 So we are going to move a little bit later from the late Bronze Age that we've seen so far So we're going to talk a little bit about the first millennium This is part of a project about copyrights in the northern part of the gearing trace and from the very beginning this project Wanted to trace both the Greek colonists and the Thracian indigenous population and try to see the two different cultural groups and compare their settlement pattern and their way of life In for that reason we have done a systematic survey in four areas area A and B Is in the coastal plain and our plan was to trace the Greek colonists that had arrived and Established a new colony in New Sydney in this area Area C and D as you can see is in the inland area one in the flat Valley of the Xanthi region and one in Rodope Mountain the only one that has been conducted in this part of the of Greece And we wanted to trace the Thracians and how they developed their culture in these areas We found a lot of stuff and not going to tell you numbers. They are very big They range from Burial tumult we have found a hundred and forty of these things. They are they can be huge. I can tell you and they are burial Interestingly enough the Greeks didn't As opposed to the Thracians we expected and a number of small and larger finds have been have been collected in this in this region I'm going to tell you very brief things about them But they give us a quite rich evidence from both cultural groups Now area A and B that I talked in the beginning which are in the coastal area It contain they contain the area A which is the urban area of the city of Avila It's once per kilometer It's a big city for the time that was established and the rest is the area adjacent to it Which is the necropolis, but in fact we found far more interesting things that we expected Areas C and D are the areas that the Thracians we expected To trace them unfortunately the ancient sources are very limited area they talk about tribal areas small settlements and Low visibility was expected now as far as visibility we had Problems as in all surveys. I'm not going into details, but we try managed to find quite a few things Starting from the beginning Abirah is a city that's established in the mid 7th century BC to colonization episodes Which is very very rare case in the Aegean and in general In the mid 7th century people from Clasomeni in the Ionian part of the Aegean move and establish Abirah A hundred years later people from Teos not far from Clasomeni make the same trip Unfortunately the first Colonists were not very successful and the main reason was the environment There were a lot of mosquitoes and they killed Very large number 80% of the burials we have from the mid 7th to the mid 6th belong to children in fancy In fact from few months few days old to one and a half years old So they had a very serious problem later on things seem to have changed Now both areas this is an aerial picture of the city of Abirah I'm afraid the sea was somewhere here at the time dates Two kilometers inland that this has nothing to do with our discussion One of the first things that the people from Clasomeni do is make a wall So they erect one of the first and earliest walls we have in the general world in the mid 7th century BC And their reason is very good creation tribes exist around them and what they want to do is protect themselves So it seems that the relationship they don't start Very well from the beginning Interestingly enough a hundred years later the people from tales that also colonize the same area The first thing they do is they're in model and they make a new wall to protect themselves again from iterations So in a hundred years the relationship between the two cultural groups Is not very clear what happened, but at least in some cases their hostile Some historical sources tell us about burial about the warfare like pindar in the early 50th century So the image we have is mainly hostilities For this early part of the colonized of the colonization episodes The survey has Concentrated first of all in the city. We have done quite detailed Analysis we have quite few Fanks on this area so have a very clear image of what's going on And I'm going to concentrate me to be on for us because they can give us very clear view of the trade and the Changes that are taking place in this period They're found all over the site as you can see they seem to have been used in the secondary using the household economy in Households seem to use them as containing jars But the main concentrations are in the north and Southwest areas these are where the port was located. In fact, we think we have a warehouse Here we have collected 3000 toes only I'm not counting the rest of the So we have a very very good Example of a big concentration of amphora's from this part of the city and What we found out is that first of all we found out that the other produce its own down for us Which you didn't know before with on its own style and if it's on seal which is the The Griffin which is the symbol of the city we know that from the coinage so it's nothing new But the amphora shapes are something new and at the same time thread where the site of Avira imported Amphora's from and their produce so We had many things from fassos amphora's Maronia and the Halkidiki Peninsula in fact from these North Aegean area 80% of the amphora comes from so Trade is connected with your neighbors your immediate neighbors But we have also many materials from less was Ionia here's Cause and even to need us to the south in fact this summer we found things from roads so these go south and from East Aegean 20% of the amphora's imported so Move and east are the main areas where we have amphora's from and trade is conducted from the late 6th until the late 4th century BC In one or two cases we even have from the Black Sea so the exchange networks were extending Further and further from this period on so the Greeks the Greek colonists were very very Happy and they had a lot of stuff importing in their site But what was very strange was that in the mid 4th century we have records from the Athenian Homathems I know in fact Adria was an Athenian Ally And they paid the third highest tax from all the allies that Athens had and we were wondering where they got this money from I mean they must have been very rich to have been taxed so heavily and Possibly the answer is partly in the slides. I saw you before