 Ngayon pag-uusapan natin ang architectura bilang isang vehicle ng kapangyarihan. So paano bang architectura ng panahon ng martial law ay gumanap ng tungkuling bilang propaganda? So mapasili natin ang panahon ito na pinamumunoon ang pagdiseminate ng kultura. Nang unanggina, Emelda Marcos, maliban sa pagiging patronesa ng singing or singing at kultura, Emelda rin ay minister of human settlements, sya rin ang governor ng metropolitan manila. So hindi malayong napakadami nilang ang buildings at infrastruktura ng panahon ito. At makikita rin natin, talagang nagbuhos ang rehemen sa building spring. Kaya nga dun sa libro ko ang premise ko dito na may edifice complex ang rehemen na gagamitin mo yung monumentality ng isang usali para ipakita ang kapangyarihan at to project a certain level of modernity. So makikita natin highly related ang architectura ng panahon ito sa mga whims ni Mada. So merong nga tayong termino na nagal na officially na sa dictionary na Emelda, it's an adjective which refers to ostentatiously extravagant to the point of vulgarity. Pansinin natin may concepto ng lujo, may concepto ng monumentality, at may concepto ng mabilis na pagdeliver ng infrastructure. Kasi makikita natin sa mga building sa mga gusali na mong mobilize mo yung resources ng gobierno. So Emelda Marcos at the beginning, even at the first term na for Dan Marcos, merong talagang infatuation with buildings. So they extoll Filipino architecture because they know the power of architecture because architecture is instant propaganda. So balika na lang natin yung rehimend na mat-si. Yung architecture ay isang scenographic backdrop para sa mga ritual ng estado. So mapapasin din natin na itong mga buildings na ito na itinayo ng panahon na ito ay para silang backdrop na para irritualize yung kanilang ascendancy sa kapangyarihan. Maykita natin ito kasi yung mga buildings na ito yung Fofarts Theater, PICC pinayo ito na with the idea of hosting an international event. At sa international event na yun may mga ritual na kasunod ng kasaysayan ng lahi, Miss Universe para talaga iyan, iipasok ang omnipresence ng first football sa consciousness ng taubaya. So si Imelda Marcos ay disipulo ng kagandahan, kaputohanan at kabutihan, the true, the good and the beautiful, the very logo of CCP. So Imelda Marcos galit siya sa pangit. So kailangan yung mga squatters ay tinatago mula sa vision. Kasi it's an anti-desis or an anathema of modernity kasi they were projecting that they are the leaders under their martial law group, that they are the givers of progress, the givers of modernity and modern architecture. Paniway, modern architecture. Mamay, di discuss ko yun. Ito yung mga gawasa, ang box like. So sa panahon ito pinihili ang architectura niya, niliandro loxy natinatag natin brutalist. Gawasa raw concrete, hindi pinintorahan at ito ay may temang magmumula sa bahay kubo, explain ko bahay kubo yung inspiration. So ito yung mga, so partial or provided, the backdrop for this building spree. So Imelda Marcos was an addict for building, huge buildings from designer hospitals, state complexes and even an ambition to relocate, ilipat ang metropoliton manila sa ekisilan ng mapan ng ano. At sa infanta risal napat ay infanta keson ililipat ang may hila kasi hindi tau disaster prone. Anyway, so ito yung mga, ang simula ng patayon ng extravagant na mga buildings ay nagsimula sa CCP. So dun sa Libro Hong Edifice Complex, sinignan ko ang reclaimed area sa Manila Bay, bilang manifestation ng kapangyarihan. Kapangyarihan na hindi not only to mobilize government resources, but also the power over nature, yung ability to transform it into land. So ito yung naging foretex ng artistic and cultural production at that time. These are set piece architecture. But the buildings, although they are modern, yung malakahon, malang ornament, ito yung malapoxy, devoid of ornament at gawa sa konkreto. So because these hard edge materials were associated with modernity and modern progress. And of course technology. So kung titignan mga lang yung cultural center, papaano yung kanyang cantilever, yung mga nakaproject na volume na gawa sa pamagitan ng engineering. So it's an engineering feat in its own. But at the same time, if you look at the building, they are elusive. So ito ay sumisimulo sa bahay Kubo. Hindi literal, kasi si Loxy hindi siya literal, kundi