 Okay, so I can tell something about these, yeah? As you said, I was like, to marineology training, and then I was always passionate about science, and I did like a lot of doctors, just to like science to get their titles, right? I was really passionate about the project, so, and I really came up with new ideas and stuff. I always did like two days a week in basic medical imaging sciences, and then I realized that there's not everything like it could be, you know? There's no links in the references in the paper. Why is it the case? Well, and then I thought about open science and all these things, and friends of mine founded a research game. It was like a crazy idea, very early stages, so I started to think about open science, opening science, and then, well, as she said, the next revolution is the blockchain revolution in science. Okay, so, we had like this last week, these four days of uncomference in Vienna, Zurich, and Zug, where almost 50% of the blockchain for science projects worldwide came here, like from artifacts from North America and two other guys from North America, and Korea, and from Belarus, and so we're all talking together like what's in there in the world, what's the status of blockchain for science? And I will first go over what is actually blockchain, and you will hear something that you've heard a couple of times already, but there will be also new aspects. And then I get into the crypto economy for science, and then I like showcase a project and how they could all work together, maybe potentially in person, and some pain points of blockchain. Okay, so, what is blockchain? Well, it's a shake of blocks, okay? We heard this a lot of times, but I want to add the hash of the references into the previous vlog, right? And I compare this to the term internet. We had this today, and I really like this comparison. Internet was a protocol or some interfaces between networks, right? But nowadays, we use the term internet much wider. The same happened with blockchain, yeah? It's not longer the shake of blocks, yeah? It's something, it's much more, yeah? And I like the comparison from another perspective, like, there was one guy who mentioned that blockchain, the only thing that blockchain does is basically doing decentralized time stamping of something, right? And this comparison is as useful or as useless or meaningful or meaningless as to say, the internet just like transfers bytes from one computer to the other, yeah? Okay, well, it's the thing that we made out of it. And I like this comparison because like, the internet is a collection of the computers and blockchain is the time of negotiators that are just in this network, you know, the shake, right? And I actually had this slide in that blockchain is just a method of decentralized time stamping of anything. I removed it because I thought like, these are too many abstractions, right? So what, okay, now we came to it. And I booked my flight in the internet, right? So I can make some meanings out of the bytes and this is the same what we do because you understand as a blockchain, yeah? Blockchain can be interpreted as a way online services or database are organized, yeah? We had this distribute, I will like talk about decentralized. They can be immutable, they don't have to be and it's not, no, in reality, immutable means happened only that I just, every change is that I do to the system. I can't even move it, just like a paper. It resembles like what paper means to our society as any contract, I delete something and it believes in trace. Blockchain under certain conditions does the same in computer memory, in computer space. If we have an extra sheet at home, we open it, we delete a number, we search at a number, maybe the mouse was just sick, you know, the P-value is not reached if I drop this mouse and I will have to P-value get a major publication, right? In blockchain, this wouldn't be possible because there wouldn't be a trace if there was another mouse, okay? So this is like, and this all to trust a third party and puts like an important thing and this was not mentioned like in the right way is like blockchain makes an internet service transparent and proven to the outside, to the outside, yeah? And a service runs and advertised, like built in stone, yeah? But it's so common for us that we trust an internet service that it does what it says it does. Like Facebook says that it only increase the amount of likes if somebody clicks the like button but we just have to trust them, right? There's no way of us really knowing this. In blockchain world, this is different. The easiest form would seem Bitcoin. Everybody can see that you only can send Bitcoin from one address to the other one if you have cryptographic proof of the private key that belongs to this address, right? And this is like interesting for science as well because we don't distribute research money according to the amount of retweets or likes because our government would never accept to rely on a trusted third party, such as a resource gate, to measure the amount of likes and allow research to put on it because we all know that they can just sit down with an admin password and just change the amount of likes, okay? As soon as there is some monetary interest, blockchain has like a value to like make a service provable to the outside, okay? Well, this is like, blockchain is a socio-techno-economical, legal and cultural evolution or evolution, a fascination of game theories, strong cryptography, tech and money, and it's a hype, we had this a couple of times. And I like, I don't have anything like, I have a problem with hypes, right? And I want to use the hypes that is associated with blockchain to piggyback stuff on the hype to get this out into the research world, right? If you make it right and use it. So I want to use the hype, not abuse it, that some people do in ICOs and scams, let's use the hype to like, fix something in the science world, okay? And, okay, this