 Well, welcome everybody to St Mary's University for our first talk of our physics cafe series. So first of all, I'd like to congratulate you all because you are all pioneers. You're the first people to attend the very first and very very exciting series which we'll be developing over the coming months and hopefully over the coming years. My name's Claire Taylor, I'm the Pro-Vice Chancellor here at St Mary's. I'm delighted to welcome you, particularly members of our local community, families who've come in a little further apart as well. And we hope that you'll go a little bit of a taste of what we do here at St Mary's, but particularly that to your interest in physics and particularly the area of nanotechnology, our best, grand or worst enemies, and to rising title there, that we're just kind of interested to find out a bit more about. So, without further ado, I'm going to introduce Dr Elisabeth Canneser, who is one of our physics lecturers here at St Mary's. Future physics cafe series sessions will be delivered, not only by Elisabeth, with colleagues from here, but also from colleagues at the National Physical Laboratory with whom we were with our applied physics degree. So plenty of variety to come up, and I hope that you'll look out for the rest of the talks in the series. So, over to you, Elisabeth. Thank you. Thank you, Clare. Well, welcome everybody to this, as Clare said, first talk. So I chose the topic of nanotechnology, first of all because it's one of my expertise as a physicist. But also because I believe it's a topic that interests us as human beings, because we are living nowadays in what is called a nanotechnology era. And I think it's good to understand why we live in a nanotechnology era and what are the pros and cons of living in such an era. So now, the first question that we should ask ourselves is what is nanotechnology after all? We keep hearing this word, but do you really know what it means? Well, nanotechnology, if you just look up nanotechnology in the dictionary, what it will tell you is that it is the engineering of functional system at the molecular scale. It doesn't mean much, does it? Not really. So let us try to understand what it really is. First of all, we have to understand what the nanoscale is. We keep hearing about microscopes, about going to space, a very macro-scale level, but what is the nanoscale? What does it mean? To make the point of what the nanoscale is, I prepared here, I have two of them, so I will split them and you can pass them around. There are three specimens here. One of them is a very macro-scale one. It is a coin, one P coin. Then we go a bit further down. It is a human ear, just one. This is about 50 to 60 microns. One micron is 10 to the minus 6 metres, so it is like one million, one over one million metres. Here I have prepared two specimens of micro bits. One of them is a 30 microns, micrometars bit, the top one, and the bottom one is one micrometars bit. Now you will try to see if you can see them. There are plenty of them because the sample I prepared was extremely concentrated, so there are probably millions of them. But I really want to see if some of you can tell me, yes, I saw one of them because you literally can't, but they are there and that is a nanoscale. You can pass them around and have a look just to start having a feeling. One is here and one I will pass them here. You can just pass them around to try to see the difference. I prepared these two specimens to make you feel what means to work as a nanoscale. You work in the invisible basically, which is what personal fascinated me. I wanted to understand what I couldn't see after all. So now the reason why people are so obsessed with the nanoscale, why people want to have something which is smaller and smaller and smaller, if you think about your mobile phones, your mobile phones become thinner and thinner and thinner. Now they are so thin that they are almost a sheet. But everything is still in there. There are still transistors, there are still batteries, but everything must be miniaturised, so everything must become extremely small. So that's why there is this obsession with nanoscale. But there is another reason, not just because it's handier to carry a mobile phone which is not a massive piece of metal. There is another reason, the physical properties of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are, I will talk a bit more about nanomaterials, but they are very much with us and I will show you where. But the other thing is that the physical, mechanical, chemical properties of materials at the nanoscale change drastically. So this doesn't mean that they become better, but certainly they change and sometimes they change in a way that they can make the sort of job better than the same material at the macro scale. So the properties will be enhanced. For example, a material which can conduce electricity will conduce electricity much better at the nanoscale, which is for example the reason why you have transistors which are smaller, smaller and smaller and smaller. Now, in order again to show the differences between the properties of a material at the nanoscale and the same material at the macro scale, I have prepared a bit more than two, prepared ten of them so you can play around of these things. You can wonder what on earth is this thing. This one is called non-Newtonian fluid and I've got