 Okay, and we are now back. So nagbabalik tayo para sa part three, actually, part three na ating, I mean as it's improving, so we're actually nearing the end, this second part will be a shorter one, so please ready all your questions with you, so hopefully ready na yan, nakatip na yan for all of your questions so that later on, we will all just be answering questions and related topics with your amino acids and your protein. So to start with, let me just pick it up from where I ended ganina, so I ended on the different plasma protein, so again, iba mayran tayong major plasma proteins, your globulins and your albumin, alongside with that, you also have your transtyrithin or your pre-albumin, so for now, we're gonna go and go straight na to our, the continuation of your plasma protein. So we are actually talking about the different globulins already, okay, the different globulins, so we actually ended on number six and now let's go to number seven, seven. So number seven, we have your hapto globin, okay, palatandaan ko, alam ko ito ay alpha two globulin dahil, hapto globin, hapto globin or your HP, hapto globin is found in the alpha two. Region of your electrophoretic pattern, so it is an alpha two glycoprotein, it is a tetramer that has two alpha and two beta, so it is an acute phase reactant, a positive acute phase reactant to start with. It is a positive acute phase reactant that binds with what? That binds with your HB, sino si HB, Herbert Bautista, no, your HP is your HB is your hemoglobin, okay, your hemoglobin, sir, bakit hemoglobin? So ay ang hemoglobin ko na sa RBC, eto yung nangyari dyan, in cases of hemolytic anemia or intravascular hemolysis, your hemoglobin will be free in your plasma, nandun lang siya sa plasma mo, okay, and what your hapto globin will do is to collect those free hemoglobin, I want you to be specific ha, free hemoglobin because there is a hemoglobin that is found in your red blood cells and that is not what we are talking about here. Hpto globin carries the hemoglobin that are seen in your plasma, free hemoglobin. So what is the purpose of collecting your hemoglobin? Your hemoglobin kasi will be further degraded into becoming your heme and your iron. Okay, your heme and your iron mo, okay, yung heme, yung iron at yung globin mo, yung three components na yan, ay i-deliver pa sa liver, okay, i-deliver sa liver. I will be talking about that when we go to our liver function next meeting with the conjugation of your bilirobin. But what I want you to remember lang in hapto globin, dinadala niya yung mga hemoglobin na na pakalat-kalat lang, okay, so the free hemoglobin are being collected by your hapto globin. So it is being used to evaluate what? It is being used to evaluate your hemolytic anemia and your intravascular hemolysis, specifically in cases of transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of newborn or your HDN. What do we evaluate? Okay, what do we evaluate? Ibig sabihin niyan kapag may hemolysis ka, or may increase na free hemoglobin inside your plasma. Your hapto globin will now try to collect that. Kino-collect niya, ayan, kino-collect na raya ako, ako si hapto globin. I will collect it, kino-collect na raya, hawakan ko to, hawakan ko pa to, hawakan ko pa to. So ang dami-dami kong hawa. So what happened in the testing, kaya siya decrease, is that kapag konoa re, meron ng test na idadagdag yung reagent, the hapto globin can no longer carry. Daya ngayon, wala na kong mga wakan pang iba, wala na kong mga carry pang iba, kasi ang dami-dami ko ng bit-bit. So ang dami-dami ko ng buhat, no who got there. Ang dami-dami ko ng bit-bit, ang dami-dami ko ng buhat. I can no longer accommodate the reagent. So parang gano yung nangyari sa hapto globin. So in cases na madami na siyang hawak na hemoglobin, it can no longer entertain or bind to reagent. That is why decrease, bumababa, decrease yung measurement natin ng hapto globin. So it is increase in inflammation, in ulcerative colitis, chit rheumatic disease, heart attack, severe infection, burns and nephrotic syndrome. You would expect it to be lost. In other studies now, hapto globin is being used as a risk factor for your cardiovascular disease and even type 2 diabetes