we didn't have in this form, like what is blockchain? You can also like include this into blockchain, like we had like this pseudo-numos identity. Well, what you do in blockchain is you kind of keep control over the system in a way that you keep the private key under your own control and every change to the system you sign. If you log in into Facebook, we have a password of course, but then we trust Facebook to do whatever they want to do with my identity, right? In blockchain world, we keep like as Conan said, like for example, the key in the Metabas, browser plug in, or even in the internet of things in a ship, and design every transaction or change to the database. And if you don't like the change, it's not going to happen because we don't sign the transaction, okay? This could also be sub-summarized under blockchain. Conan said this already like, I have another diagram for the same thing, like blockchain is a new way to look at computer security. You all know these things, right? And in blockchain world, so game theory, economic incentives, photography, these, all these things, like Bitcoin just runs in divide open, yeah? Everybody can like, do everything like spam system, it doesn't work. It's so, so economic incentives, it's so secure that it's always better to act in a good way with the Bitcoin system, yeah? So it can be seen as a new way to look at computer security. And then, blockchain is, well, we all know that somebody wants to service. He can like, on the hardware somewhere, he can change the service or manipulate the data as he wants to. In blockchain world, it's no longer the case. Of course, blockchain systems run on some hardware somewhere. But whoever controls the hardware doesn't have any control over the service automatically. Yeah, this is a new aspect. And it's the detachment. In the most beautiful form, this is like in crypto clouds, but not like name one, like five point or swarm. It's like, you know that, like, there's no cloud, right? There's only somebody else's computer, there's no cloud. But in blockchain crypto cloud, there can be a real crypto cloud, but we put the data somewhere and nobody has control over it. Only us who has a private key, okay? So, this is a new abstraction. And, well, blockchain is unnecessary. Yeah, well, this is a couple of times, yeah? And, yeah, that's completely right, you know? Blockchain can't do anything and perfectly trusted third party wouldn't be able to do it, right? If we have a perfectly trusted research game or whatever and we can trust millions and if we could like, use it and it would be easy, and no scalability problem, nothing at all, right? And if it could be perfectly secure and like firewall protected, there will be, okay. So, blockchain is completely unnecessary. Well, it's like asking for the Leviathan, the Benewald and King, the perfect King, you know, that is good to everybody and only had best intentions. You don't have it, so we have democracy, right? And so, when blockchain will add something, anyway, I have a perfect third party for you that I want to advertise. And it's between the 5th and 6th of November of the first international blockchain for science conference. The evening will be when it will be the third party and I want to invite you to the conference, take your attention, okay? All right, well, this was a little joke and blockchain, blockchain, I have another reason why blockchain is unnecessary. Well, the computer services that will compromise all these things that we said might, at the end, not be based on an actual blockchain data structure because there are other ways to achieve profitability, distribution and decentralization. So, we might use the term blockchain totally independent from the data structure that we presented at the beginning, okay? And then, I want to talk to you about that we should maybe include even more things into the term, into the well-known term, blockchain, especially if we talk about blockchain for science. This would be like distributed file systems that are based on cryptography, DAT and IPFS, which are slightly similar but a little bit different. They are distributed, encrypted and it has other similarities to blockchain systems. And then, I want to talk about novel data processing concepts because what we do at the moment is, we basically, I will show more clear way later. Today, we just fix people who will be allowed to get patient data or subject, like sensitive privacy, sensitive research data to do everything they want to do with it. So in series, they could do everything, be trust them, like easy permissions like trust them only to do certain analysis and publish certain values like ever which is. Maybe in blockchain world, we'll be able to change this. I come to that later. And then, I would love to include trusted hardware concepts into blockchain because it has a good cryptography and blockchain can be used to secure and test whether the hardware is still acting in the right way. And then, the thing is about this is to like data marketplaces. So imagine somebody like provides the data and artificial intelligence algorithm uses data and pay for the training on it. There is like a project ocean and they can be like, they can use blockchain for this micro payments. So it will all be beautiful to like integrate them into the blockchain hype and get them out into the research landscape using the blockchain. Okay. And then we talked about the term decentralization a couple of times. We had this term now. And most of the time we talk with people about decentralization, they are not interested in the technical decentralization. Amazon, Google is highly distributed in a way certainly decentralized. Well, there might be some type of clucks that I can put in like, we'll crash like Google at least in North America or something, but so it's like, what they mean if they want to have decentralization? They often say that they don't want to have obscure single