plenty of them. Now, a Newtonian fluid is usually fluid that follows the third law of Newton, Newton's third law, which means that if you apply, you act basically on the material. The material will respond straight away to you in a quite predictable way. Like for example, if I kick this one, this one will move. A simple as that. This liquid, this material doesn't work that way. Now, if you see and you will feel it, it's quite liquid. But if I compress it very strongly and suddenly, it becomes solid. You can feel it, you can do that and then compress it and you will feel that it becomes solid. So again, I will pass it around, you can play around as much as you want. I have plenty of them, you can have one, whatever. Then, sorry. You can really squeeze it. Oh, thank you Peter. You can squeeze it, try it. Sometimes there is a bit of water inside. You have to excuse if it is a bit, you know, sort of watery. Then I have some more here. Oh, thank you Anne. Thank you so much. So, now, as you can see, if you leave it alone basically, it's liquid. But if you start compressing it or even squeezing it slightly, but suddenly it becomes solid. Yeah? Can you feel that? Now, it sounds strange and you can wonder what on earth is in there. Now, in there, there is only core starch and water. It's made of core starch and water. Nothing more than that. And that is a non-Newtonian fluid. So, what is happening? What is happening is that when core starch and water come together, they start and you compress them so you basically apply a pressure suddenly, the interaction between the two of them changes completely. So, they don't behave anymore as a macro scale. They interact in a different way. Okay? And that concept is used already in, for example, some armors that are used to protect the body. So, there are some forms which are very soft and comfortable if you leave them alone. But if someone is punching you and you are protected by this form and is punching you and the form, obviously, suddenly, then the form will become solid and so your body will be protected. This is used, for example, in army forces, etc. So, these are nanomaterials and core starch and water is a nanomaterial, after all, in his own right. Okay? So, this is just to give you a feeling of what means to work as a nanoscale and what type of changes you can have. Other materials which are non-Newtonian are, for example, ketchup. When you use ketchup, you are using a non-Newtonian fluid and, in fact, sometimes you try to squeeze the ketchup. It doesn't come out and then it comes out all of a sudden for that reason. Or toothpaste in other non-Newtonian fluid. So, as you can see, there are plenty of them. Again, talking about nanomaterials, nanomaterials, some of them exist in nature but some others don't. So, most of the nanomaterials we use nowadays are engineers. So, they are made by us, by scientists. There are two ways to make a nanomaterial. The two ways, the two methods are top-down or bottom-up. The top-down, it means that you have a material, a buck, a very coarse material and you start basically cutting down the material like etching the material chemically or basically creating small, small particles out of it. And this is the way, for example, microchips are created, are made. Microchips are the little things that are in your mobile phones, in your PCs and they make all your little gadgets work. So, that's the way they are made. They are made from a very huge buck and then chemically etched in order to get the microchip. The bottom-up is basically the other way around. You have atoms, individual atoms, and you put them together somehow in order to create a material. This is what the method used to make nanoparticles and we will talk about nanoparticles. So, what the scientists do, they move around atom by atom, they put them together and they create nanoparticles. There can be some of the microparticles that are in the samples are one micron, which are huge, they are really huge. Nanoparticles are from 100 nanometers below. One nanometer is one billion of a meter, so you can't set any season. So, now, if we think about history, the development of human beings is very much related to how they use materials. If you think about prehistory, for example, if you think about the stone age, then people during the stone age era, they were using stone to make everything, even beds, furniture, et cetera. There are some very ancient villages and not only the stone range area, but still there are beds, furniture, which are made of stone, that's what they were using, because this is the only thing they had, or they could manage, they could handle. After that we have the bronze age, where they started using bronze and their alloys, and then iron age. For about 2.5, well, in the last 2.5 million years, we went from stone age up to about, well, beginning of probably 19th, 28th century, particularly the 19th century, when we had what is called the first industrial revolution here in Britain, in the UK, in the middle of 18th century. This was a huge breakthrough when all the steam engines were discovered, where basically industry literally started. People were, for example, waving wool or fabrics, but after the industrial revolution, industry started in order to wave or to make fabrics, materials, et cetera. After that, in the middle of 19th century, we had the second industrial revolution, which