mellitus. So ginagawa na siyang risk factor. I mean to say, kapag mababa o mataas yung hapto globin mo, parang na siyang LDL. Nagigets na yun, parang indicator siyang atherosclerosis. So hapto globin, anong function niya, hapto globin, hapto alpha 2, it carries free hemoglobin. Let's go now to the next one which is your serulo plasmine. Your serulo plasmine is an acute phase reactant, a positive acute phase reactant and it contains your copper. It contains 90% copper and combined with your protein. So this is an example of your metalloprotein. So these are increase in cases of inflammation, severe infection, tissue damage, some cancer, pregnancy, oral contraceptive, estrogen, medication. And even valproic acid. So all of these things, your serulo plasmine carries specifically your copper only. So in cases of increase ng serulo plasmine, eto yung mga conditions, but there is one that I want you to remember, decrease mababa ang serulo plasmine. Kapag mababa ang serulo plasmine, what is that condition? We call that Wilson's disease. Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that causes the decrease of your serulo plasmine. And in the case that your serulo plasmine that carry your protein of your copper is decreased, your copper now will be deposited. Hindi siyang mga ko-collect, hindi mga ko-collect tayong mga copper mo. Kaya madde-deposit siya saan, it can be deposited in your brain and in your other organs such as your cornea. Your cornea, nagkaroon tayo ng appearance of case or flasher ring in your cornea because of the deposition of your copper. Because of the decrease of serulo plasmine in the case of Wilson's disease. Uulitin natin. Kalma lang, kalma, kalma. Uulitin natin, your serulo plasmine bumaba ang sakit, Wilson's disease. Dahil ay may Wilson's disease ka, ano ang affected? Meron affected si brain, affected si liver at affected din ang iyong eyes. What will be seen in your eyes? You will be seeing your case or flasher rings. Your case or flasher ring. Your case or case or flasher ring. So you can see that in your Wilson's disease due to decrease in your serulo plasmine. So what other manifestation can be seen? You can see malnutrition, malabsorption, severe liver disease because of the deposition of your copper. Nephrotic syndrome. And you also have your men's case syndrome. Your men's case syndrome. Men's case syndrome is also associated with your Wilson's disease. So talking about copper, let's try to sum it up. Let's try to sum it up. Your serulo plasmine is a copper containing carrier of copper. Pagmababa. Pagmababa si copper, Wilson's disease, deposition in my brain, liver and eyes, case or flasher ring. Last but not the least, your serulo plasmine is a positive acute phase reactant. A positive acute phase reactant. Moving forward now to another alpha 2 globulin. We call it your alpha 2 macro globulin. Alpha 2 macro globulin. Your AMG. This is a large protein. Large protein which is a major component of your alpha 2 band. It inhibits your proteases like your trypsine, your thrombine chelicrine and your plasmine. And they are being removed by your reticulo endothelial system of your body. Sir, what about alpha 2 macro globulin? Alpha 2 macro globulin. Ganan dapat ang pakakabigga. Macro globulin. Macro globulin. Your alpha 2 macro globulin are increased in what? Increased in nephrosis. Increased in nephrotics syndrome. And maybe some of you will contest, sir. Diba nga kapag may nephrosis, may proteinuria. Halos lahat ng proteins, bababa. Tama ka jahan. Lahat ng proteins, bababa. Except for one. And that is your alpha 2 macro globulin. Bakit? Why is it that your alpha 2 macro globulin is increased in cases of nephrotics syndrome or nephrosis? Sa lahat ng protein, say alpha 2 macro globulin lang yung naiiwan na matahas. Bakit? Kasi masyado siyang malaki. Ay perfect example. Kasi kagawa natin ang kape. Meron ako funnel. Ready ang props, may gosh. Meron tayong visual aids. So isn't it that your kidney acts as a filter? Syempre wala siyang filter, paper or what so. But what I'm trying to say is embuto. Take for example, meron ako mga small molecules. So take for example, this is your albiumin. At tapos dumaan ang albiumin, ito may nephrotics