point of failure. They don't under control of the company or they want to have an independence of the service and control over the service. As I said, like they don't want to have that data behind firewalls, right? They don't want to have the data stands stored at one place at one university where the university disappears, the data is gone, right? This is what people mean with decentralization. And like another speaker like referred to it's a power over the data, right? It should be distributed or we don't want to have constraining business models and technically decentralization is not so important to the people. So the people that are excited about decentralization, okay? Do you agree with this in some way? Okay. And well, and then let's put the whole crypto economy under blockchain as well. So you know what the crypto economy is sort of, right? All these tokens, ICOs, even more tokens and like ICOs even more 200 million within three hours and well, crypto economy is based on the blockchain can easily create a bullet proof of something of a computer variable which can be named token which can be named coin. So a token in blockchain world is basically just a variable in smart contract or Bitcoin address. It's all the same. And you can like prove that there are only so and many of these tokens because there's an upper limit of the variable, right? And this end, what's blockchain, what's new is blockchain, I mean this was all before possible. You can just write down a piece of paper and say I give like 200,000 or something to him and to him and to him. This was long possible just long before blockchain but the thing is that we can do this now at near zero costs, right? And it can be still be made in the internet and then everywhere. This was not possible before blockchain and without traditional trust in certain parties and here we have a paper contract, lawyer, notary banks or stock exchange, okay? So we can create a bullet proof of something of maybe a value can require some value without the traditional trust in certain parties. And then we saw this token evolution that were first like protocol level tokens. So this was actually how Bitcoin, the beauty in Bitcoin is in my opinion that it's a self-advanced system. So you have like the miners that like maintain the blockchain and on this blockchain are Bitcoins and the Bitcoins are given back to the miners as a reward, right? This was an earlier stage token systems. And then there was a phase when people just created some tokens and did an ICO. I think like the first coin was something like this or there was another disinput here. Where I was, Dorje? Main coin? Yeah, a main coin for example. Yeah, they had some functions and there was like no ICO had not so much money involved or it was kind of a nerd geek thing. Nobody had like they collected a few millions and did their job. I say main safe, it's the same like four or five years ago, right? So you just created a token and sold it and everybody was kind of heavy. But then it's like all this ICO craze happened and the lawyer and the legal entities looked into it and now we have like this utility token which are basically vouchers or security token. And I don't know what the status in the countries is at the moment. But we can like see that in the mid future we will have much more legal structures. And I think in the long term future like the whole stock market and everything will go to smart contracts, yeah. But what the setup will be and things you know it remains on here, okay? But this is like the vision because it's just too appealing to have something like that, right? Okay, but this is okay but this is sort of where we had this info of like millions because of blockchain hype and then there were crypto billionaires who spent like on some nice projects, tens of millions because they wanted to like get their money somewhere into some very room. So we had like this ridiculous high ICOs but everything else is basically only just little advantage in a sense that we can like create this good proof token but we have like basically the same old economy. And I question myself whether it's now time for some new exciting value positions, right? There was a post by Vitalik and by other people that they know we have like the equivalent that stocks are to companies to open signs, open source projects, you know? Imagine you invest in a Linux coin or in something else, you know? Like there were not posts that innovators in the market would resolve, is it? Couldn't there be like very important positions like let's invest in peer-to-peer mobility there's a peer-to-peer coin or some open science coins that they're like, you know, like can overly still stick, this is all very important. That's the question. And then people say like the crypto economy is a more onboarding economy in terms of that we have like people, the more people contribute to Ethereum, the more value Ethereum gets. It's not like Facebook where they like create a whole garden and a silo and a few people get rich. It's more Ethereum, the more people openly contribute some more value over the whole ecosystem gets, okay? The question is, is that really the case in this new economy? This would be a good thing because then it would really like have a system that would like support real cooperation, right? Well, and now I question my left, what's in for science? There's a blockchain in research. This is like we all, like read it, quickly, you all know that, okay? I don't have to go through it, yeah? So we have legacy structures that are grown centrality, unlimited media, which if you go digital, but we have to like probably it's from Word to PDF to print to a software, to publish off the web page like download it behind the fiber like, and then we have like these artificial competitions, grants. Yeah, the governments want to distribute the tax money in a very reliable and responsible way, right? So they set up like this competitions