was the UK, Germany and America, the US, and was called the technological revolution, where people started building railways, again more industrialisation, more technology, automobiles, cars, et cetera. After that, about in the 28th century, so as you can see, every 100 years, starting from middle of 18th century, we started having more and more revolutions. The last one, which is the revolution we are experiencing, the third revolution, the nanotechnology one, started about in the 19th century, so about 30 years ago, 25, no, 30 years ago, I would say. It was the period when the first mobile phones appeared, which were quite massive, I would say. Remember, my first one was quite a big one, but it was working. It didn't really do what our mobile phones do now, and just about what 30 years have passed. So in the last one, the nanotechnology one, which is the era in which we are living now, people are more and more obsessed with moving atoms and working with individual atoms, basically, to make materials, to make what we use nowadays. So, for example, if you think about... many of you probably have used anti-scratch paint, for your car or for the external walls of your house. Now, those paints are a blend of a polymer and silver nanoparticles. Because there are silver nanoparticles inside, the material becomes very abrasion resistant, so you can scratch it even and it doesn't suffer any damage, which is good for cars and the walls of your house, et cetera. Another application of nanomaterials is in lithium-ion batteries, which are used in some of our pieces, the pieces who have batteries who can last for seven hours or eight hours are lithium batteries. And the reason why they can last for so long is because there is a blend of carbon nanotubes inside to make them last for so long. Another example are carbon nanotubes, which are used in transistors. The transistors that we have in our mobile phones and they can do so many things and they are so tiny. So, now, nanotechnology... Now, you can think that nanotechnology is something that exists only now, started now. Well, it isn't. Nanotechnology started, well, a long, long time ago. If you think about all the glass technologies, the medieval glass technologies, they were nanotechnology. Because most of, not most, all the wonderful color glasses that we have in the churches, et cetera, they are made of glass, of course, but the glass is impinged with the specs of copper or gold, et cetera, to get the different colors, like there are glasses that can be both red or green, according to the light. In some churches, in particular the Gothic churches, these type of glasses are there. And because they are impinged with specs of copper, and according to the sort of oxidization of the copper, you can have red or green, which is something which is triggered by the light. By another example, which is in the British Museum, if you haven't seen it, please go, it's amazing, is what is called the Lycurgus Cup. The Lycurgus Cup is a cup which was made in the fourth century of the here, well, in Italian we call it Annus Domini, which means after basically Christ was died. So that here in the fourth century it was made here in Britain. And his characteristic, that is made of a glass, which is called dichroic glass, and the British Museum is inside a box basically. And you can light the light, switch on the light at a certain angle. When the light is off, you will see the cup as green. If you switch on the light, you will see it as red. And it is a beautiful red. And that was made by people who didn't really know about nanotechnology, but they were nanotechnologists. So nanotechnology is with us since a very, very long time. Another application is on our clothes, for example. There are some clothes nowadays that are water repellent, or they are stain repellent, or they are supposed to. So basically if you stain yourself, nothing is left, which is very good. You don't have to basically try to clean it or try to get rid of that stain. And this is because on the surface, you can't feel it by it's there. There are a lot of little, little hairs, which are sort of rolls, little rolls of a few nanometas, which is a nanomaterial. So it's like a sort of fur basically by the nanoscale. That's why they are waterproof or they are stain proof. Then another example, something you use during summer, sunscreens. If you want to buy sunscreens, if you look at the ingredients, you will see all of them, or most of them, they have nanoparticles inside. They have either zinc oxide nanoparticles or titanium oxide nanoparticles. Now the reason why there are these nanoparticles inside is because when you spread the sunscreens on your body, basically you are creating a shield, literally, nanoparticles on your body, which will protect you very well from UV, et cetera, et cetera. Now the previous, the older version of this sunscreen had quite large nanoparticles. Large means 300, 400 nanometres. So when you were spreading them on your body, it was like white. So some sunscreens were leaving a sort of white layer on you. These were the nanoparticles. Now they are tiny, tiny. So basically they become transparent to light, but they are still there and they are making quite a good protection for us. So as you can see you use nanotechnology without probably knowing it. You are already using it. You are really putting it on