mas poetic. Kung bagay yung pagiging weightless or pagiging magaang, maaliwalas ng mga volumes na ito ay nanggaling sa floating volume ng bahay Kubo. Bakit bahay Kubo? Because bahay Kubo, because the regime was prone to backward looking. So ito yung tinatawa kung paling genetic. Kasi kailangan ng masustain yung national imagination kung babalik ka sa pinaka-primival ancestry ng yung kultura. So kaya magapasin natin yung baranggay, mga sub-native, bakto-native yung bahay Kubo were valorized icons, pati yung mga baybayin nirifunction, niri introduced to sustain the claim for national patrimony. So ang mga gusali, itinoturing ng regalo ng Mrs. Marcos, 50 million gift to the President and the people. So ito naman, pirapakita dito sa Express Week. It's a wonder. Bakit wonder? Actually, 90 days daw ginawa yung folk arts theater. Hindi 77 days na takos kasi it was a feat in engineering and modular coordination kaya nagawa ito mga building nato. So ang Marcos ay Jim, ano yung gustong iproject nga na sila ang Marcos at CML na sila ang ina at ama ng sambaya ng bilibino. So makikita nyo yung, merong deliberate omnipresence. Kasi building, it bombards our everyday existence without us noticing it. So tapos sa mga buildings, makikita mga kanilang imahit. So of course, Imelta was also a diplomat. So a disciple of the truth, the good and the beautiful. At sa mga public buildings na ginawa, sa state architecture, makikita nyo lagi yung kanilang presence. It's almost panoptic. Kasi bakit na? Kasi it's as if these buildings, these monumental buildings when you see them, it is para siyang, in the absence of the figure, yung building ang panoptic. So magpanoptic para, it's as if they are always looking at you. So as a subject, you will because of the monumentality and alluring beauty of the building, you will subject yourself to self-discipline. So ito si Imelta. Tapos, of course, kailangan mo ng mythology. So Imelta Marcos and Ferdinand refunctioned their identity to become the modern-day reincarnation. Nimalakas at maganda na yung ating Philippine Adam and Eve. So katulad nyan. So meron tayong Mount Rushmore, overlooking yung concrete figure na ito sa isang tourism, spot sa may bandang ilokos. Pero sa mga displays nakatubok, ang belief nila na may masamang, masamang spirit na nakahimlai dyan sa Revoluto na yan. Kaya nung after that, sa Revoluto, nagperform sila nag ritual of cleansing, to reclaim na. So si Madame Imelta projected herself as godlike, so goddess rising from the sea or as the reincarnation of the nefertiti. So ito yung mga paintings mga pala, nung makikita nyo dun sa pinablish ng isang architecto, si George Ramos, siyang architecto ng heart center para to glorify. Pinablish ito, malakas ang maganda, parang ay pakita na Ferdinand and Imelta, RD Direct Manifestation of Contemporary Malakas and Maganda. So ito yung mga paintings na yun. So medyo nakakagula. So ano pa ang manapistasyon nito? So of course yung pagigimalakas, may kita natin hosting of the event yung Trilla in Manila in 1975. Of course the host, malak, maganda, the hosting of the Miss Universe pageant. So may kita mo na, iniinsert sa everyday life. Miski sa mga tugtugin na sa mga musika. Ito yung mga plaka inilabas nung panahong dila to honor ang between at ang maharapika. So of course we also see para talagang kompleto yung narrative nga gaji, irirain yung Pilipina na, Pilipina history, Truth and Hanna, sabi nga sa inyong paling genetic, going back to the primeval roots. Like alibato, ngayon by by na taong natin dyan, nerevibe ang typology na yan. And then sa Miss Universe ginaamit yung sariman, bilang logo. So ito mga native, these Philippine vernacular houses kaya sinabi ko dung sa aking libro na ang panahong ito ay vernacular Renaissance. Kasi nga ibinabali yung mga imahil na mga katutubong architektura. Pero pinroseso sa pamagitan ng bukabulario ng modernismo. So pagpasensyan nga nang pag-Pilipina. Pero yung angan na pag-infuse ng Philippine icon sa Philippine architecture, hindi naman siya bago. Kasi na post-colonial tayo na in a post-colonial, post-war context hinahanap natin yung identity natin sa larangan ng architektura. So sa mga international events like na exposition nerepresent natin halimbawang Pilipinas, sa pamagitan ng isang pabilyo na naghugis sa Lakot na spaceship. So sa panahon na Imelda Marcos, even