for these are artificial state competition, but they are like, they went wide, right? They use so much time of researchers that there's one guy who actually claims that more money is used or more resources are used to write all the grant applications than the money that is actually distributed for the ERC 20 grants, yeah? This was all in best intentions, yeah? But there's too much overhead. And then we have like the point that only certain parts of the research process is open and we have like how we measure research, it's in the hand of like obscure third parties, yeah? How the impact is escalated and everything, yeah? Okay, well, I'm not pessimistic and I'm not one of these open science hippies and Anarcho, Gupto Anarchist and so on. I want, we just want to like say that science is fun and we respect science and scientific culture and we respect like how it's like integrated in people's lives and career paths. And this is a very important thing. We want to build something great and not destroy existing stuff. We will build something that might demand the system on the very long term will maybe replace existing systems, okay? And who's our enemy here? Who's our enemy? Against who are we fighting? These are. No, it's just okay, no, it's okay, it's like us. It's us as a science culture, right? So it's not that we just like pointed to publishers and say business model and everything might have effect in our science culture in a certain way but it's a very long discussion, right? So it's us who adopted all this, who only published full paper who like maintained this grant writing system and everything and it's a complex thing, right? Like life is complex, okay? But the exciting thing in this blockchain for science evolution and which is different from all the other science evolution that had happened in the past. Like name it open science 2.0, the open access phase, the social networking phase of science is that this time funding is affected, right? And like blockchain is about money and I'm like showing you papers later. So the crypto economy for science is already happening and where the money goes, the honey flows, right? So if we are like this in a very constructive way we can really change science for the first time I arrogant to claim, okay? That by this like online technology development we might be able to really change something, yeah? Well, this is a research, you need to get some more work done like five minutes of hard work and then comes fun again and then an outlook. Okay, this is like I put like where blockchain can like in the research circle help or I envision something, but it's an experiment, right? You can't do the experiment in the blockchain world, right? Everything else you could do in theory in blockchain data banks, yeah? Which would be beautifully connected, you know? In a future, in a future vision, right? But not to experiment itself, okay? We can like save our data, timestamp it in a blockchain database, but we have like this real world blockchain interface and if you find something that a database, a lot of things that we discuss are basically this real world blockchain interface problem because the computer system can't prove anything about the real world, right? There needs to be always a trustee to a party, a sensor or something that brings it into the computer system. If you would find a way to do this, there will be a few novel files that we'll see included. I'm pretty sure, you know? This would be like really beautiful, but we can't do this. Okay, so what is blockchain if I, what could blockchain if I science be? Okay, goes for this diagram, it's worth, 10 seconds and you'll understand it. So this is basically like how we do the research study and this is like how we did science for centuries and decades, we do our stuff and then we just publish a paper, all right? And this is like things that you pre-register studies so that you can't do like X post-factor hybridizing is especially important for like pharmaceutical approval studies. You analyze the data and then you see that there are like significant things and then you claim that this was your hypothesis which was just proved. This is like warm and it's a very bad thing for science. This is like, and then we have like this open data science where you publish your research data but you publish it at the end together with your paper, yeah? In between this is very of trust where we have to trust the research and not to delete an outlier and not to delete something that doesn't fit this narrative, okay? If we would do blockchain-ified science and publish constantly, maybe every day we timestamp our Excel sheet. We wouldn't be able just to like fake the data or drop something and delete something. It doesn't mean that the research data has to be open from the very beginning. We just like save, timestamp it and then we publish the timeline at the end, right? The data and it's very hard to fake. You would have to fake at the sensor and like really think about data distribution and everything. It's a big problem. So this would increase the trust into science data a lot. And then I come to trust the hardware. We have like in our iPhone, we have like this thing. We have like our fingerprint sensor and it goes to a hardware chip. And this is like built into the private key of this hardware chip is hardware, there's a hardware firewall. So the system can't see the private key. It only leaks encrypted and can be deciphered with a public key that is outside. So there's no way for like, for everyone to like leak the fingerprint, original fingerprint data. And then it actually goes to the Apple cloud. Like keychain, blockchain, but there are some dependencies and this Apple system where it's based, it's all based on the trusted Apple servers, but it has some similarities with the blockchain system. And if you would put something like this in our microscopes, we could always prove that there was no data stored, the