your body. Many cosmetics, particularly the laurel ones, they are nanoparticles based, for example. Now these are sort of advantages of nanotechnology. But obviously there are also sort of downsides of nanotechnology. So now let us see which has the downsides. Nanotechnology is good and it is bad. We have just to use it carefully. It is bad because we have to be careful to our health. Nanoparticles are extremely tiny. Obviously they are just few nanometres. So their properties are changing. They change. So well, if a material is behaving in a certain way at the macro scale, this does not mean that it is behaving the same way at the nanoscale. So we have to be careful and be sure that we know how it is behaving as though we are going to make a mess of ourselves and our environment. So health issues are the main issues in nanotechnology and there is a lot of debate going on in the government among the scientists et cetera et cetera. So one of the advantages in health of nanotechnology is what is called nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is still in its infancy after all. It is not really there but we start experiencing it slowly slowly slowly. In particular in cancer research. There is a lot of talking about gold nanoparticles which are already used in cancer treatment and cancer therapy where the patient is injected with gold nanoparticles of about probably 20 nanometers, even smaller than that. They are coated with a certain protein, certain chemical which is attracted by the cancer itself. So when then this nanoparticle finds a cancer cell it will basically well it depends on what the nanoparticle does. Some of them they are uptaked by the cancer and once they are inside they basically release the drug which will kill the cancer. Some others they will just release the the drug being outside the cancer cell. But these are already technology which are there. Some people are saved by nanomedicine, in particular people who are affected by cancer. But again here there is a downside nanotoxicology which is already again something which people talk about, not just scientists, also policy makers, philosophers a lot, social scientists again a lot. So now technology is basically a topic which is not just for scientists it's also for people who work more on the philosophical ethical side of it. Now the reason why again there is so much debating because as I said it can be good but it can also be bad. And not just for us also for the environment. There are already a lot of nanotechnology sort of methods used for example to purify water. Which is good for places where the water is not there is not so much water and most of it is contaminated. So there are techniques now nanotechnology membranes in particular made of nanofibers which can purify the water without leaving any residue. So then people can drink that water. Which is a good thing. But then there is the downside. The downside is the membranes of which well the nanomaterial which these membranes are made can be biocompatible so is basically can nature deal with this material or will be contaminated by the material. Because some of these materials are made of heavy metals. Now if a heavy metals goes into the for example a water stream then can kill fishes which is recognized. And or if a fish basically is living in that water and we eat that fish then the heavy metals will go in our body and will be poisoned. So there are a lot of downsides and we have to be extremely careful to what we use and how. And that's why there is so much debate and so many sort of policies in place. This is called nano pollution. So just the pollution we have in our cities but this is something more dangerous because it is invisible so we can't see it but it's there. Another effect of another impact basically of nano pollution is in plants. There are now new studies of basically type of soil that can be used in order to have plants growing very quickly. This soil is treated with titanium dioxide particles. Now these titanium dioxide particles people don't really understand if they are dangerous or not. But the study are about the uptake of these nano particles from the plant. Because if the plant is uptake of the nano particle and the plant is for example eaten by either an animal or a human being directly then the nano particles will go inside the human being. And if they are toxic the human being will be poisoned. So there is a lot of debate about what to use how and how harmful can be. Maybe it's not going to be harmful now but it can be harmful in a longer term. Which is something people need to think about. Another area in which nano technology is helping us usually is energy. Not just energy storage but also energy saving because there is a new type of thermal insulators materials which are extremely good to do the job of insulating thermically our houses and they are nanofibers based on nanocarbon nanotubes based. And another area where nanotechnology is doing a good job is the area of enhancement of renewable energy sources. Which is good because some of the energy sources we are using we run out very quickly or not very quickly but quite soon I would say. So we have to find other sources. And some of the sources that have been found which are nanotechnology based are very good. But then there is a downside which is sociological downside. If for example we create a wonderful