syndrome. Nephrotics syndrome kaya malalaki na yung bunta. So naglagay ako ng albiumin. Pagkalagay ko ng albiumin, ay hindi nalag blog. Ano ba yan wala? Sinisira tayo ng embudong ito yung reputation. Okay wait lang. So meron tayong liliitan ko na lang. So meron tayo dito. Take for example, this is your albiumin. So nang kufocus ba? Okay blogger. So ito yung ating albiumin. So pag milagay natin yung albiumin natin dito sa loob ng embudo. Nakita nyo. Nakita nyo. What I'm trying to say is that it freely passes through the kidney kasi nga wala ng filter. But your alpha 2 macroglobulin, they are protein. They will also pass through the kidney pero they will not go out or they will not be excreted in your urine. Kasi malalaki sila. Parang ganito. Parang ganito naman yung alpha 2 macroglobulin. Pag nilagay natin yung sa embudo. Wala lang. Dan lang sila. Okay. Dan lang sila naka-store. So in short, yung alpha 2 macroglobulin mo na iiwan sa plasma. Unlike na ating mga albiumin na lalaglag. Aside na corner alpha 1, yung ibang alpha 2, like haptoglobulin, ceruloplasmin, so on and so forth. Dan nyan, lalaglag lang sila. Nagigets ba ako? So fully I'm clear with the alpha 2 macroglobulin, the only protein increased in nephrotic syndrome. Moving forward, kaya ano ka increase? 10 times. Okay. 10 times. 10 times increase ang ating alpha 2 macroglobulin in cases of nephrotic syndrome. Moving forward to number 10. Sampo. Number 10. We also have here, your transferin. Your transferin is also known as your cederofilin. Your cederofilin. Your transferin is glycoprotein at alam mo na yan na ang transferin. Carries now your what? It carries my, it carries my aion. And what type of aion to be specific? Your ferric aion. Your ferric aion. So your ferric aion is the one being carried by your transferin. Okay. So aside from that, it is also an acute phase reactant. But wait, wait, wait. This type of acute phase reactant is a negative acute phase reactant. Katulad nino, pa-check yung listahan mo kung tama, si transtyredine, si prealbumin, si albumin, kasi transferin, negative acute phase reactant. So it is also a major component of what? It is a major component of the beta, beta globulin fraction. It is part of the beta globulin fraction. So it has your aion and an apoferitin combined that is now your ferritin. That is now your ferritin. So they are used for the transport of your, they are used for the transport of your aion. Okay. The transport of your aion and prevent kidney loss. So remember that you need to retain the reason why, okay. The reason why konti lang yung yung aion na inabsorb ng ating katawan. Kasi effectively, nag-gather agad or nakokolek agad ni-transferin. Yung mga aion in your, free aion in your blood. So yung ko nang may free aion dyan, pokunin niya agad yung mga aion. Okay. So that is for your transtyredine. Ah, not transtyredine, but transferine rather. So sa anong ma-condition, mga baba ang ating transferine, it is decreased in liver disease, in malnutrition, protein-losing disorders. It also is decreased in nephrotic syndrome among others, except for one, alpha-2, AMG, alpha-2, macro-globulin. Ganon dapat siyabibi kasi in macro-globulin. So decreased din siya in cases of infection and malignancy because it is a-negative, acute phase, reactant. We also have a-condition called you're at-transferine niya, whereby there is a cessation or no-transferine at all. Okay. So increased naman siya sa anong mga pagtakatawin. Increased siya in your aion, deficiency anemia. So alam mo na yan dapat kasi din iskas ko na yan sa hemat pimawan. Okay. It is increased in your if you haven't watched that, if you haven't watched that part, go back to the different kinds of anemia. That's the first one that I will be discussing, iron deficiency anemia. So in iron deficiency anemia, your transferring is increased. Okay. Your transferring is increased. In hemochromatosis, increased iron bound to transferring deposits. In your liver and in your pancreas, that's why you have your bronze skin. Again, I also discuss the hemochromatosis already in your hematology alongside with your hemosiderosis. So let's just have a quick anano, a quick comparison. Hereditary hemochromatosis, a mutation