data was not manipulated and everything. And I don't think a researcher that like, looks a little bit biased with a glass of red wine and his exo-sheet like short, like two data publications dropping one number is different from a researcher who would actually go there and like manipulate the hardware. No researchers don't do this, right? They might look biased as the data, okay? Bias as like in most major application by like most studies were not reproducible, yeah? Okay, and then we can do all the data processing through smart contracts and we could call this smart evidence. We just like make the decisions like save some on the blockchain, have some research data that goes post-processing analysis and then we accept or reject our research hypothesis and meanwhile there are like a few things like experiments can go wrong and we have to put this just like general idea how it could be done, yeah? And then there's this idea of this new subject privacy that I just mentioned. So we have like in healthcare, we have like, huh, unlimited amount of data that we can't use for research, right? Because people didn't consent and the eating, you have to like apply for easy commissions, agreement before we can use the research data because what we do today with this research data is with patient data is we anonymize it or not, like genome is not possible. It's like a fingerprint, you can anonymize it and then we like give it to some people that we trust to, in theory they can do everything with it but we trust them just to like release avaricious like the blood pressure of Bostonians at 55 years, you know? So they analyze it after some better blockers and stuff and there was no better blocker taking once and they just release the average amount of the average blood pressure, right? So imagine, we would change this thing to let's get the research, let's get patient data and give it to something that can truly do only certain things with the data, a smart contract that is secured by a blockchain system and we send all the Bostonians blood pressure data from all hospitals to the smart contract and the smart contract avaricious the data and releases four weeks later, prove of it. Well, at the moment the smart contract systems are evaluated on all nodes so the research data would be catastrophe but they are like researchers that work on projects where you do like combination with your knowledge group and the moment still trusted hardware so that you can prove what's actually happening with the calculation they want to build such systems. So, and I think here the blockchain of distributed trust would be a perfect correlation of the responsibility to society that we have like for the patient privacy, right? We don't want to trust one entity with relying on making the system secure, yeah? So this is just an out of the division there are some publications that go into this direction so an inverse way of like handling data security. Okay, this is like you will notice we like store it in one of the expensive systems. Some are distributed, very interesting systems and some have like blockchain incentive systems so that you keep the data, yeah? They work, work, work, work, work and don't work, yeah? To make them really decentralized it's very difficult and I don't know whether it's really solved the problem yet but they are like good approaches and it's like a tough thing, right? But the question whether we need to store all the data on the blockchain is like not the question, right? We just use timestamp, yeah? And then we have like dynamic publications we do microcontribution, we just publish everything with the acquire, the moment we acquire the data and secure it, timestamp is in the blockchain system we don't want to trust Wikipedia or research gate with timestamping this because I might win a Nobel Prize or later we have peer review systems on the blockchain, this incentivation for peer review with blockchain tokens. Okay, now the exciting part starts science funding is affected by the blockchain revolution, okay? We can have data marketplaces so whoever is good at analyzing data can like as a service analyze the data for somebody and for even microscope time for somebody while they have been there and centralized decentralized on the blockchain that would also work, yeah, there are some projects. Okay, I promise you the crypto economy in science is already active, it's already happening there was the first ICO for research project that was accessible in the first round and I just said now we want to like influence science so we are working on good practices for ICOs in research we just come up with a big document and we go through a review process we will say no excessive marketing and all the research project should be blockchain open in the end, right? So not only open access publication but like every step in the research project should be open, right? Otherwise don't invest into this ICO, right? And you have shared slides already, easy here the government agencies don't see ICOs at the moment, yeah? For research, but once we have like a very nice looking guideline ready, then I mean if they look at it we have it ready, okay? And the other thing is why don't we do micro ICOs for research ideas? Today we do our research and if you have an idea we just like to take some resources and money from some other projects and well this is how it works why don't we have an idea and like I talk to people at lunch you want to contribute, yes, okay, good and then if it's like 3,000 euro and it worked out I can like do the next day maybe 30,000 euro and I can say like if this works out and I publish on the blockchain the results and the tokens get bigger, more variable the better the results are and actually you can sell your tokens it's different from standard crowdfunding and you can make some value proposition you have to have a legal framework for that money, imagine you say I have this crazy idea if a pending