in turn provided the foundations for more complex urban civilization. So, central to his explanation of how these societies evolved over time was the Arabic concept called Aspia. This can loosely be translated to mean group failings or social solidarity. And he refers to the bonds of that exist between members of a social group. And Ibn Khaldun explained, Aspia is something which tends to occur naturally among blood relatives. They can create a state, but what is the most important link between them is their social solidarity. That is, if they work together, they can grow proper food for themselves, they can defend themselves. In the olden times, the danger was caused by animals. Today, the nature of danger has changed, but the basic feeling, the basic feeling is that if they work together, they can fight any kind of danger. So, this protective urge can, however, extend out towards other non-blood relatives who we come into close contact with. At the beginning, of course, the people of one family will be together, but gradually, this tension will increase. The feeling that exists between people living in one place will also create. So, social solidarity can exist at the level of a family, but it can also develop among the wider tribe. So, Ibn Khaldun, Aspia was the key to understanding why some tribes flourished and grew into larger, more complex societies, and why others failed or break down together. Ibn Khaldun's philosophy is that those monsters who are unable to reach Aruj, who are divided into small groups, what is the reason for that? So, Ibn Khaldun presented his philosophy as such, that those people who do not have social solidarity, they quickly become prey to violence. And especially those tribal societies whose basic belief is not on Aspia, they are weak and they cannot face any situation effectively. So, in an evolutionary process, according to Ibn Khaldun, the Darwin's notion of survival of the fittest. It is also relevant, that what is necessary to compare the tribes? So, Ibn Khaldun described how the tribes with the stronger sense of solidarity would eventually rise to power. It would become the same power that would pass through the entire process and it would have a feeling of oneness. Because this is because the unifying power of a shared religion, significantly strengthened agropes Aspia, even on the basis of some religions, there is a feeling and a recognition in people, like Ibn Khaldun talked about the Muslim states, he talked about their rise, that they did not have an ideology, and then together with the ideology and tribal affiliation, they came from Muslims and they have established their values on many parts of the world. But along with this, Ibn Khaldun thinks that those mosques who weaken their relationship with knowledge, who do not stay connected with their skills, slowly and gradually, they fall into such a state of downfall and then they themselves cannot defend themselves, to counter the external threats that come out of them and then such mosques become victims of violence.