 This morning's program will be opened by the singing of the National Anthem followed by the invocation to be given by the Reverend Don Peevee. Almighty God, we stand before Thee as Thy children should, acknowledging our dependence upon Thee, and our gratitude for Thy continuing comfort and challenge. We profess before all men our trust in Thee, and pray that Thou shalt bless our name and all others whom we in freedom have chosen to govern us. Grant in Thy benediction that our spirits may be steadfast in righteousness, our minds faithful in truth, so may we, through the might of science, conquer space, and in the might of Thy Spirit conquer evil within ourselves and in our world, that we may more perfectly serve Thee, and worthily magnify Thy holy name. Amen. President of Rice University, it is my honor to welcome you to this auspicious occasion. This is our semi-sentennial year, and I declare this to be the opening event of that year. I cannot imagine a more illustrious opening than this one, with the President of the United States speaking on the subject, Science and Space. Rice University has emphasized science in its program for 50 years. Many important scientific discoveries have been made here. An interdisciplinary research program in the science of solid materials was initiated at Rice under a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1959. We also have an important program in nuclear physics in association with the Atomic Energy Commission and other things in this area. Teamwork between the universities and the federal government is essential for our national security and welfare, and we at Rice University pledge ourselves to continued cooperation and to expansion of our science programs to meet the needs of tomorrow. Mr. President, I would like to introduce to you the class of 1966 of Rice University sitting directly before you. As has been noted in the public press, the academic qualifications of this class are outstanding. These students have come early for an orientation program, and we are most honored to officially appoint you, Mr. President, a visiting professor of Rice University for our orientation series. I take pride also in presenting to you 35,000 students from Houston schools and colleges, both public and private, that are assembled to hear you here today. You have indeed a large class. What is my privilege to recognize quickly just a few of our honored guests? I say just a few because we must be brief, and we have so many distinguished guests on this platform. First, the mayor of Houston, with whom it has been a real pleasure to cooperate in this and many other activities for the development of Space City, USA. Mayor Lewis Petrae. Second, the chief official of Harris County, our distinguished county judge, Bill Elliott. Next is a new Houston resident, but one who is already very much a part of our community. Our distinguished director of the manned spacecraft laboratory, Mr. Robert Gilroy. Mr. President, I also wish to present now our most distinguished Houstonian scientist, member of your National Science Foundation Board, president of the American Physical Society. My good friend and predecessor is president of this university, Dr. William V. Houston. And now turning to the level of the state government, it is my great pleasure to present for your recognition, Governor Price Daniel. Traveling with the president are many high officials of executive agencies, and we welcome them all. I wish now to recognize an old personal friend, distinguished physicist, the top scientist of our military department, the director of defense research and engineering, Dr. Harold Brown. Next, may I welcome the protector of your tax dollars, the director of the bureau of the budget, the honorable David Bell. Next is a man whose role is particularly significant in view of today's subject, the director of the new office of science and technology, and science advisor to the president. Also a distinguished member of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner. I can recognize only a few of the many officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration that are present today. First and foremost, of course, is the administrator of that agency. Alternating through the years, successful business leadership and high level public service as undersecretary of state and as director of the bureau of the budget, he is now bringing all of his remarkable skills of leadership and management to the service of our nation in this most urgent program in space. It is with particular pleasure that I present the honorable James E. Webb. May I also present the associate administrator of NASA, Dr. Robert C. Siemens Jr. It is also most appropriate that we recognize the director of manned space programs, D. Brainerd Holmes. We are also privileged to have a very distinguished visitor from Great Britain, the chief scientific advisor to Prime Minister McMillan, Sir Solis Duckerman. It is now my privilege to introduce the members of Congress accompanying the president today. It is a great pleasure to present the chairman of the Science and Astronautics Committee of the House of Representatives, the Honorable George P. Miller of California. Next we wish to cordially welcome the ranking Republican member of the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Science, the Honorable Alexander Wiley of Wisconsin. Now it is a particular privilege to present to you the representative from Houston, now in his 13th term, the chairman of the Independent Office's subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations of the United States Congress. And I add parenthetically that I appeared before this committee under his chairmanship for three years when I was director of research for the Atomic Energy Commission. And I developed a great respect for his keen insight and devotion to the welfare of this nation. But for my present position today, I introduce as a very distinguished alumnus of Rice University, the Honorable Albert Thomas. Won't you say a word? It's certainly wonderful to be at home, then no one could fill this name like the president of the United States have. Let's give him a big hand when he's here. Now it is a particular pleasure to present the vice president of the United States and chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, the Honorable Lyndon Johnson of our state of Texas. Dr. Pitzer, since his inauguration, I have seen our president use his energy and his intelligence, his personal warmth and his perception to try to make life in the United States more meaningful for everybody in many different ways and always to do what he believed was best for his country. Just as in other things, he has put bigger and vitality into the space program. And it is my great honor and privilege to be here today and to see the people of the leading space city give such a warm welcome to our president of the United States. Before making my final presentation, may I announce that after the president's address, the benediction will be given without further announcement by Rabbi Robert I. Conn. Also, may I remind the audience that you will remain in place until the president's party has left the stadium. And now, ladies and gentlemen, the president of the United States, President Pitzer, Mr. Vice President, Governor, Congressman Thomas, Senator Wiley and Congressman Miller, Mr. Webb, Mr. Bell, scientists, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, I appreciate your president having made me an honorary visiting professor and I will assure you that my first lecture will be very brief. I am delighted to be here and I'm particularly delighted to be here on this occasion. We meet at a college noted for knowledge, in a city noted for progress, in a state noted for strength, and we stand in need of all three. But we meet in an hour of change and challenge, in a decade of hope and fear, in an age of both knowledge and ignorance. The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds. Despite the striking fact that most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive and working today, despite the fact that this nation's own scientific manpower is doubling every 12 years in a rate of growth, more than three times that of our population as a whole, despite that, the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered and the unfinished, still far outstripped, our collective comprehension. No man can fully grasp how far and how fast we have come, but condense, if you will, the 50,000 years of man's recorded history in a time span of about a half a century. Stated in these terms, we know very little about the first 40 years, except at the end of them, advanced man had learned to use the skins of animals to cover them. Then about 10 years ago, under this standard, man emerged from his caves to construct other kinds of shelter. Only five years ago, man learned to write and use a cart with wheels. Christianity began less than two years ago. The printing press came this year. And then less than two months ago, during this whole 50-year span of human history, the steam engine provided a new source of power. Newton explored the meaning of gravity. Last month, electric lights and telephones and automobiles and airplanes became available. Only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power. And now, if America's new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus, we will have literally reached the stars before midnight tonight. This is a breathtaking pace. And such a pace cannot help but create new ills as it dispels old. New ignorance, new problems, new dangers, surely the opening vistas of space promise high costs and hardships as well as high reward. So it is not surprising that some would have us stay where we are a little longer to rest, to wait. But this city of Houston, this state of Texas, this country of the United States was not built by those who waited and rested and wished to look behind them. This country was conquered by those who move forward. And so will space. William Bradford, speaking in 1630 of the founding of the Plymouth Bay colony, said that all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties. And both must be enterprise and overcome with answerable courage. If this capsule history of our progress teaches us anything, it is that man in his quest for knowledge and progress is determined and cannot be deterred. The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time. And no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. Those who came before us made certain that this country roved the first waves of the Industrial Revolution, the first waves of modern invention and the first wave of nuclear power. And this generation does not intend to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it. We mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space to the moon and to the planets beyond. And we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding. Yet the vows of this nation can only be fulfilled if we in this nation are first, and therefore we intend to be first. In short, our leadership in science and industry, our hopes for peace and security, our obligations to ourselves as well as others all require us to make this effort, to solve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men and to become the world's leading space-faring nation. We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained and new rights to be won. And they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man. And only if the United States occupies a position of preeminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea. But I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours. There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why some say the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why 35 years ago fly the Atlantic? Why does rice play Texas? We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we're willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others too. It is for these reasons that I regard the decision last year to shift our efforts in space from low to high gear as among the most important decisions that will be made during my incumbency in the office of the presidency. In the last 24 hours, we have seen facilities now being created for the greatest and most complex exploration in man's history. We have felt the ground shake and the air shattered by the testing of a Saturn, C1 booster rocket. Many times as powerful as the Atlas which launched John Glenn, generating power equivalents to 10,000 automobiles with their accelerator on the