in the HFE gene and your hemosiderosis is the deposition of your iron in your cell. So compared to the two, mas severe si hemochromatosis compared to your compared to your hemosiderosis. Bakit po may bronze skin? Bronze skin because of the deposition of your iron in your skin. Bronze skin, bronze, bronze, bronze. Okay. Because of the deposition of iron in your skin. Okay. So much of that. Okay. Everyone, you can watch the video on hemochromatosis for your reference. Okay. So one thing before I end, one thing before I end, we don't measure transferring directly. Okay. We don't measure transferring directly. What do we measure? We measure your T-I-B-C or your transferring iron. Your transferring iron binding capacity. Okay. Ang binibilang natin is yung kapasidad ng transferin na maka makapag-accomodate ng mga iron. Okay. Hindi yung ismong transferin yung minimesher natin. So yun lang. So mataas siya again pag IDA or your iron deficiency anima. So moving forward, let's go to chemo pexin. Okay. Very related na sa hematology yung mga susunod kasi kong magpapansin nyo, haptoglobin carries your what. Okay. Chat box. Your haptoglobin carries your what. Your haptoglobin carries your hemoglobin. Your transferin carries your what. Your transferin carries your what again. Your transferin carries your your transferin carries your very iron. Next, we have your hemo pexin. Your hemo pexin carries what? Your hemo pexin your hemo pexin is also a protein. Okay. Obviously a protein that carries what? It collects free him. Him. H-E-M-E. Okay. As scavenger of him. So then for example, my hemolysis siyempre maliliberate si hemoglobin. Si hemoglobin na tatlong component aionglobin erhim will also be separated. Si globin mapupunta sa aing asid chain. Si aiong mapupunta sa storage form niya na ferritin. Si him na lang na iwan. Ano mga nga yari kay him? Ko-collectahin siya ni hemo pexin at dadalhin sa liver at ipaprosess para maging bilirobit. That is for next meeting, liver function next week. Okay. So hemo pexin. Okay. Hemo pexin is found in the parenkimal cells of your liver. It is acute phase reactant, a positive acute phase reactant. It is found in the beta. Okay. It is found in the beta globin region. It is a scavenger of him. Meaning to say it collects the excess hem. Okay. Kino-collecta niyang excess na hem. So it preserves your body's iron kasi nga si him mo protoporferin 9 plus your iron. So kino-collect niyang para hindi siya magflush out sa iyong urine. Okay. So it is increased in inflammation in your diabetes mellitus, in your thesheen type, muscular dystrophy and in your melanomas. So yung thesheen type, muscular dystrophy, you'll be talking about that hema in your clinical chemistry to enzymology. Okay. So at the same time, your hemopexin naman is decreased in hemolytic anemia. There. Mababa ang ating hemolytic anemia. Decrease ang ating hemolytic anemia. Kapag hemolytic anemia. Same thing, example. Kasi madami na siyang bit-bit. Madami na siyang bit-bit na mga hems. So hindi niya na makakomodit. Or hindi na siya makakapag-bind sa ating. Hindi na siya makakapag-bind sa ating sa ating reagents. So moving forward, after hemopexin, we have lipoproteins. So I'll just have a quick one. Your lipoproteins. The protein portion of your lipoproteins are called your APO, lipoprotein. Your APO A1 for HDL1, APO B100 for HDL, for LDL and VLDL. APO B48 for your chylomicron. So those are your lipoproteins. Okay? Those are your lipoproteins. So moving forward now, okay, your lipoproteins. I will not be discussing lipoproteins kasi na-discuss na natin yan thoroughly. Let's go to your next one which is your beta 2 microglobulin. Kung meron tayong alpha 2 macroglobulin, we also have your beta 2 microglobulin. Your beta 2 microglobulin are found in the surface of all, mostly all of your nucleated cell. Okay? Nucleated cell with high concentration in your lymphocytes. So your beta 2 microglobulin are part of the major histocompatibility complex or your MHC. For that, I will be discussing that in your immunology kung kayo yung magiging stojantiko sa immunology next semester. So beta 2 microglobulin, major histocompatibility complex. And at the same time, we also are, we can observe an