renewable source which is nanotechnology based. That means that all the countries for example use oil or export oil as a source then we experience an economical crash. So the downside is on society. It's good on one side it's bad on the other. It's probably good for one country and bad for the other country. So we must keep a balance somehow which is what is difficult with nanotechnology. So as you can see it's a very complex and articulated subject and it's not just scientific. And it's got a huge impact on us because we use it but also on our society, on our economy, on our market and so on. Now I want just to basically try to wrap up what I'm talking about this way then we can start our discussion about nanotechnology if you have a question talked about if you want to know more about some things I've mentioned. But there are a couple of discoveries which are very recent and people talk quite a lot about it. One is the manipulation of light. Light is a beautiful thing but can be manipulated and there are new lenses which are nanomaterials made of nanomaterials which in future will allow us to see extremely small objects which is good for biology or medicine etc without using enormous microscopes as we are doing at the moment. But the other manipulation is even more intriguing. It's called cloaking device and cloaking means invisibility. So objects can make invisible by manipulating the light which is again something quite amazing. There are future directions in nanotechnology. So one direction is what is called molecular manufacturing which is also called the Star Trek replicator. Now I don't know how many of you are familiar with Star Trek but there was in Star Trek a replicator which is a machine that can make things. If you want a cup of tea and a cup of tea will appear. Now this is possible and people are studying how to make it a reality. It's possible because if you manipulate atoms like the atom of the cup and the atom of your tea and you assemble the atoms in the right place you will have your cup and you will have your tea inside. So it is possible and they are working on it in order to make a replicator a reality. Then the other area in which nanotechnology is advancing at a very fast pace is medicine which is what is called nanorobos. Some nanorobos are being developed in order to make surgery inside the body. So the idea is to have the nanorobos injected in the blast stream of the patient with all the tools needed for the surgery and it will be the nanorobos guided obviously by the surgeon outside the body of the patient to perform the surgery. This is still in his infancy but there is quite a lot of research going on in there. And then obviously the environment in order to make our environment cleaner and cleaner if possible. So just to basically conclude as you can see nanotechnology is our friend and can make our life easy comfortable enjoyable we have to be careful how we use it we have to understand what we are using not just to use it because it makes our life easier but to understand if we can use it basically. So because we are living in a nanotechnology era we must understand what nanotechnology is about but not just the scientists even all of us who are using that those gadgets and those materials. So basically I like to use an old saying which is says knowledge is power which is true. It's true for nanotechnology. We must know what we are using in order to make the best use of it without getting basically hard or harmed by what we are using. So I leave you with this one so thank you so much for listening and please ask as many questions as you want and I will be more than happy to have a discussion with you about this topic but thank you so much for your patience and for listening. So is there any sort of burning question or something you want to know more about something I haven't talked about sorry. Is there any question? But what I said yes Peter. Yes. Well to be honest on one side it is because the 3D printing the way it works you have basically a polymer which is the positive polymer layer by layer until you get whatever you want in 3D and some polymers they are basically blended with nanomaterials. So in his own way the technique itself is not nano but the materials used to create what you want to print what you want is nanotechnology so it is a blending of sort of macroscale and nanoscale that's why nanotechnology is a bit anywhere because it fits in whatever we do after all. So yes and they are sending 3D printing from space or to space and there is a lot of nanotechnology going on in the international space station for this reason to understand you know how things work not only here but also a sort of absence of gravity etc to see how the material behave in different conditions so this was a good point Peter. Anyone else? Yes John. Some of the things that can be potentially damaging. Yes. Are there some new hazards because of the nanoscale? Yes. The heavy metals are one problem but it is a problem that is there since quite a while. There are new problems linked to the fact that the material is at the nanoscale because the problems are linked to the fact that many times we do not really understand why a material is changing his behaviour at the nanoscale. We know that he's doing it that's fine but many times we do not understand why. So we can't really control it and we can't really control the