 We have removed every structure from the abdomen and we are seeing the posterior abdominal wall. These are the locations where the kidneys are located. So let's take the left side. I've lifted up thin membrane structure here and I've reflected here and I've reflected here. This is the posterior parietal peritoneum and after that we can see a thick fatty layer. This is the retroperitoneal fat. Once we cut open the retroperitoneal fat which we have done here, we notice that the retroperitoneal fat which is of variable thickness, which varies from person to person, there is a distinct plane of cleavage and we can see yet another layer here. This is the continuation of the fascia transversalis which here in this region becomes known as the anterior layer of the renal fascia or the gerotas fascia. And under that we can see yet one more layer of fat. This is the perinephric fat and once we remove this, then we can see the kidney here. Fascia transversalis, as it moves medially on the posterior abdominal wall, it splits to form the renal fascia or the gerotas fascia and it forms an anterior layer of renal fascia and there is a posterior layer of renal fascia and inside that layer we have this fat which is the perinephric fat and further posteriorly, behind the posterior layer of renal fascia, there will be yet one more layer of fat and that is known as the pararenal fat body. So these are all the fatty structures and the fascia structures around the kidney. We have shown it on the left side. We can show the similar thing on the right side also. Though there is a slight variation. I am lifting up the posterior peritoneum here and we can see the retroperitoneal fat. We have separated it out here and we can see the beginning of the renal fascia or the gerotas fascia with the perinephric fat here. That's all we can see on this side because of certain pathology, the findings are not so clear as on the left side. This extraperitoneal fat is a well documented area for retroperitoneal lipoma, retroperitoneal liposarcoma and as an adverse effect to certain medications, the patient can also develop what is known as retroperitoneal fibrosis and obstruction of the ureter. We have completely removed everything. I am standing on the right side. Camera person is on the left side. This is going to be a demonstration of the kidney and the ureter and the vascular structures. Let's start with the peritoneum here on the left side. This is the peritoneum, this shiny thing that you see here. When this peritoneum comes in front of the kidney, we can see that the kidney is retroperitoneal. So we have reflected the peritoneum. Under that there is a layer of fat which is called the retroperitoneal fat. After we have removed the retroperitoneal fat, we have two other layers of fat and we can see one of the layers of fat here. We have retained a little bit of that on the left side. This is the perinephric fat which completely encircles the kidney and this perinephric fat is situated under the renal fascia or the gerotas fascia. The gerotas fascia is derived from the extension of the fascia transversalis which splits anteriorly and posterior to enclose. Further posteriorly we see this layer of fat which is behind the posterior layer of gerotas fascia and this is referred to as the pararenal fat body. So we have removed all of this and once we removed this fat anteriorly, we noticed that this particular kidney had a very thick and a white renal capsule which was completely separate from the kidney. Normally the renal capsule cannot be separated so easily and we can see it here and inside the kidney is quite shrunken and atrophic. So this is what we see on the left side and if you were to look on the posterior aspect, we can see multiple honeycombed appearances of the kidney. So this looked like an end stage renal disease. If we were to look on the right side, we see the same thing to an even more extreme degree. Here we have completely removed all the fat and fascia and we can see that the kidney is completely atrophic and we can see this is that renal capsule I was talking about. It is thick, it is white and it is easily separable from the kidney and we have separated it out from here and we can see the kidney has got multiple honeycombed appearance. So this is the first abnormality that we noticed about both the side kidneys. Now let's take a look at the blood vessels of the kidney. This is the inferior vena cava and this is the aorta. We can see this vein coming out. This is the renal vein and as we know the left renal vein is longer than the right renal vein. The left renal vein is opening into the hyalum of the kidney and it is receiving this vein here. This is the left supra renal vein. This is the left supra renal gland and it is also receiving these veins here. These are the left testicular or the gunadal vein. Accompanied this, we have this vessel here. This is the left renal artery. We can see that in this particular cadaver there are not one but two left renal arteries. This is the one which I have picked up here. It is coming from the aorta. We can see one here and we can see yet one more left renal artery and it is coming from here. This is the other renal artery which is coming from the aorta. Therefore there are two distinct renal arteries coming from the aorta. Now we will shift our focus to the right side. We can see that this is the right renal vein coming from the inferior vena keva. It is coming from one origin and it is becoming two. And here also we can see two right renal arteries. One of them is this one coming from the aorta here and we can see yet another one coming from the aorta here. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Have a nice day.