increase of your beta 2 microglobulin in impaired clearance of kidney, inflammatory disease, your RA, your hematocytitis, your systemic lupus, eritimatosis, or your lupus, SLE. Patient with HIV without renal failure, but with virus killing lymphocytes. Okay? Let's kill this love sa bingan ng Blackpink, pero itong virus it kills your lymphocytes. That's why mababa naman. That's why you're beta 2 microglobulin can decrease. Okay? Decrease decrease dito. Okay? So alpha 2 microglobulin. Alpha 2 microglobulin. So in cases na, kung na reto, without renal failure, free lang yung beta 2 microglobulin nang sa plasma lang siya. Decrease na siya. What I mean na decrease is yung lymphocytes. Decrease yung lymphocytes. So again, major histocompatibility complex. Sir, saan ba siya ginagamit? So major histocompatibility complex. Important siya during transplantation. Ayon. It's very important during transplantation. Okay? So moving forward, let's go now to another one which are your compliment. Your compliment, kapsama rin natin ito sa immunology next semester. That's why I'll just have a quick discussion about compliment. Kasi it's a diff, alam nyo ba ang compliment? May sarili siyang chapter sa immunology. So doon na lang natin siya pagkasama. So compliment our natural defense mechanism of your body. Okay? It is a natural defense mechanism of your body. So kunoa rin, may mga foreign material sa katawan mo, your compliment will cost it to lies. Okay? Will cost it to lies. Another thing is that during apoptosis, your compliment also play our role. Kunoa rin, meron ng ibang part sa surface ng cell na hindi na nakikita naturally. Okay? Your compliment will be activated and it will lies the cell. Masta ang lag, gusto kong tanda ninyo sa compliment, ang goal ni compliment to lies the cell. Okay? Anong goal ni compliment to lies the cell? Compliment lies the cell. Lies the cell? Compliment. Okay? So your compliment in your compliment the most abundant is your C3. Okay? Hindi C2 ha? C3 and the second most abundant is your C4. Okay? Your C3 and your C4. Types of compliment. Actually, madami pang types of compliment. Meron tayong C1, QRS, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7. Ayun. So bago tayo anong goal ni compliment? Lies the cell. Lies the compliment. So decreased in malnutrition, emolytic anemia, C3, autoimmune disease, bakteremia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. So just read this out, guys. So C3 and C4 in cases in these cases are decreased. Ay? So, siyampare, kapag mababang yung compliment, pron ka sa mga infection. Kaya kong makakita ninyo bakteremia, ayun, tissue injury, hepatitis, glomeronifritis, ayun. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, chronic hepatitis, ayun. Okay? So next one is your fibrinogen. What is your fibrinogen? Your fibrinogen is, your fibrinogen migrates between your beta and your gamma region. Okay? Your fibrinogen migrates in your beta and gamma region. It is an acute-phase reactant, a positive acute-phase reactant. It is increased. Okay? Increase siya in cases of inflammation. So since nan dito na rin naman ako sa ano, nan dito na rin naman ako sa fibrinogen. I want you guys to remember that during protein electrophoresis, makikisulat na ako, important dito, during protein electrophoresis, what is the most preferred specimen? Sigingan mga mga hula kayo. What is the most preferred specimen in protein electrophoresis? Okay? May sasagot din na whole blood. May sasagot ng plasma. May sasagot ng serum. Ang tamang sagot ay serum. Okay? Bakit serum? Because there is no presence of fibrinogen. Sir, bakit paayao nyo kayo fibrinogen? Anong kasala na ni fibrinogen sa inyong lahat? Okay? Anong kasala na ni fibrinogen sa inyong lahat? Okay, let me show this to you guys. Your fibrinogen, sabi natin sa definition kanina, they migrate between the beta and gamma region. Nagmamigrate yan, between the beta and the gamma region. Anong nangyayari, kapag nagmamigrate siya sa beta, gamma region? What will happen is that magkakaroon ng bridge dito sa beta at siya sa gamma. And we call that your beta, gamma, bridging. Sir, anong problema ngayon kung may beta gamma bridging? Hindi ba maganda naman dapat yun? Hindi ba? Hindi