effects because we don't know what's going on we know that it's happening but we don't understand why the damage is power because if we keep using something just because it works but we don't understand why it works in that way it can be a dangerous thing we can't just use something basically blindly so the damages are more because we don't understand why it is working in that way why for example the magnetic properties of some materials are better than nanoscale what does this mean is going to be a good thing or a bad thing we can't control it we don't know that it's happening that's it and this is dangerous it's the downside of nanotechnology basically Do you have any words? Yes Anna I have no silly questions My daughter is the biggest Harry Potter fan there is in the world How long will it be before Christmas I can buy her an invisibility cloak Not long because not long at all because there is someone in the US who has discovered a way to make an invisibility cloak basically you have to put your daughter behind the lens and then this particular lens will somehow deviate the light so the light will go around your daughter and your daughter will sit over the head but not the rest so it's possible and there are some materials now they are called metamaterials they are called metamaterials because the properties are between nanoscale and macroscale just like in between people still don't really understand how they work that is the downside but they can deflect the light so whatever is underneath this object with this metamaterials it will be invisible because the light is deflected so it's only what goes through the what the light can go through you can see but not what is shielded somehow from the light so you're almost there you're almost there we will have cloaking devices anywhere but that's a good idea there was a lot of study about the invisibility cloak and in the past it was just theoretical but now it's becoming a material that people can use oh yeah, I was already doing it I think the new metamaterials for Zetton that's a good idea many people will be happy so anyone else has to yes, Trevor well, hopefully not yeah, the grey goo the grey goo is a sort of scenario in nanotechnology where you have something that works as I said but you don't really understand how it works so the thing, the material can be good or bad and it's called grey because in a sort of grey area you don't really know if it is good or bad and it can be a goo or a muddle thing in which you can basically trap yourself somehow is that what you had in mind, Trevor? so we can basically get trapped in something that will harm us quite a lot and it's called grey goo for that reason because we will get trapped in this sort of apocalypse but I don't think that it will happen if we understand what we are doing it's probably going to happen if we keep doing things without really understanding then we will probably be in a grey goo sooner or later but if we understand what we are doing then we can probably avoid to be basically trapped by a big blob of God knows what which is the point of all that so as I said nanotechnology is a wonderful thing but we have to be careful because the problem is that the scale is so tiny and it can really enter anything and it can harm us quite a lot that's why for example personally personally I can't really use something which has got nanoparticle inside even though I know they are safe but still I have the sort of barrier probably because I worked too much with nanoparticles all the sunscreens etc they are good but because I also work with L'Oreal once in checking the nanoparticles I sometimes prefer not to use it just successful we could find the right size but still so it's like that's why we have to be careful not just to use it just because someone is telling you use it is good I want to personally I want to know better and I think that everybody should have a sort of attitude so that's why people should be made more aware of what nanotechnology is Is there any other question? A sort of burning one? Yes Can your students actually do any work with nanoparticles? What do you do in the studies or generally? In the ethnography in the studies yes Yes they can when you work with nanoparticles there are procedures that need to be followed so then we go into what is called occupational health or health in the workplace so when they work they have for example our year one students they do an experiments in nanoparticles they have to make gold nanoparticles so different sizes so in that case we made a point that because they are making literally making gold nanoparticles of different sizes they have to be careful of for example wearing gloves because if they can control the size and some liquid containing nanoparticles touches their skin if they are small enough to enter the pores that's not a very nice thing and then well you can't really inhale them but there are some processes where you are in particular for the top down when you start either etching or you start literally pulverizing a material in order to get the nanoparticles you can inhale it so you have to wear masks so that's the point we do with our students so when they do the nanotechnology module with me for example I made the point and then they have to do the experiment with nanoparticles I always made the point you use them but be aware that what you are using is