floor. We have seen the site where five F1 rocket engines, each one as powerful as all eight engines of the Saturn combined, will be clustered together to make the advanced Saturn missile, assembled in a new building to be built at Cape Canaveral as tall as a 48-story structure, as wide as a city block, and as long as two lengths of this field. Within these last 19 months, at least 45 satellites have circled the Earth. Some 40 of them were made in the United States of America, and they were far more sophisticated and supplied far more knowledge to the people of the world than those of the Soviet Union. The Mariner spacecraft, the Mariner spacecraft now in its way to Venus, is the most intricate instrument in the history of space science. The accuracy of that shot is comparable to firing a missile from Cape Canaveral and dropping it in this stadium between the 40-yard lines. Transit satellites are helping our ships at sea to steer a safer course. Tireless satellites have given us unprecedented warnings of hurricanes and storms, and will do the same for forest fires and icebergs. We have had our failures, but so have others, even if they do not admit them. And they may be less public. To be sure, to be sure we are behind and will be behind for some time in manned flight. But we do not intend to stay behind, and in this decade we shall make up and move ahead. The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universe and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, and the home as well as the school. Technical institutions such as Rice will reap the harvest of these gains. And finally, the space effort itself, while still in its infancy, has already created a great number of new companies and tens of thousands of new jobs. Space and related industries are generating new demands in investment and skilled personnel. And this city and this state and this region will share greatly in this growth. What was once the furthest outpost on the old frontier of the West will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space. Houston, your city of Houston, with its manned spacecraft center, will become the heart of a large scientific and engineering community. During the next five years, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration expects to double the number of scientists and engineers in this area to increase its outlays for salaries and expenses to $60 million a year, to invest some $200 million in planned and laboratory facilities, and to direct our contract for new space efforts over $1 billion from this center in this city. To be sure, all this costs us all a good deal of money. This year's space budget is three times what it was in January 1961, and it is greater than the space budget of the previous eight years combined. That budget now stands at $5,400,000,000,000 a year, a staggering sum, though somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars every year. Space expenditures will soon rise some more from $0.40 per person per week to more than $0.50 a week for every man, woman, and child in the United States, for we have given this program a high national priority, even though I realize that this is, in some measure, an act of faith and vision, for we do not now know what benefits await us. But if I were to say, my fellow citizens, that we shall send to the moon 240,000 miles away from the control station in Houston, a giant rocket more than 300 feet tall, the length of this football field, made of new metal alloys, some of which have not yet been invented, capable of standing heat and stresses, several times more than have ever been experienced, fitted together with a precision better than the finest watch, carrying all the equipment needed for propulsion, guidance, control, communications, food, and survival on an untried mission to an unknown celestial body and then return it safely to Earth, reentering the atmosphere at speeds of over 25,000 miles per hour, causing heat about half that on the temperature of the sun, almost as hot as it is here today, and do all this, and do all this, and do it right, and do it first before this decade is out, then we must be bold. I'm the one who's doing all the work, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute. However, I think we're going to do it, and I think that we must pay what needs to be paid. I don't think we ought to waste any money, but I think we ought to do the job, and this will be done in the decade of the 60s. It may be done while some of you are still here at school at this college and university. It will be done during the terms of office of some of the people who sit here on this platform, but it will be done, and it will be done before the end of this decade, and I am delighted that this university is playing a part in putting a man on the moon as part of a great national effort of the United States of America. Many years ago, the great British explorer George Mallory, who was to die on Mount Everest, was asked, why did he want to climb it? He said, because it is there, well, space is there, and we're going to climb it, and the moon and the planets are there, and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there, and therefore, as we set sail, we ask God's blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked. Thank you. Please remain standing, God of all space, who has set the stars in their courses, and who does also dwell in the human heart. God of the light years, infinite beyond infinity, who does also give meaning to our brief years. To thee we turn for thy benediction. We give thee thanks, O God, for the rights with which thou hast endowed us, for the freedoms which Americans have secured and cherished and shared, for the love of truth and the dreams of adventure which propel pioneers out into space. We are grateful for the lofty vision of our president, for the intelligence and the eloquence which give wings to his words. Guide and protect him, O Father, and all who are entrusted with the destiny of this great nation. May thy blessing rest upon us all. Bless us in our homes, in our schools, in our laboratories, our farms, our factories, our space capsules. Prosper us in our cities and our states. Make our country a worthy leader of the free world. And grant the blessings of peace to all mankind. Amen.