company application comes out of it I give 30% of all the revenue to the token orders, yeah? So and what is happening with ideas today? I just like go at lunch and talk to my research peers give you my idea, test it maybe in the lab and the first time my idea is time stamp is when I send the facts to the credit office it's the first time that my name is associated with it and it's pretty late, right? because it takes some effort to like write this better than everything in blockchain world we could like the moment I had the idea I timeshifted my name and then we'll say you know and I could like, it could be much earlier, right? The CO cost, because nobody really takes effort for all kind of like stupid ideas to like go to the technology transfer and buy a patent, okay? Yeah, and then we have like this complex systems token system, incentivization system that can be built in a blockchain system where actually money flow goes through references, links, data that is used, if something is cited the expertise increases of some researchers and we can do this because it's provable how we do it with smart contracts. If we would like to learn research care we would know that they can just like pay everything and just like manipulate it in theory. So this could be the first time that we actually can build an open science ecosystem and new incentive structures and we know where these systems can obviously also be gained, probably, and manipulated but maybe less than the current systems, yeah? And the current system is so off that probably every system that we built that is somewhat good, even better than the current system. Okay, now I have like three moments of like the pain points of blockchain and science, okay? Identity, we discussed this, yeah? But I want to like say something. Everybody loves ORCID or the projects? Yeah, they have ORCID ID, ORCID ID, super ORCID ID. The problem is, yeah, ORCID ID, what is it at the moment? It's just your name and some publications, right? But you don't get any money from your ID, right? So there's little incentive to create rocket puppets, fake IDs, yeah? But immediately start with blockchain ecosystems and there are several projects that are building on it and you create fake researchers that upward you, right? Or you get some money and as soon as you put economic pressure on an ID, there will be much more interest for people to like create fake IDs and I don't know whether ORCID is prepared for this. This is not now, not tomorrow, but once the systems are running and there's like this video project by Springer Nature Digital Science, they already get token, yeah? So I don't know how many people sit at ORCID and read you whether there's a real person that applied for an ID, right? I know that at research grade, there are like 30 people looking at this, yeah? So there might be a point for social networks to actually, or universities to prevent cryptographic proofs that this is a human, yeah? They could like maybe be new technical, new trusted third parties. Okay, the blockchains that are for science, how would it look like? Well, we have trusted third parties and our attacker is not a government level, yeah? So we don't need mining in research, yeah? In science, we don't need mining blockchains in science. And we already, if we want to have a mining blockchains for science, we already have it. So humanity is most secure and in-depth database also for Bitcoin, which might even survive a nuclear war, some people claim, yeah? It's already there and we can use it to timestamp our research result actually for free and you can like put gigabytes every day through mercantile hash into Bitcoin and timestamp it at zero cost, okay? So it doesn't depend on the amount of people using it or the amount of data, yeah? The costs, yeah? And for sure, there will be different blockchain systems that we will use in science. And one, we already use this Bitcoin, yeah? And some consortium chains for some application and it's an ongoing development and the question is how can we decentralize to the science blockchain actually have to be? Because it's not so much interesting that decentralization is referring to the technical data. It's more the information of data of the nobody can fake our data, that the trusted parties that run the hardware has no control over the data. And this brings me to the rule, trying to, we already had this in a couple of version. It's like you need to hear it once you understood forever. So in every distributed system, you have availability that means like how many transactions you can do per time. You have consistency that the system is, everybody has the same information and how decentralized partition resistance is. And this is physically proven computer science theory. You can only have two of both. Two of both, yeah, whereas banking, like banks, hardware, are located. Here, here, here, there, more here, or more here. Banks, banks, where you put Bank of America or Visa, here. Yeah, okay, there's banking, yeah? Facebook, Dropbox, everything is there, right? It's centralized, highly consistent. There's your account, nobody messes with your account. You use your account from your ATM, the same amount of money on your account, right? Bitcoin is highly consistent, yeah? But it's decentralized, but it's not available, right? The amount of transaction in Bitcoin are only seven, or so per second, depending on how you measure it, yeah? So, and this is not, has not been squared system. There were some tricks and treats in a lot of marketing speech and there are things in the middle, I said, do some of this in like obscure, like in other fields a little bit, you know? So, what one solution is like, Dash is using super nodes where something is put at stake, this is a method, so you have like more centrality in this system, it's not as distributed as Bitcoin, you have more centrality, and then it's like, Conan already said this is like trusted channels or state