something you can't see but can harm you if you don't handle them properly so there are sort of safety rules that needs to be followed very strictly in order to well work safely so it's possible and we do that but be aware of that Is there any other question you want to ask or curiosity sort of burning question you have Yes Ali as the conductor of the gauge of the gauge of the gauge but how do you think the process are being very often done at the events The defects in carbon nanotubes so how to control them well that is one of the points is carbon nanotubes are a wonderful thing but they are also quite dangerous so in the past for example carbon nanotubes and also now well you have to be careful when you made them as Ali said you can have defects in the carbon nanotubes or that means that if they are not made properly rather than doing the job they are supposed to do they do another one which can be harmful the other problem with carbon nanotubes they are sharp roads now if you made them too sharp like needles literally needles and you wear something which is made of carbon nanotubes if it is not made perfectly well some of the carbon nanotubes could potentially enter your body so they have to be therefore well made and also the material like clothes or anything made with carbon nanotubes must be made at perfection in order to avoid the downside of basically being poisoned by carbon nanotubes just because you come into contact with them and then yes also the defects so when you manufacture them then you have to be careful to how you do it because carbon nanotubes they are made they don't exist in nature so human beings make them and there are different methods that you can use so the methodology is well controlled and well known and there are sort of grey areas in the manufacturing of carbon nanotubes that need to be explored a bit more so yes with carbon nanotubes we need to be careful there are a lot of things made of carbon nanotubes even tennis rackets for example because they are light a lot of bicycles, mountain bikes they are made of carbon nanotubes but a lot of clothing also so people need to be aware of that that there are carbon nanotubes inside also to the manufacturer who is making it so as you can see the downside nanotechnology is very useful but you have to be aware of potential dangers of it which are we are not going to die on nanotechnology but hopefully not at least but being careful is a good thing because it is helping us after all means making our life quite easy any more to that? yes Peter the government is taking into account a lot of the effort into graphene taking into account all your concerns are those concerns being mitigated if you like but not into graphene well graphene is is a great material it is because the material are so wondrous because well one just one layer of carbon atom thick so it is extremely thin extremely flexible and graphene has so far it seems that it is not harmful it is not dangerous which is the reason why is basically used so heavily because graphite from which graphene comes well graphite is dangerous after all graphite is the pencil we use is graphite so we can really have graphite anytime in our life and we use it but graphene is a material so wondrous because it's not harmful it doesn't really harm after all it's not toxic or people didn't find any toxicity in graphene that's why graphene is heavily used nowadays in making micro chips and in fact rather than the silicon valley they want to call it the graphene valley because silicon slowly slowly is not used well slowly slowly is going to be not used in making micro chips or nano chips now because it would be made of graphene graphene has got wonderful mechanical and chemical and electrical and magnetic properties and yes it's not harmful to human beings so that's why people use it quite safely and it is a wonderful material because it's got all the properties that the material should have in order to again make our gadgets et cetera so yeah there I don't have any concern I'm happy there with graphene any other question you want to ask are you curious about no well in that case so we can you know just try to wrap up this session so thank you so much really for coming for attending hopefully you have enjoyed it as Claire was saying this is the first one of the series so the next one will be in January 2015 if I'm not mistaken it will be 26th of January and it will be one of our colleagues from the National Physical Abort which is our partner in the applied physical degree we have here and he will be talking if I'm not mistaken about very low temperatures and so there will be sort of liquid nitrogen type of event and you are more than welcome obviously to attend that one or the others the next one after the next one will be in April and it will be on bubbles again it will be our colleague from MPL and the last one will be Ali which is sitting there wave come on another of our colleagues working with us on the degree another physicist and he will be talking about what Ali gravity he is a cosmologist so I am more the experimental side he is more the theoretical side so and he will be basically concluding our first series of physics cafe talks so I hope you have enjoyed it you have learned hopefully something more questions you can just drop me an email anytime but thank you so much for being with us this evening thank you