ba? It bridges the beta. It bridges the gamma. Isn't that good? Okay, maybe some of you will be wondering isn't that good? It's not good. It's bad. That's why ang most preferred specimen natin is your serum para wala siyang wala kinalaman si Fibrinogen sa ating electrophoresis. That's why in general ang protein electrophoresis, we call it in general as the serum protein electrophoresis. Again, it is the serum protein electrophoresis. Okay? Serum protein electrophoresis. Bakit po siya serum protein electrophoresis? Dahil nga may absent na ang ating absent na ang ating Fibrinogen. So meaning to say wala nang magkakaroon ng betagama bridging. So let me just log in para ma-explain ko sa inyo what anong itsyuran ng betagama bridging natin. Yung betagama bridging kasi natin. Okay? Yung betagama bridging natin to be exact is actually seen in a particular disease as well. Okay? This is being detected in a particular disease. So B? Okay. So what do we mean by that? Niba, what do we mean by that? So dahil dun, okay? Because of that, let me just share my screen to you guys. So going back kaya anong sinasabi ko your betagama bridging. Okay? Your betagama bridging and your betagama bridging makakaroon that is caused by your Fibrinogen. In other cases, it is also caused by a particular disease and that is your cirrhosis. So sabihin ko na lang siguro agat. That is your cirrhosis. So what happened in your cirrhosis? In your cirrhosis, okay? During cirrhosis, ang nangyayare, there is also a betagama bridging. Okay? There is also a betagama bridging. So let me just share my screen to you. Okay? So there you go. So di ba sabihin natin originally, okay? Your electrophoretic pattern, this is your albumin, this is your alpha one, alpha two, your beta, and then your gamma. This is your normal. This is your albumin, alpha one, alpha two, your beta, and then your gamma. Sa anang mag-migrate daw? Sa anang mag-migrate ang ating chikadorang si Fibrinogen. Fibrinogen migrates here. In da, between the beta and the gamma region. Forming now what we call your betagama bridge. Betagama bridge or your betagama bridging. This is seen in two conditions. Presence of fibrinogen and the other one is a disease. And that is your cirrhosis. Okay? It is seen in your cirrhosis. So your cirrhosis okay? Your cirrhosis and your fibrinogen both will present betagama bridging. That's why hindi natin ginagamit again, kaya hindi natin ginagamit ang ating hindi na natin ginagamit ang ating plasma in protein electrophoresis. Rather what we use is your what. Rather what we use is your plaque. Rather what we use is your cirrhosis. Okay? So moving forward now, moving forward, let's move forward. Balik na tayo sa ating chikahan kasama si fibrinogen. Okay? So we're finished with fibrinogen. So moving forward, ayan. So fibrinogen, ayan. So obviously alam nyo naman si fibrinogen. It is important in fibrin clot formation in the clotting So let's go, let's move forward with the other one which is your CRP. Your CRP is your one of the first acute phase reactant to rise. So obviously positive acute phase reactant siya. Isa siya sa pinakauna okay? Pinakaunang pinakaunang anti-bal pinakaunang protein acute phase reactant na mag-increase during inflammation. So it presi why do we call it si reactive protein because it precipitated with the C C substance of a polysaccharide ng isang pneumococci. Okay? Yung CRP natin nag-precipitate siya with the C substance of your polysaccharide of your pneumococci. Okay? So it anong activity ni si reactive protein? Your si reactive protein is an opsonin meaning to say it enhances your phagocytosis. It enhances your phagocytosis. What is opsonization? The process of coating a particular antigen by an opsonin. That is opsonization. Okay? That is opsonization. There are there is now a newer applicate dati ang CRP ginagamit lang natin pagdating sa ant. Pagdating sa ating when it comes to our infection. But now your CRP more specifically later on your high sensitivity si reactive protein are now being used as marker for cardiovascular disease. So your CRP nakikita niyong adi ito di ba? CRP is increased in the presence of your tissue factor that initiates now your coagulation. It also activates