the lot of trade Conducted in this important poll but also in this one where we found metal slags The area that I've recommended does not have any Metals at all, but here we found three main areas of concentration a lot of copper and Irons legs have been located This is close to what we believe is the north entrance of the city and this is the port So we believe that this is a result of trade and exchanges with the tracers Which really control the mountains and all the ores of iron and Gold and silver and bronze that exists in this period. In fact before our systematic survey They are called the local actually said that to us that we have never found any slag There is no metal evidence in the city. So there's you shouldn't expect anything like that. In fact, we found in this area and this area we found evidence of the kills so Things are coming and in a couple of cases We have found pieces that the according to specialists come straight from the ors. They're not Manipulated in any or processed in any other way Apart from that black laced materials quality fine words have been found Loomways was part of the local economy. What you would expect from Great the typical great city I'm afraid we looked at the cooking pots We never found anything tracers in that respect. We want it very much, but we're not that likely Looking outside the city now Things change rapidly and that was very interesting because the landscape concept was very very different Here are in red. I have the highest concentrations outside the city This is the northern wall. There are some Buildings and possibly some occupation just outside the wall. It's it is in some cases known in great cities, but all the rest of the Red areas are very strange I will disregard this area because it's post Post by Zandana and Ottoman in gates. So it's doesn't concern us all the rest are of the classical and Hellenistic period And this becomes even more strange with the next slide, which I have many triangles yellow triangles These are two mulli. There are hundred forty two mulli in this area Some are smaller larger, but if you see very closely their concentrations do not exist On the on the burial to me. They're somewhat different This area is where the two mulli. This is more than two point five kilometers It's a huge necropolis We believe that the concentrations represent from studies that they coexist along with the two mulli. This is an unlike Settlement pattern because in Greece learn that the two mulli necropolis are always Separate and well segregated from the living area. It doesn't happen in this area And we have a couple of old parallels to support this So in this area living area burials coexist, this is something unique We don't know if this owes anything to the relation with the thracians or not, but this is an old thing I'm part of that are the clay and stone sarcophagus found a large number of them across this this region I'm not going to stay into this moving to the area. So this is the area We expected to find the the thracians In most of the area we've we've covered we're very unlucky We didn't find many things in general not on the thracian But when we start going to the northern part of this area, we found interesting concentrations and very big ones This is part of a slope of hill which is in this area And in this area as well in the same hill Two kilometers, I think it's one one point five kilometer away. So it's two separate concentrations They seem to be in a very strategic position with good visibility and they're large. They're quite large There are many herders in size and that was very old And on top of that when we start looking at this area that you see the blue dots This is a riverside dry riverside. We found by the riverbeds a lot of thracian material Interestingly enough it was not only pottery that we found but a lot of slags metal slags And all these sites are next to the water It seems that water was very important for their activities everyday life perhaps symbolic In some ways that we don't know yet Some idea just for you to have an idea of the difference of the of the landscape. These are the slopes This is the valley of Zanthi You can barely see the riverbed. I was telling you all this area is full of thracian material this This hill or this mountain over here is Thassos Island. So they have great visibility many kilometers away And Abira the city of the Greek city just south of this low hill Some well, I couldn't call them structures exactly but they were used in any way natural or not And it just shows you how different the landscape is in this area where there is settlement of thracians was developed still a lot of stuff have been found on the Riverbed in this area and it gives us a very very Clear view of what is going on. These are seven meters high riverbeds. So we have a lot of alluvial Alluviation that has covered much of the classical period Strata in fact we found Shirts of Greek and Thracian period 1.5 to 2 meters below the current surface So what we see is a very covered alluvial place Then we found a lot of stuff of thracian and Greek mainly thracian a little bit of great material Moving to the area D on the mountain area. This was very interesting because We found evidence of thracian material from the late Bronze Age Early iron age and in the first millennium BC It seems that all this area was occupied For the interaction with the Greeks just to say that in the 5th century we have a burial that the Athenian liquefus was located inside In the 2nd century BC Hellenistic period under the Macedonian kingdom There was a Macedonian type tomb of this area Which is typical and very good copy of what they did in the center of Macedonia and thirdly In the Roman period all the finds suggest a very typical Roman site Perhaps suggesting that the cultural interaction and adoption of different cultural elements moved Gradually from the classical period to the Roman phase Just to conclude the relationship between the two groups suggests that there were hostilities between the Greek colonists and the Thracian local population and the tribes We have exchange and trade to a big extent Especially metals but also items for the Thracian were considered exotic or desirable At any rate and finally we have cultural interactions Elements that the Thracian seemed to adopt slowly and gradually through the centuries until the Roman period Thank you very much for your attention