yung mga embahada natin sa, for example, sa Saudi, ganitong itura may mga naga, may mukhang maranaw. Tapos ng expo, 1970, talagang to project a certain level of modernism, nga gamitin may modern architecture, but may kaming familiar Philippine identity. Katulad na sa expo sa Osaka, ginamit yung vinta as the icon. Hindi ko na explain kasi mga ubus oras natin. So ito inauguration. So si Imelda, actually yung cultural center hindi siya bagong diseo. So ito ay original na design ni Luxing para sa Philippine American Cultural Center ng 1961 na hindi na tuloy. Pinalaki lang yung plano at inelevate sa isang platform. So ito yung pinangarap nilang master plan para sa lugar. So nakita natin may amphitheater. So dapad yung folk arts theater. Pero nagtayo sila, noong folk arts na alam natin. So bibilisan ko na. So makikita natin may isang pema yung floating ball yung sa mga architecture na yan. So inimbitahan nila. As a projection talaga yung power to forge the relationship between the US and the Philippines. Inimbitahan si Reagan, then governor of California. So of course UP students will demonstrate sila na in open ang CCP. So that's the CCP folk arts theater. So katulad na nabangit ko, itong mga buildings ito ay isang backdrop. So isang state ritual. Katulad nito ang kasaysayan ng lahay, parang nakapusila sa trono na nagdibigay pugay sa mga citizen na nagpaparata. And they are surrounded by royalties that they invited from fallen kingdoms of Europe. Na parang ang magkaraon ng monarchial aura. Pos yung Philippine International Convention Center itinayo nung 1976 para sa hosting ng IMF World Bank Conference. So katalagang si Emile Damagos nagbid siya para sa hosting na ito. Ganon din naman yung sa Miss Universe. So ito moderno, malaki. Yung field site itinayo ito para ishokais naman yung mga produkto. So it's considered as the forum of the Filipino interpreter. So yung pagdating ng mga foreign guests kasing projection of modernity at a global arena. So yung mid-1970s yung pag-ghosting na ito, talagang nagkaraon ng building boom sa Pilipinas. Particularly yung hotel architecture na pinag-utang ng government. Pero sa tingin ko yung di, sa record yung di nakabahed itong mga ito. Nag-default sila sa kanila ang utap. So parang ay showcase yung Manila as a pedigrid city. Nag-tayo din for that event ng isang museum. Yung Metropolitan Museum of Manila. At nanghiram ng antiquities from the British Museum. Napakapangyarihan na hindi muna magagawa itong ngayon. Nag-hiram ng Egyptian antiquities from the British Museum just to show to the delegates that Manila have a cultural pedigrid. Ito, nakakatawa itong field trade na ito. Itinayo lang ito sa loob ng pitong araw para sa Unktad 5. It's a trade conference ng United Nations. Pero ito, medyo mga vernaca, bahay kubo talaga literary ang inspiration. Ang ano, mayaradin dreams at to create a cultural theme park. Nakinopya na inspire si Madam Suharto at si Queen Syricid na magpatayo sa kanilang bansa because of the Nayong Pilipino. So, alam natin yung Nayong Pilipino, it's a miniaturized Philippines. It's a one-stop shop. So, in a way, it's like a cultural theme park. So, Hinari ni Imelda, yung mga the best architects to reinterpret the different regional architectures across the archipelago. Of course, the landscape design was designed by national artist I. P. Santos. So, of course, you have to build modern airports. And in Luneta, another fascination of Imelda was the beautification of Luneta. So, in this building, isasaran ngayon yung planetari, kasi tapos ang English agreement. So, ito yung 2-in-1. So, mababansin yung ma-concert at the park at sa likod, a building devoted to Sayat, sa the planetarium. So, ginawadin ang mga iba't ibang museum, museum of Philippine traditional culture na mayarong manikin na mga mukhang native. Ito. Ito, museum mo ka na barot Sayat. Tignan nyo yung ano ichuran ng manikin. Diba nakakatakot sa reili mo nakikita mo bilang isang manikin. So, Luneta na rehabilitate. Of course, this period also marked the investment of the government in terms of conservation. So, whether we like it or not, Imelda Marcos started the conservation movement with vegan, Pakopar, Intramuros. Ito yung mga... Of course, may mga na yan, may mahawento yan. Kasi diba yung Intramuros, it's a depressed area especially after the war, maraming