your complement. Okay? Your CRP is also able to activate your complement. And this is one thing that I also wanted to remember. Remember when I discussed to you atingosclerosis because of the oxidation of your LDL. Your CRP apparently also bind with your LDL. This is your CRP take for example it also bind with your LDL. Forming now LDL in your aterosclerotic plaque. So CRP your CRP can also be used now as a marker for your cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease and not only that. Not just cardiovascular disease but also in other diseases. Such as colon cancer, diabetes and obesity. So kung makikita niya dito kapag yung CRP mo is greater than 3 mg per liter which is the normal kapag mataas siya sa 3 mg per liter ng 4 to 6 times we have an increased risk of diabetes. Melitus type 2. Okay? Type 2. So that is for the CRP Now let's go to what I was mentioning kanina CRP can be used now as a marker or a risk factor for your cardiovascular disease. And what is that specifically? That is your high sensitivity C reactive protein. Your high sensitivity C reactive protein is now being used to determine the risk of cardiovascular disease. So concurrently sinasabay siya in your other tests. Like take a example lipid profile other yung mga iba pang test sinasabay si HSCRP. So your HSCRP is increased in reclose or reclose artery after balloon angioplasty. So take for example nakarao nga na angioplasty tapos nag close ulit yun mas may mataas kang HSCRP. Sir, bakit po may HSCRP? HSCRP again kumapapansin niyo di ba sabi natin LDL is a direct marker for aterosclerosis. So pag mataas si LDL mataas siyino mataas yung chances mo ng cardiovascular disease. Ganon yung nangyari kay CRP. Your CRP binds with your LDL. So the higher your HSCRP is the higher chances of you getting cardiovascular disease. Is that clear? So hopefully clear tayo dun no? So that is your HSCRP. Now we go to the last one of the major lipoprotein. The major lipoprotein. And that is what? That is of course your immunoglobulin. I will just be having a brief discussion of your immunoglobulin. Again dahil pagusapan panaman natin ito pagdating natin saan? Pagdating natin sa pagdating natin sa immunology. So your immunoglobulin are also known as your antibodies. Your antibodies are usually Y shape. I'll explain the structure of your immunoglobulin pagdating na lang sa immuno. So they are glycoproteins. So 82 to 96% 82 to 96% are protein and then 4 to 18% are actually carbohydrates. 4 to 18% are carbohydrates. So having said that now your immunoglobulins your immunoglobulins are produced by your plasma cells the only protein that are not produced by your liver your B cells. So it mediates obsonization, cell lysis and the granulation and there are five there are five types of immunoglobulin we have your G, A, M, E, D. So I arrange it that way immunoglobulin G, A, M, E, D from the most abundant to the least abundant. So we have the IgG that is IgG. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and it can cross the placenta. So these are its function. We also have your immunoglobulin A which is seen in your mucus secretions. So most abundant in your mucus secretion like your tears, your saliva, your colostrum, your vaginal fluid your gastrointestinal tract fluid and then even in your respiratory mucosa. We also have your immunoglobulin M your immunoglobulin M is seen in your B cells. So it is an antigenic it is responsible for antigenic stimulation. Antigenic stimulation. So you can see an increased immunoglobulin M in cases of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. So that is a spike in the gamma region. You also have your mon... that is a type of your monogamanocrates your IgM in the form of your Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. You also have here your immunoglobulin D and you can see your immunoglobulin D which is your your immunoglobulin D which is your which is your which is found in the surface of your B cells. So early development and then it can regulate your B cell function and then your IgE which is seen in your allergic or your anaphylactic reactions. In anaphylactic reaction. So with that in your anaphylactic reaction. Moving forward let's just