channels, so what you do is you open up or your second layer, as you named it, between nodes, you put some 100 U, 500 U, and you trust from here to here for 100 U, from here to here 300 U, and then you can then like very quickly money through this system, like forward, backward, several times per second without any costs, but the thing is, well, it still looks decentralized, but the availability is reduced because you can only to transaction up to 300 U, you can't send one million, okay, and Bitcoin I could send one million to somebody, yeah? Okay, so there is a lot of marketing speeds, for example, Toyota is not blockchain but scalability, right? They have like consistency problems at times, and they are not decentralized because they have like super nodes that like inside this part of the tunnel, it's a wide one, yeah? Okay, we had this, and the thing is that for sure, we will have centralized services in signs to prevail for meaningless transactions in terms of downloads from the database, like data providers, and I like to provide actually the research data and all these things, so for sure, I have centralized services. Okay, and this like we discussed in Vienna, like the blockchain setup for signs would be delegated to our state, so we would put some tokens and ask universities, government agencies to run a service, a blockchain service on their computer, and I came up with the idea other blockchain signs for signs were came up, this is the end conclusion, yeah? So why not do this, right? We don't need mining, we have like trusted third parties, the thing is that these trusted third parties can't control the data, right? We only need to trust them that they run a node, we don't need to trust them who actually don't manipulate our data, it's different from classic cloud providers, right? The problem is we will run in legal issues here, the university. I thought this is no problem at first, like just have them like run a node, it's just like the university runs the FTP server, it's not responsible what people upload there, right? In crypto, whatever, blockchain world, it's like even less the data, but the problem is there are tokens associated, right? So it gives the university tokens, and they will like have a problem with it because we don't know what these tokens mean, okay? So this will be a problem, and we need to like pay and discuss this, okay? And then of course in every system that we build, like ecosystem, we will have system gamers and the trust and research results, where can it be solved? We have user interface challenges, big if we like have this ecosystem and show the value flows through knowledge network, big problems to display, there's big challenges. We have like we need to like get the building and communication right, and well these are the implementations and projects that work on blockchain for science and implementation worldwide. Like almost half of them have been in Vienna and Zurich, and on different levels, they come from different directions, very good teams, good teams, and all is like, it's a real ecosystem. And most of them come from really interesting aspect, like yesterday we heard Nobel attack, right? They like want to use the company economy to make dormant IP available, and we heard about artifacts who like connect, like the artifacts and give it back to the community, and then there's for example, science matters, they have like a micro contribution journal concept, built a blockchain background. Akasha, a social network that runs on the blockchain, wants to go into the crypto economy for science. So, they come from, most of them come from very different DEI key works on a very elaborate crypto economy token system for research and integration. So, this kind of reminded me in the web to go into all revolution for science, guess what is this? This is a competition analysis of research data from which year? What do you think, which year is it? 2003, 2008, or 2014, huh? Okay, okay. This is 2008. Yeah, it's 2008, okay? 2003, this was too early. Okay, but these are like counts, the amount of social networks that were there for science, right? These are all social networks that were there for science. And some prevailed. Nature networks was actually there. They were kind of good, yeah, much more. So, this was it. But they failed or they like went into research data or they were combined and everything, yeah, because web 2.0 systems have to cash out on the central point of failure, have to create a whole garden around the software, became the new evil, you know? And so, maybe the token economy or the blockchain economy will prevent this and maybe they can really work together and provide all the parts. There will be ICOs and there should be several ICOs, there should be several legal entities. We don't want to have one system and do a mega open science ICO to open up science for 200 million and then our lawyers goes to Hawaii for a nice life, yeah? So good to know what happened in ICOs, right? Tasos, for example, okay? So, this could be the slides and all these things like ecosystems provide together and really build the open science ecosystem and we should unslice the pie and build this open science ecosystem together and we founded the International Society of Blockchain for Science for this to bring this project together and this is the funding picture of our last day in from the Hong Kong events. And this is the list of Blockchain for Science project. This is a very active open science ecosystem telecom group. You joined their almost all project. This is the list of all the projects and this is the components. And thank you very much for your attention, yeah? You are most welcome. Thank you so much. Okay, questions. We're ready to go. We're questioned now. Okay, fantastic. Thank you very much. So, before you go, I'd like to thank everybody, all of our speakers today was fabulous and thanks for all the light to keep this conversation going. So...