squatters. So, just to accomplish it to become a tourist destination, So, ginamit ang our forces of the Philippines. To clean it up and remove all the informal settlers. So, they were... So, in escort sila out of Intramuros at gunpoint. Okay? Ito. So, Santuni Nyushrine, so Metropolitan Museum was completed in four months. Yung Restoration to Foreman sa mantalang ako, itok me five years. So, yung madali ito kasi nga gusto na Imelda Marcos na December. December ito na tapos ng 1970 para ibigayin niya ito sa Citizens of Manila bilang kanyang aginaldo. So, actually, kung yung analize mo yung ginawa na Imelda, it did more harm dun sa building. Kaya we had to, as the architect of Metropolitan, we had to remove what she added on to the building. Ito yung... Ito yung pictures na in-enagurate. So, Imelda Marcos also went to Houston Medical Center and she was inspired to develop a hospital complex in Kesson City. So, the so-called designer hospital. So, it began with the Philippine Heart Center for Asia because, according to her, the number one disease of the Filipinos and Asians is yung heart disease. So, designed by George Ramos. So, in that area also, you will see designer hospitals. These designer hospitals are so designed to cater to a particular organ of the body like the lung center, blood and brain. Ano pa ba? Kidney center. So, question. Medyo nakakatawa din yung... Basahin yung narrative ng opening nito. May gita nyo sa YouTube, yung opening. May marcha-marcha. Tapos, may mga ambulansya. Tapos, may mga confetti na kulay pink. So, kasi gusto na Imelda, but during the inauguration, may pink na helicaptor na papakulan na mga pink confetti. Tapos, in-enagurate ito, hulaan nyo kailan. February 14, I think 1975. So, lungsod ng kabataan. So, papapasin natin sa picture na ito. Kasama niyang in-enagurate. Kasama si Princess Margaret na in-enagurate yung lungsod kabataan. So, matutuwadi tayo kasi every time na may opening na ganyan. Tingnan nyo yung mga halaman, bagong tanim. So, talagang notorious kasi talagang... It's pag may in-open na mga building talagang notorious for production design. So, alimawa may event na ngayon yung mga pulube, kailangan tanggalin. Talagang urban estetization. So, yung grass na hindi pa masyadong malago, overnag pag iking green kasi spray yan ng green. Yung mga coconut tree na walang mga bunga, tatali anang bunga. It's all about projection. So, population center, bi-luxin. So, panasin natin may kahawing-kahawing yung folk arts theater. So, in New York, they were able to buy a property and they converted it into a Philippine center to showcase Philippine culture in New York. These are some of the perspectives. At the high school for the arts were created to ensure that there's a continuous supply of artists to populate the cultural center of the Philippines. But looking at the design of this theater, this began, yung truncated pyramid is an obvious derivative of the yung bubong, yung bubong ng bahay. So, yung truncated pyramid na yan would emerge as a repetitive motif dung sa mga state architecture. So, katulad ng sa batasang pangbansa. So, ganun din yung motif. At tapos yung sa batasang pangbansa, may monumento siya. The monument to Maharlika. I don't know. Hindi na tuloy yan pero talagang meron silang imagination of a kingdom known as Maharlika. So, it's modernist and yet alludes to vernacular architecture. So, sabagyo din, tikita natin yung pyramid na yun pero din rest up to look like Ifugaofale. So, mga traditional roof silhouettes will inspire regional architecture of the government like sa ARMM, Zamboanga Airport na kita natin yung naga, yung mythical serpent na simplify dung sa bubong. Si Mano sa naman would design a more recognizable vernacular architecture nalagang kasi ang filosofi ni Mano sa everything Filipino architecture is generated from the Bajay Kubo. So, it coincided with the nationalist project of Imenda Marco. So, take for example, these are supposed to be cultural centers across Mindanao na itatayusana. But they are clad differently depending on the regional character at site. You have Yakhan, Tiboli, Tausug, Maranau. So, iisang plano pero ibat-ibang ornamentation para to celebrate yung regional. So, papapansin natin that this period na meron unitary image in terms of architecture, particularly the works of loxin. So, kasi isang pan sa isang