go straight and finish up the rest of the protein. So bibilisan ko nalang sumabilis nalang naman ito. We also have here your we also have here your myoglobin. We also have here your myoglobin. So your myoglobin is a type of a it's a type of your it's a type of protein a carry a a similar to him it carries your oxygen in your muscles. So it's a cardiac biomarker. It's a cardiac biomarker as well. So that is your myoglobin. So increase in your bioglobin can also signify AMI reperfusion muscle dystrophy skeletal muscle damage and renal damage. We also have your troponin. Your troponin on the other hand is the gold standard. Your troponin or your cardiac troponin is the gold standard for acute coronary syndrome or your AMI. Your acute myocardial infarction will increase in in case of acute myocardial infarction pinakasensitif na gamitin is the cardiac troponins. Your troponin I and your troponin T. Okay. And troponin I and troponin T. Okay. I and T. Troponin I and troponin T. So that is for your troponin. We also have here your brain nitrietic peptide or your N-terminal BNP. So ano yung ano yung ginagawa niya. So it actually lowers down. Okay. It actually counteract the action of your aldosterone. Okay. It counteract the action of your aldosterone. So it is secreted and stored in the myocardium in your atrial tissue. So it is a marker for congestive heart failure. So your BNP congestive heart failure. We also have here your fibronectin. Your fibronectin I'll just cut the short para umabot ako dun sa time natin. So yung your fibronectin what does your fibronectin does? Your fibronectin your fibronectin on the other hand is a test for the risk of premature delivery. Okay. Risk for premature delivery. Ang function niya maintains the adherence of your plasma in the yourterus. And it is a also in nutritional marker. Okay. We also have after fibronectin we also have here your adiponectin. Your adiponectin is a inverse correlation. So lower levels risk kapag mabahaba yung adiponectin mo mas higher risk ka magkaroon ng heart disease type 2 diabetes, obesity. Okay. So this is a fat hormone amino acid with a this is a fat hormone with protein of course. So para siyang HDL. Pag bumaba si HDL increase risk na heart disease. Parang ganun din si adiponectin. Okay. So those are the examples. We also have here your beta trace protein. Your beta trace protein are for your prostaglandin d-synthase. So prostaglandin d-synthase. So it is a marker of CSF leakage impaired renal function and prelimphatic fluid fistula. So pag meron kang beta trace protein in your blood, CSF leakage yan impaired renal function or prelimphatic fluid fistula. So we're nearing the end actually last two last three guys so hold on. We also have your cystatin C. I will skip the cystatin C kasi pag-usapan naman natin siya sa kidney function natin next week as well. So in addition to that we also have here other di pala na yan. We also have here your other protein. So other proteins of importance are your what? Your cross-link C. Telopeptides which are marker for bone resorption. Bone resorption. And we have last but not the least is your amyloid. Kailangan kung ay ano si amyloid kasi this is a very increasing it has an increasing popularity now. Your amyloid is an insoluble fibrous protein aggregate. So alteration of the secondary structure or beta-preten sheets will now cause the deposition of your amyloid in your organ. So it can deposit in your organ causing organ failure chronic infection malignancies and even rheumatologic disorders. Pheumatologic disorders. So it can also be seen it can also be seen together with your tau test your tau protein remember in your CSF and eto yung pinakagusta kung tandaanin nyo. Your amyloid is being detected for the detection of Alzheimer's disease. For your Alzheimer's disease. So that is everything I need to talk about plasma protein. So we did talk about prealbumin, albiumin and a lot of the globulins. So I'll end that for my reference that is chapter 11 of your bishop. So again, thank you so much for listening and if you have any questions I'll be gladly waiting for you guys on our Google Meet right now. So thank you so much so I'll see you just in a short short while.