diwa, that is the architectural dictum also pursued by the Marcos regime. So, to unify the Philippines through a singular architectural imagery. So, ito naman, makikita natin dito sa Simbaha, Iglesia Filipina Independiente. So, gumamit ng coconut, coconut trunks. Pero, gothic architecture talagay yung gusto nilang image. Pero, may anong going native. Makikita natin dito, coconut trunks na meron ilaw na mukang coconut. So, nung 1977, inimbita si Kadafi na pumunta sa Pilipinas. And to showcase, Imelda's sympathetic approach to Islamic Sucessionist movement in Mindanao, nagpatayos sa mainila ng Mosque para ipakita ng kaya na ay Kadafi. So, ito yung Golden Mosque of Kiapo. Na inabstrak yung ukir pattern sa dome, dito sa bulawang dome. Mapapansin din natin na ito, ito 4 months lang. So, mabilisan talaga, what Imelda wants, Imelda gets. So, this is the interior. So, tayong mabilisan, nagditeryurate na ngayon itong building na ito. Tapos, of course, being responsive to Muslim Sucessionist movement, nagpatayos nang Mahalika village with the blue mosque as the centerpiece of the development. Yeah, airports at the Bridge of Love gift na ni Ferdinand K. Imelda that links to islands in Tacloban. Tapos, we have also na, kung merong gabaldon schoolhouses nung early part of the American period, merong din naman bagong lipo na schoolhouses na modular and easy to build. So, that's the painting of Imelda Markos. I did na, an exhibit na Building Modernity at the National Museum. So, it's undeniable naman na Imelda steered na Philippine architecture towards modernity. Whether we like it or not, the period na when the regime poured its resources to building, it was a golden age of Philippine architecture. Talaga kasing nasa isip nila na to develop Philippine architecture pero behind that facade, merong mesinister sign. So, kasi walang public bidding, walang transparency. So, hindi natin nakikita na posibling ang mga infrastructure ang ito ay naging funnel na for corruption. So, Imelda Markos even wrote na, anong mga theory na about architecture tapos, mayan pa siyang online on developing parks. Kung babasayan nil ang extensive, andami nyan siguro na ghost writer. So, architecture for the common man. So, public housing, kapikbaha yan in Tondo. So, naliklame yung Tondo area. Tapos, yung housing na up to now ginagamit parin yung tinataw natin, please. Bagong ito yung mga forerunner na mga made rise subdivision development ngayon. Nagated community pero they use industrial technique to deliver the buildings in the fastest possible time. And that's the system. And this is the bliss in UP, in UP delimad. So, kompleto yan. Sabing anong Imelda, I will take care of the Filipino from boom to tomb. So, pati pag grocery yung kadiwa, yung mga, at the age ko, mga alala natin yung grocery ng bagong lipo na yung kadiwa. Ito yung mga bahay sa Maharlika Village. So, Manuosa also designed Filipino-looking housing projects. Ito yung mga example na ito na hindi naman na tayo. But, ang isang nagawa ni Manuosa, national artist Manuosa, yung Guadalupe Blis, yan sa may Makati. Ito yung longsutsilangan kung saan, jandao mag-relocate ang kamay nila at kasi nga disaster-prone ang mainila. So, they also launched a competition in 1978, the search for the true Philippine architecture. It's a 10 million nationwide house design deal. And of course, we know as a governor, as a governor of metropolitan transport, transportation system, we see yung, ito ko yung mga blue, love bus, LRT. Did you know that LRT had to look bahay Kubo? It was designed by, LRT stations were designed by Manuosa. And supposed to be yung ilalim ay silo, ang concept ni Manuosa silo na may cultural events, may handicrafts, may pedestrian mall, may cultural presentation, pero it did not happen. So, Emelda is also about estitization of the city. Yung magtata yung mga wall para takpan yung mga informal community, mga squatter at pipinturahan ng mga mural. Tapos meron siyang army to clean the city. Nakita natin dito yung iconic water tank na pininturahan ng gulay anyo ng lahi. So here, yung mga blank walls, empty walls, ay naging canvas for enlarged mural painting. So this is the army of cleaners. So nakasalakot talaga. So kung gusto niyong panorin, yung mga development, parang paro di yung pili ko lang tisoy, tari restore palang yung metro aid, yung character. So isan, malapit na yung matapos. So ito na lang. So Emelda Marcus, Agrand from the United Nations, to develop coconut. Because coconut in her proposal is the tree of life. So for her, it can become an ideal building material. And the product of experimentation which was led by Francisco Bawi Manosa was the Pahanang Pilipino, or coconut palace. So the plan was generated using hexagon pattern, hexagon, why hexagon? Because the hexagon was the ideal geometry when you cut the coconut trunk for construction purposes. So tigda lang natin dito. Ito yung mga picture nakinunan immediately after matapos ito. So ito yung ityura niya, hindi na ganitong ityuran, ito ngayon na. Coconut yung chandelier na. Everything, 80%, the walls, the chandeliers, lahat ng laman 80% coconut. Patiyang ano na yan. Patiyang cable na yan na napakahaba. Ayan, ayan na naman yung vernacular ancestry yun. May raha raha doon na ako po sa rattan chair, nung sadulo. So sabi nga nila, sabi na mga kritikon na nung marco sa gumamit sila ng child labor when they did this table. Kasi maliliit yung coconut mose, kailangan maliliit na kamay ang maglili out nito dyan sa table. So in a way parang excessive. So ito na siya ngayon. Yung supposedly ito ay gawa sa coconut. Ngayon fiberglass na lang siya when it was converted to the office of the vice president. So kung may coconut house, Imelda also dreamed of having the banana house which was designed by Manuosa. So ayano, magkita yung ito approved by Imelda Marcos in November 11, 1982. So meron din University of Life, patahan nuclear power plant and the ultimate complex which was very sad was the Parthenon Parthenon by the Bay known as the Manila Film Center because Imelda wanted to have a film festival similar to Cannes which is along the French Riviera and the important white sand for this lake, man-made lake to approximate the look of the French Riviera. So however we know there was a tragedy that haunts the premises of the film center. So look at the two pictures. So the two picture depicts the building five days apart. So ito yung makikita nga the ability of the regime to mobilize its resources. So the building of the Manila Film Center was completed 15 minutes before the opening. Tapos ang mga tira-nim yung mga koko na immediately na-explain ng mga grass. Tapos lahat ng mga fire truck and pump boat ng navy nag-pump ng tubig sa napakalaking fountain just to fill it up just to make the building usable for the event. At hindi pa tapos yung bubong kaya tinapan lang ng lord na kumakikita natin dito sa footage na ito. So hindi pa tapos yung building pero ininagurate na yung event. So yeah. So Emelda Marcos is technically an honorary architect. She was awarded as the first honorary architect of the United Architects of the Philippines. An organization she created in 1975. So in this in this staff na napakaliit na pinapadala natin all throughout the world it did disseminate ang architectural feats of Emelda Marcos Rehabilitation of Brazil Park na yung Pilipino Kung for the agent so forth and so on. So na napakaliit na staff na project yung accomplishment. So nung inaguration nung PICC Pilipin International Convention Center binati na Emelda So you have come to our country at the most exciting time through at somewhat awkward age. When we are challenging negotiating the challenging transition from a traditional order to a progressive humanist society na yung kanyang na na humanist compassionate society. This new complex of building the PICC, the CCP erected on the land reclaimed from the sea stands in dramatic contrast to the slum areas that blight our safety. The contrast of shrine and shanty symbolizes the shining future against our impoverished past. So ganit talaga siya sa sa mga slums na kasi panira sa kanyang vision of a modern city. Kaya even sa pelikula yung mga pelikula nila Broca, La Ismael Berna wala yung pangalan ng Manila Di ba halimbawa si Ismael Berna yung pelikula nyan naging city after dark instead na Manila by night. So may ganung So Emelda Marcos was an architecture addict she was plagued by the edifice complex. So here we see architecture as a political tool. So architecture can never be neutral it can be used to perpetuate a particular ideology. In this case the ideology and mythology of Ferdinand Emelda. With that, Maraming salamat I hope Maraming kay na tutunat.